粒径分级叶绿素a对富营养水体生物修复的响应

通过对富营养小水体叶绿素 a分粒级分析 ,探讨了生态修复对水体粒径分级叶绿素 a的影响以及各粒级叶绿素 a对修复的响应 ,Nano-粒级叶绿素 a为本水体的第 1贡献者 ,Net-粒级也占有较高的比例 ,处于第 2位 ,Pico-粒级所占份额最小 ;环境因子 BOD5和 TN/TP与 Net- Chla%和 Nano- Chla%分别呈非常显著负和正相关 ;生物修复实施前后 Net- chla%和 Nano- chla%均有非常显著变化 ,生态修复工程后网采浮游植物相对生物量明显增多 ,微型浮游植物相对生物量显著减少 ,而微微型浮游植物相对生物量仅有小幅度的升高 ,修复前后并无显著差异     

绥宁河生物修复中浮游植物的生态特征研究

通过对上海市苏州河支流绥宁河治理段与非治理段水体浮游植物群落的分析,探讨了生物修复对浮游植物的影响.生物修复试验实施后治理点的浮游植物种类数比非治理点多;浮游植物细胞数、叶绿素a含量有明显下降,优势度由极度的高优势变为中度优势;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数有明显上升;治理点绿藻和硅藻种类百分比升高,并出现一些指示β中污和寡污的种类,水体浮游植物群落结构有所优化,表明水体质量有一定改善.     

东海赤潮高发区春季叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2002年4-5月对东海海域进行了综合调查,分析了海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特性．结果表明,大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度为1．086mg·m-3．分级叶绿素a结果显示．春季东海浮游植物以微型和微微型(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献为64％,超微型浮游植物(<5μm)占浮游植物生物量的27％．营养盐分布和浮游动物的摄食压力影响了叶绿素a及其粒级结构的分布．平均初级生产力为10．091mg·m-3·h-1。赤潮跟踪的R-03、RL-01、RG-01站的平均初级生产力为399．984mg·m-3·h-1．光和营养盐成为叶绿素和初级生产力平面分布的主要限制因子．表层叶绿素a和初级生产力均在调查海区的123·E纵断面冲淡区产生高值区．DC-11站浮游植物生物量异常高,表层叶绿素a达到9．082mg·m-3,初级生产力为128．79mg·m-3·h-1．但并未出现水色异常．     

獐子岛海域冬季分级叶绿素a的分布特征及其影响因素

于2016年1月对獐子岛海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:冬季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2~20μm)和微微型(0.45~2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.24~0.92、0.15~0.58、0.09~0.46、0~0.03μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.69、0.36、0.33、0.002μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为51.72%、48.01%、0.26%;底层总叶绿素a、小型、微型和微微型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.29~1.77、0.12~1.45、0.17~0.50、0μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.78、0.43、0.34、0μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为52.97%、47.03%、0;从垂直分布上来看,表、底层总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)的浓度均差异不显著,分布较为均匀;从水平分布上来看,总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)浓度的表、底层空间分布趋势相近,均呈现出由獐子岛海域西北部向南部逐渐降低的趋势。RDA分析表明,温度、盐度、溶解氧、颗粒态有机物、NO2--N和NH4+-N是影响獐子岛海域冬季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

上海大莲湖退渔还湖工程水环境改善效果

于2010年4月-2011年2月逐月对上海大莲湖退渔还湖生态修复工程跟踪调查与监测,对工程前后大莲湖水环境理化指标进行分析比较,评估工程修复之后大莲湖水环境的改善效果.生态修复区内TP、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和COD比工程区外对照点分别降低了62.5％、72.2％、92.9％、63.3％和8.9％,溶解氧提高了11.1％,叶绿素a、浮游植物丰度和浮游植物生物量分别比工程区外降低了47.7％、15.3％和48.0％;生态修复工程区综合水质标识指数达到国家Ⅲ类水标准,而工程区外为Ⅳ类水;出水水质明显优于进水水质.修复工程区浮游植物区系得到良好改善,水生态系统具备了一定的自净能力.     

长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直格局及成因初析

根据2005年9月~2006年5月逐季进行的4次多学科综合调查, 报道了长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直分布特征, 并探讨了环境因子和长江冲淡水过程对浮游植物生物量垂直分布的影响。结果表明, 水柱平均叶绿素a在春季最高、冬季最低, 高值区位置因季节而异, 常出现在低盐或等盐线密集的水域; 河口区和外海区水体垂向混合均匀, 除夏季外叶绿素a的垂直变化均较小; 冲淡水区水体呈现层化特征, 叶绿素a高值集中分布在浅层水体。低盐的长江冲淡水占据上层水体, 良好的营养盐条件促进了浮游植物的生长; 外海高盐水控制的下层水体, 较低的营养盐浓度和较弱的光强不利于浮游植物生物量的积累。     

獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物的粒级结构及其影响因素

于2015年10月对獐子岛及邻近海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛及邻近海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明,秋季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2—20μm)和微微型(0.45—2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.52—1.25、0.03—0.81、0.33—0.91、0—0.09μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.76、0.19、0.53、0.03μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为23.77%、72.26%和3.98%;底层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)和微型(2—20μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.14—1.5、0.04—1.04、0.08—0.47μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.46、0.22、0.24μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为41.46%、58.50%。从垂直分布上来看,总叶绿素a浓度垂直变化为,表层底层;小型浮游植物垂直分布较为均匀;微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层;微微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层,且在表、底层均保持较低水平。秋季表层微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与盐度呈正相关。底层总叶绿素a浓度与磷酸盐浓度呈正相关,小型浮游植物(20μm)浓度与磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度均表现为正相关,微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与温度呈正相关。统计分析结果表明,温度、盐度、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度是影响獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

富营养水体生物修复中浮游植物的群落特征

通过对生物修复中富营养小水体浮游植物群落的分析,探讨了生物修复对浮游植物的影响以及浮游植物对环境因子改变的响应。生物修复实施后的浮游植物种类数比实施前多;浮游植物细胞数和生物量却有明显的下降;而对于Shannon Weaver多样性指数,实施后较实施前有明显的上升;生物修复过程中美丽胶网藻水华得到控制,优势种的指示性由中污变为寡污,优势度也由极度的高优势变为中低度优势,水体治理的前期阶段浮游植物群落的种类组成和结构有明显的改变;浮游植物种类数分别与正磷酸盐和氮磷比呈显著负、正相关,正磷酸盐的浓度与氮磷比的大小对水体浮游植物的种群结构变化具有重要影响。       

河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究进展

通过对近十几年来河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究的报道进行综述,阐明该方面研究的最新进展。研究结果表明,河口最大浑浊带的湍流混合过程增大了浮游植物细胞光合作用的机会;重力环流致使浮游植物及其光合作用所需的物质有较长时间的停留;再悬浮过程使微型底栖藻类对最大浑浊带水体中叶绿素产生明显贡献;锋面强烈的辐合聚集作用则可使浮游植物在锋面附近出现高值现象。最后对河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程的继续研究提出了几点看法。     

生物操纵在富营养化湖泊生态恢复中的应用及问题综述

近年来,水体富营养化已成为全球范围内日趋严重的水环境问题之一,而生物操纵则是通过改变水生食物网结构、降低浮游植物生物量、使水体变清,成为富营养水体生态修复的有效途径.论文综述了生物操纵理论的产生和发展、概述其在国内外湖泊生态修复中的应用、总结其在实际应用中面临的挑战,重点讲述了生物操纵后幼鱼暴发的原因及所产生的负面效应...     

Phytoplankton assemblages in the deep chlorophyll maximum layers off the Mediterranean coast of Israel

Phytoplankton assemblages in the deep chlorophyll maximum andnear-surface layers were compared at seven stations in the inshoreand offshore waters of the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Thestudy included the entire spectrum of taxonomic categories overa wide size range, comprising the nano/pico phytoplankton componentsdown to 1 µm and the larger phytoplankters consistingprimarily of diatoms and dino-flagellates. The coccolithophorids<20 µm and the monads constituted the most abundantcomponents of the phytoplankton at the deep chlorophyll maximum(DCM) and near surface layer. Certain individual species, mainlypennate diatoms and smaller dinoflagellates, seemed to adaptto the DCM to form a characteristic association.     

Phytoplankton responses to experimental enhancement of grazing pressure and nutrient recycling in a small Andean lake

1. Three series of field experiments with different zooplankton species composition and biomass were performed in a small lake in the south Andes. We attempted to measure the responses of phytoplankton species resulting from grazing mortality and stimulation of growth by nutrient recycling.
2. Nanoflagellates contributed substantially to total phytoplankton cell abundance. Chrysochromulina parva represented 93.4%, 92.2% and 95.9% of total phytoplankton density in December, January and February, respectively. This fraction was reduced in all treatments with increasing zooplankton biomass.
3. A negative relationship was obtained between C. parva cell numbers and increase in dissolved P. On the other hand, a significant positive relationship between the abundance of the diatom Aulacoseira granulata and P concentration was observed. These results indicate that the ungrazed diatom was able to capitalise on the increase in nutrient availability.
4. As a net result of the increase or decrease of algal species we observed a change in the nano:net phytoplankton relationship. The outcome of three‐day incubations with increased zooplankton biomass was an increasing importance of net phytoplankton.
5. The results indicate the importance of the indirect effects of zooplankton (through nutrient recycling) in the increase in diatoms, and the role of grazing as a growth‐limiting factor for the flagellate C. parva .     

Seasonal and interannual variability of size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass and community structure at station Kerfix, off the Kerguelen Islands, Antarctica

Time series of phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic compositionhave been obtained for the 3 years 1992, 1993 and 1994 in thenorthern part of the Southern Ocean (station Kerfix, 5040'S,6825;E) Autotrophic biomass was low throughout the year (<0.2mg m^–3 except during a short period in summer when a maximumof 1.2 mg chlorophyll (Chl) a m– was reached. During winter,the integrated biomass was low (<10 mg m^–2) and associatedwith deeply mixed water, whereas the high summer biomass (>20mg m^–2) was associated with increased water column stability.During summer blooms, the >10 µ;m size fraction contributed60% to total integrated biomass. Large autotrophic dinoflagellates,mainly Prorocentrum spp., were associated with the summer phytoplankton maxima and accounted for >80% of the total autotrophcarbon biomass. In November and December, the presence of thelarge heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium spp. andGyro dinium spp. contributed a high proportion of total carbonbiomass. During winter, the <10 µm size fraction contributed80% of total Chi a biomass with domination of the picoplanktonsize fraction. The natural assemblage included mainly nakedflagellates such as species of the Prasinophyceae, Cryptophyceaeand Prymnesiophyceae. During spring, picocyanobacteria occurredin sub-surface water with a maximum abundance in September of106 cells 1^–1     

Size-fractionated phytoplankton chlorophyll in an Eastern Mediterranean coastal system (Maliakos Gulf, Greece)

The dynamics of phytoplankton biomass were studied in an Eastern Mediterranean semi-enclosed coastal system (Maliakos Gulf, Aegean Sea), over 1 year. In particular, chlorophyll a (chl a) was fractionated into four size classes: picoplankton (0.2–2 μm), nanoplankton (2–20 μm), microplankton (20–180 μm) and net phytoplankton (>180 μm). The spatial and temporal variation in dissolved inorganic nutrients and particulate organic carbon (POC) were also investigated. The water column was well mixed throughout the year, resulting in no differences between depths for all the measured parameters. Total chl a was highest in the inner part of the gulf and peaked in winter (2.65 μg l^–1). During the phytoplankton bloom, microplankton and net phytoplankton together dominated the autotrophic biomass (67.2–95.0% of total chl a), while in the warmer months the contribution of pico- and nanoplankton was the most significant (77.5–93.4% of total chl a). The small fractions, although showing low chl a concentrations, were important contributors to the POC pool, especially in the outer gulf. No statistically significant correlations were found between any chl a size fraction and inorganic nutrients. For most of the year, phytoplankton was not limited by inorganic nitrogen concentrations. Electronic Publication     

Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean

The macroecological relationships among marine phytoplankton total cell density, community size structure and temperature have lacked a theoretical explanation. The tiniest members of this planktonic group comprise cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae smaller than 2 μm in diameter, collectively known as picophytoplankton. We combine here two ecological rules, the temperature–size relationship with the allometric size‐scaling of population abundance to explain a remarkably consistent pattern of increasing picophytoplankton biomass with temperature over the ?0.6 to 22 °C range in a merged dataset obtained in the eastern and western temperate North Atlantic Ocean across a diverse range of environmental conditions. Our results show that temperature alone was able to explain 73% of the variance in the relative contribution of small cells to total phytoplankton biomass regardless of differences in trophic status or inorganic nutrient loading. Our analysis predicts a gradual shift toward smaller primary producers in a warmer ocean. Because the fate of photosynthesized organic carbon largely depends on phytoplankton size, we anticipate future alterations in the functioning of oceanic ecosystems.     

Biomass and photosynthesis of size-fractionated phytoplankton in Canadian Shield lakes

Both in situ primary production and biomass (chlorophyll ) of fractionated phytoplankton (<64,µ, <25 µm and < 10 µm) were studied in 10 Canadian Shield lakes to elucidate the spatial and temporal variability of the contribution of size fractions to the biomass and primary production of the phytoplankton community. Mean summer biomass and production of each size fraction varied significantly between lakes. Within lakes, temporal variation was low for biomass but great for production. However, temporal variation can be considered of minor importance during the sampling period, as compared to the spatial variation between lakes. Algae from the < 10 µm size fraction were the most important in biomass (41–65 %) and production (23–69%). The temporal trends for both phytoplankton variables thus generally followed closely that of the < 10 µm size fraction. Among the physical, chemical and morphometric variables of the studied lakes, water transparency (Secchi disk), total phosphorus, lake volume, lake area, and mean depth gave the best correlations with phytoplankton variables.Contribution number 354 from the Groupe de recherches en Ecologie des Eaux douces, Limnological Research Group, Université de Montréal.     

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENTIAL GRAZING BY PHAGOTROPHIC CILIATES ON PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

There is a growing understanding that phagotrophic ciliates are often important members of aquatic communities in terms of their trophic role and mobilization of small cell production to higher consumers. As formidable consumers of small phytoplankton species they are likely to be also important in determining the community composition of the pico‐ and nanophytoplankton assemblages. Dilution method experiments were conducted during the winter and summer in the South Slough, an arm of the Coos Bay on the southern Oregon coast, to assess the impact of ciliate grazing on two size fractions of chlorophyll (0.2 to 5 mm and> 5 mm) and on the growth and abundance of specific phytoplankton groups, particularly cryptophytes and Synechococcus sp. The premise of the dilution technique is that grazers are diluted with their food and the observed rate of change in chlorophyll or phytoplankton abundance is linearly related to the dilution factor. Results from previous studies using the dilution technique have been given in terms of the grazing impact of microzooplankton on total chlorophyll. The findings of the research presented using a more rigorous application of the dilution method suggest that ciliates are differential in their grazing of phytoplankton, targeting small phytoplankton biomass and preying selectively on components of the assemblage that constitute this biomass.     

秦皇岛海域微微型藻华期间叶绿素a分级研究

2011年6月秦皇岛北戴河海域暴发微微型浮游植物赤潮,对北戴河海域进行了3次海域调查,探讨和分析了秦皇岛海域赤潮暴发期间的6月和非赤潮期间的7、8月表层浮游植物的粒级结构分布特征,并对环境因子进行了相关影响分析.赤潮期间整个调查海域范围内叶绿素a(Chl.a)平均含量为10.85±5.13μg/L,非赤潮期间7月、8月Chl.a的平均含量为5.50±3.60μg/L.赤潮期间和非赤潮期间各粒级浮游植物Chl.a含量对Chl.a总量的贡献率有所差异,赤潮期间6月小型(Microphytoplankton,>20μm)、微型(Nanophytoplankton,2～20μm)和微微型(Picophytoplankton,0.74～2μm)浮游植物对总Chl.a的贡献率分别为2.1%、48.3%和49.6%.非赤潮期间7月小型、微型、微微型对总Chl.a的贡献率分别为14.4%、51.6%、24.0%.通过浮游植物粒径分级Chl.a和环境因子的相关性分析,发现在赤潮期间调查海域浮游植物Chl.a与硝酸盐的相关性系数随着浮游植物粒径的增大而从负逐渐变正.发现在非赤潮区微型和微微型浮游植物与OD显著正相关(p<0.01).     

长江口冬季和春季浮游植物的粒级生物量

根据2005年2月28日—3月10日和5月30日—6月4日在长江口及其邻近水域进行的多学科综合外业调查,报道了冬季和春季浮游植物粒级生物量的空间分布和组成特征,并探讨了影响浮游植物粒级生物量的环境因子.结果表明：冬季长江口及其邻近水域表层叶绿素a平均浓度为1.28 mg·m^-3,高值区集中在口门附近;小粒径浮游植物（<20 μm）对浮游植物生物量的贡献率为66.7%,但在冲淡水区大粒径浮游植物（>20 μm）占据优势.春季长江口及其邻近水域表层叶绿素a浓度大幅增加,口门内、外的平均值分别为0.67和6.03 mg·m^-3,122.5°—123.0° E间水域因水华爆发出现显著的叶绿素a高值区;小粒径浮游植物对浮游植物生物量的贡献高达83.5%,其优势在水华区尤为明显.典型站位浮游植物粒级生物量的垂向分布显示,2种粒径浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的差异随水深增加而减小,至底层二者浓度相当.根据所获的环境因子资料,盐度和营养盐是影响长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物粒级生物量分布和组成的重要环境因子.     

Protozooplankton in the Weddell Sea,Antarctica: Abundance and distribution in the ice-edge zone

Summary Protozooplankton were sampled in the iceedge zone of the Weddell Sea during the austral spring of 1983 and the austral autumn of 1986. Protozooplankton biomass was dominated by flagellates and ciliates. Other protozoa and micrometazoa contributed a relatively small fraction to the heterotrophic biomass. During both cruises protozoan biomass, chlorophyll a concentrations, phytoplankton production and bacterial biomass and production were low at ice covered stations. During the spring cruise, protozooplankton, phytoplankton, and bacterioplankton reached high concentrations in a welldeveloped ice edge bloom 100 km north of the receding ice edge. During the autumn cruise, the highest concentrations of biomass were in open water well-separated from the ice edge. Integrated protozoan biomass was <12% of the biomass of phytoplankton during the spring cruise and in the autumn the percentages at some stations were >20%. Bacterial biomass exceeded protozooplankton biomass at ice covered stations but in open water stations during the fall cruise, protozooplankton biomass reached twice that of bacteria in the upper 100m of the water column. The biomass of different protozoan groups was positively correlated with primary production, chlorophyll a concentrations and bacterial production and biomass, suggesting that the protozoan abundances were largely controlled by prey availability and productivity. Population grazing rates calculated from clearance rates in the literature indicated that protozooplankton were capable of consuming significant portions of the daily phyto- and bacterioplankton production.