绥宁河生态修复对粒径分级叶绿素a的影响

通过对上海市的苏州河支流绥宁河治理段与非治理段水体叶绿素a分粒级分析,探讨了生态修复对水体粒径分级叶绿素a的影响．结果表明,非治理和对照以及治理采样点微型和微微型浮游植物叶绿素a占总叶绿素a的百分比均值分别为85．232、92．402和95．205％,其中微型浮游植物叶绿素a占总叶绿素a的百分比均值分别为78．460、87．943和87．211％,对全河叶绿素a的贡献平均为84．538％,是该水体叶绿素a生物量的最大贡献者;网采浮游植物对全河叶绿素a的贡献仅为9．054％．生态修复工程试验使网采浮游植物相对生物量减少,微型浮游植物相对生物量保持稳定,而微微型浮游植物相对生物量增多,对超微型浮游植物的影响不大,微型和微微型浮游植物对工程试验的反应最敏感．     

黑臭水体生物修复中各粒级浮游植物与环境因子的关系

通过对黑臭水体生物修复过程中水体理化指标以及浮游植物粒经分级叶绿素a的分析,探讨了水体生物修复对理化因子的影响以及与各粒级浮游植物与理化因子的关系。生物修复实施后,各试验组CODCr和BOD5均呈下降趋势,试验组C、D、E的氨氮、总氮和总磷净化效果均较显著,氨氮去除率分别达到71.3％、84.0％和93.2％,总氮去除率分别达到45.2％、64.6％和78.0％,总磷下降幅度分别达到46.2％、50.3％和75.5％。其中,试验组理化环境改善最佳的组为E组,其CODCr、NH4和TP指标均较对照组A有明显下降（p <0.05）。Netphytoplankton chla%与CODCr、TN、NH4和TP呈非常显著的负相关（p<0.01）,与NO2-N和NO3-N呈非常显著的正相关;而Nanophytoplankton Chla%和Picophytoplankton Chla%对上述环境因子的响应与Netphytoplankton Chla%相反。     

胶州湾叶绿素a浓度及浮游植物的粒级组成

2008年2、5、8和11月对胶州湾及邻近水域中表层叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物粒级组成进行了调查.结果表明:胶州湾内和湾外表层叶绿素a年平均浓度分别为4.90和2.03 mg·m^-3;叶绿素a浓度的平面分布呈现自东北部及近岸向中部、南部及湾外递减的趋势;叶绿素a浓度季节变化明显,冬季和夏季浓度较高,春季次之,呈现温带海域双峰型的变化趋势.胶州湾浮游植物粒级组成以微型浮游植物为主,平均占叶绿素a总量的60.9%,其次是小型浮游植物,超微型浮游植物所占比例最低,与我国近海浮游植物粒级组成基本一致.与历史资料相比,微型浮游植物所占比例有所增加,超微型浮游植物所占比例降低.     

獐子岛海域冬季分级叶绿素a的分布特征及其影响因素

于2016年1月对獐子岛海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:冬季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2~20μm)和微微型(0.45~2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.24~0.92、0.15~0.58、0.09~0.46、0~0.03μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.69、0.36、0.33、0.002μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为51.72%、48.01%、0.26%;底层总叶绿素a、小型、微型和微微型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.29~1.77、0.12~1.45、0.17~0.50、0μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.78、0.43、0.34、0μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为52.97%、47.03%、0;从垂直分布上来看,表、底层总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)的浓度均差异不显著,分布较为均匀;从水平分布上来看,总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)浓度的表、底层空间分布趋势相近,均呈现出由獐子岛海域西北部向南部逐渐降低的趋势。RDA分析表明,温度、盐度、溶解氧、颗粒态有机物、NO2--N和NH4+-N是影响獐子岛海域冬季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

长江口冬季和春季浮游植物的粒级生物量

根据2005年2月28日—3月10日和5月30日—6月4日在长江口及其邻近水域进行的多学科综合外业调查,报道了冬季和春季浮游植物粒级生物量的空间分布和组成特征,并探讨了影响浮游植物粒级生物量的环境因子.结果表明：冬季长江口及其邻近水域表层叶绿素a平均浓度为1.28 mg·m^-3,高值区集中在口门附近;小粒径浮游植物（<20 μm）对浮游植物生物量的贡献率为66.7%,但在冲淡水区大粒径浮游植物（>20 μm）占据优势.春季长江口及其邻近水域表层叶绿素a浓度大幅增加,口门内、外的平均值分别为0.67和6.03 mg·m^-3,122.5°—123.0° E间水域因水华爆发出现显著的叶绿素a高值区;小粒径浮游植物对浮游植物生物量的贡献高达83.5%,其优势在水华区尤为明显.典型站位浮游植物粒级生物量的垂向分布显示,2种粒径浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的差异随水深增加而减小,至底层二者浓度相当.根据所获的环境因子资料,盐度和营养盐是影响长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物粒级生物量分布和组成的重要环境因子.     

南海北部海区浮游植物粒级结构生物光学反演模型的验证与评价

浮游植物粒级结构是海洋生态系统中的一个重要生物学因子。基于生物光学参数反演浮游植物粒级结构变化是当前水色遥感研究的热点问题。本文综合南海北部海区多年航次调查数据,对现有几类反演算法进行了区域性优化和验证评价。根据叶绿素 a 浓度（Chl a）或浮游植物吸收系数（aph （443））的阈值可实现南海北部海区小型（Micro）和微微型（Pico）浮游植物主导的划分,微型（Nano）的判别精度较差。基于归一化吸收光谱提取的粒级指数可定性地表征浮游植物粒级结构的综合变化趋势。基于叶绿素 a 浓度的三组分模型,较好地模拟浮游植物粒级结构的变化规律,可实现分粒级叶绿素 a 浓度的定量反演,Pico 粒级的反演精度较高;在此基础上,耦合浮游植物吸收光谱变化规律和总叶绿素 a 浓度定量反演粒级结构的模型,进一步提高了 Micro 和Nano 粒级的反演精度,且线性相关程度增强。     

獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物的粒级结构及其影响因素

于2015年10月对獐子岛及邻近海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛及邻近海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明,秋季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2—20μm)和微微型(0.45—2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.52—1.25、0.03—0.81、0.33—0.91、0—0.09μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.76、0.19、0.53、0.03μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为23.77%、72.26%和3.98%;底层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)和微型(2—20μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.14—1.5、0.04—1.04、0.08—0.47μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.46、0.22、0.24μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为41.46%、58.50%。从垂直分布上来看,总叶绿素a浓度垂直变化为,表层底层;小型浮游植物垂直分布较为均匀;微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层;微微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层,且在表、底层均保持较低水平。秋季表层微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与盐度呈正相关。底层总叶绿素a浓度与磷酸盐浓度呈正相关,小型浮游植物(20μm)浓度与磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度均表现为正相关,微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与温度呈正相关。统计分析结果表明,温度、盐度、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度是影响獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

东海赤潮高发区春季叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2002年4-5月对东海海域进行了综合调查,分析了海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特性．结果表明,大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度为1．086mg·m-3．分级叶绿素a结果显示．春季东海浮游植物以微型和微微型(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献为64％,超微型浮游植物(<5μm)占浮游植物生物量的27％．营养盐分布和浮游动物的摄食压力影响了叶绿素a及其粒级结构的分布．平均初级生产力为10．091mg·m-3·h-1。赤潮跟踪的R-03、RL-01、RG-01站的平均初级生产力为399．984mg·m-3·h-1．光和营养盐成为叶绿素和初级生产力平面分布的主要限制因子．表层叶绿素a和初级生产力均在调查海区的123·E纵断面冲淡区产生高值区．DC-11站浮游植物生物量异常高,表层叶绿素a达到9．082mg·m-3,初级生产力为128．79mg·m-3·h-1．但并未出现水色异常．     

夏季西南印度洋叶绿素a分布特征

分析了2011年1月西南印度洋叶绿素a的分布特征及其粒级结构,并结合水动力学环境和营养盐数据探讨了其主要影响因素。结果表明,西南印度洋副热带涡流(IOSG)区表层叶绿素a浓度较低,不超过0.07 mg/m3,次表层叶绿素a浓度最大值所在水层较深,超过100 m;副热带聚集区(SCZ)表层叶绿素a浓度较高(0.164—0.247 mg/m3),次表层叶绿素a浓度最大值出现在50—70 m层。硝酸盐是该海区浮游植物生长的主要限制因素。微微型(pico)粒级的浮游植物占绝对优势,所有站位其对总叶绿素a的平均贡献率为71.1%,微型(nano)粒级次之(24.2%),小型(net)粒级所占比例最小(4.7%),其中IOSG区pico粒级对总叶绿素a的平均贡献率为77.9%,SCZ的pico粒级对总叶绿素a的平均贡献率为66.7%。IOSG区和SCZ海区之间水动力学环境的不同,可能导致了这两个海区叶绿素a的分布特征及粒级结构的较大差异。     

长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直格局及成因初析

根据2005年9月~2006年5月逐季进行的4次多学科综合调查, 报道了长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直分布特征, 并探讨了环境因子和长江冲淡水过程对浮游植物生物量垂直分布的影响。结果表明, 水柱平均叶绿素a在春季最高、冬季最低, 高值区位置因季节而异, 常出现在低盐或等盐线密集的水域; 河口区和外海区水体垂向混合均匀, 除夏季外叶绿素a的垂直变化均较小; 冲淡水区水体呈现层化特征, 叶绿素a高值集中分布在浅层水体。低盐的长江冲淡水占据上层水体, 良好的营养盐条件促进了浮游植物的生长; 外海高盐水控制的下层水体, 较低的营养盐浓度和较弱的光强不利于浮游植物生物量的积累。     

Estimatingin situ algal production rates with the help of light measurements and experimentally measured production rates

Summary A method is described with which algal production can be estimated if irradiance above and under water are known and the relationship is determined between production rate and irradiance. Large numbers of water samples can be quickly and efficiently processed. Some of the equipment developed and in use is also described. The reliability and precision of the method presented is shown to be reasonable if certain conditions are met.     

Development of a Rapid Assimilable Organic Carbon Method for Water

A rapid method for measurement of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is proposed. The time needed to perform the assay is reduced by increasing the incubation temperature and increasing the inoculum density. The ATP luciferin-luciferase method quickly enumerates the test organisms without the need for plate count media or dilution bottles. There was no significant difference between AOC values determined with strain P17 for the ATP and plate count procedures. For strain NOX, the plate count procedure underestimated bacterial levels in some samples. Comparison of AOC values obtained by the Belleville laboratory (by the ATP technique) and the Stroud Water Research Center (by plate counts) showed that values were significantly correlated and not significantly different. The study concludes that the rapid AOC method can quickly determine the bacterial growth potential of water within 2 to 4 days.     

Using experimental evolution to study the physiological mechanisms of desiccation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster

Data from populations undergoing experimental evolution can be used to make comparisons between physiologically differentiated populations and to determine evolutionary trajectories. Comparisons of long-established laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that are strongly differentiated with respect to desiccation resistance are used to test alternative hypotheses concerning the mechanisms that fruit flies use to survive bouts of extreme desiccation. This comparative study supports the hypothesis that, in at least one case, D. melanogaster can evolve increased resistance to desiccation by decreasing water loss rates and by increasing bulk water content but not by increasing metabolic water content or dehydration tolerance. While glycogen was involved in water storage, its primary role was in water binding, not the production of metabolic water. Measurement of the trajectories of these component mechanisms during selection for desiccation resistance is used to demonstrate that water loss rate quickly plateaus in response to selection, while water content continues to improve. This disparity reveals the value of studying evolutionary trajectories and the need for longer-term selection studies in evolutionary physiology.     

SiteFind: A software tool for introducing a restriction site as a marker for successful site-directed mutagenesis

Background  

Site-directed mutagenesis is a widely-used technique for introducing mutations into a particular DNA sequence, often with the goal of creating a point mutation in the corresponding amino acid sequence but otherwise leaving the overall sequence undisturbed. However, this method provides no means for verifying its success other than sequencing the putative mutant construct: This can quickly become an expensive method for screening for successful mutations. An alternative to sequencing is to simultaneously introduce a restriction site near the point mutation in manner such that the restriction site has no effect on the translated amino acid sequence. Thus, the novel restriction site can be used as a marker for successful mutation which can be quickly and easily assessed. However, finding a restriction site that does not disturb the corresponding amino acid sequence is a time-consuming task even for experienced researchers. A fast and easy to use computer program is needed for this task.     

Diet affects female mating behaviour in a seed‐feeding beetle

In species where males provide nuptial gifts, females can improve their nutritional status and thus increase their fecundity by mating when in need of resources. However, mating can be costly, so females should only mate to acquire resources when the need for resources is large, such as when females are nutritionally‐deprived. Two populations of the seed‐feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, a species that produces relatively large nuptial gifts, are used to test whether female nutritional status affects mating behaviour. Female access to water, sugar and yeast are manipulated and the fitness consequences of these manipulations are examined together with the effects of diet on the propensity of nonvirgin females to mate. Access to water has a small but significant effect on mass loss over time, lifespan and fecundity of females, relative to unfed controls. Access to sugar (dissolved in water) improves female fecundity and lifespan above that of hydrated females but access to yeast has no positive effects on female survival or reproduction. Diet has a large effect on both receptivity of nonvirgin females to a male and how quickly they accept that male. Unfed females are both more likely to mate, and accept a mate more quickly, than females provided access to water, which are more likely to mate and accept a mate more quickly than females provided with sugar. This rank order of behaviours matches the order predicted if females increase their mating rate when nutritionally deprived (i.e. it matches the effect of diet on female fitness). The results obtained also suggest that mate choice may be condition‐dependent: females from one population (Burkina Faso) show a preference for large males when well‐fed but not when unfed, although this result is not found in a second population (South India). It is concluded that nutritionally‐deprived females are more receptive to mates than are well‐fed females, consistent with the hypothesis that females ‘forage’ for nuptial gifts, or at least more willingly accept sperm in exchange for nuptial gifts, when they are nutritionally deprived.     

A method for quick measurement of protein binding to unilamellar vesicles.

A general method for measuring interaction of liposome-protein (or potentially small molecules) was developed. This method utilizes biotinylated liposomes to incubate with interactants. Streptavidin-coated paramagnetic resins were then added and the liposomes (along with bound materials) can be quickly separated under a magnetic field or by low speed centrifugation. Subsequently, concentration of unbound materials (in the supernatants) can be directly determined. The described method is particularly useful for proteins or compounds that are not very soluble under certain assay conditions.     

Using Amplicon Sequencing To Characterize and Monitor Bacterial Diversity in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Drinking water assessments use a variety of microbial, physical, and chemical indicators to evaluate water treatment efficiency and product water quality. However, these indicators do not allow the complex biological communities, which can adversely impact the performance of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), to be characterized. Entire bacterial communities can be studied quickly and inexpensively using targeted metagenomic amplicon sequencing. Here, amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region was performed alongside traditional water quality measures to assess the health, quality, and efficiency of two distinct, full-scale DWDSs: (i) a linear DWDS supplied with unfiltered water subjected to basic disinfection before distribution and (ii) a complex, branching DWDS treated by a four-stage water treatment plant (WTP) prior to disinfection and distribution. In both DWDSs bacterial communities differed significantly after disinfection, demonstrating the effectiveness of both treatment regimes. However, bacterial repopulation occurred further along in the DWDSs, and some end-user samples were more similar to the source water than to the postdisinfection water. Three sample locations appeared to be nitrified, displaying elevated nitrate levels and decreased ammonia levels, and nitrifying bacterial species, such as Nitrospira, were detected. Burkholderiales were abundant in samples containing large amounts of monochloramine, indicating resistance to disinfection. Genera known to contain pathogenic and fecal-associated species were also identified in several locations. From this study, we conclude that metagenomic amplicon sequencing is an informative method to support current compliance-based methods and can be used to reveal bacterial community interactions with the chemical and physical properties of DWDSs.     

Staining and Washing Ultrathin Sections; a Device for Handling Various Materials Simultaneously

To eliminate individual manipulation, as many as 10 grids, each held firmly by a small notched bar of polyethylene plastic, are simultaneously stained, then washed. If the stain used is reactive with atmospheric CO₂ it can be forced through a Millipore filter into a small chamber made of glass tubing which contains the grid holder. The stain, cleared of any solid particles, has very little contact with air and remains free of lead carbonate contamination. Washing is carried out by submerging the chamber and removing the grid holder under water (Feldman, D. G., J. Cell Biol., 15: 592-5, 1962). Washing is minimized because there is not the risk of contaminating grids and wash water with stain trapped between the points of forceps. The polyethylene is nonadherent to the wash water, and the grids can therefore be dried quickly on the holder. With this method, the relative stainability of different materials may be observed because each grid within a batch receives identical treatment.     

Using microwaves to prepare gastropods for DNA barcoding

Extracting DNA from gastropods presents particular difficulties due to the capacity of the living animal to retract into the shell, resulting in poor penetration of the ethanol into the tissues. Because the shell is essential to establish the link between sequences and traditional taxonomic identity, cracking the shell to facilitate fixation is not ideal. Several methods are currently in routine use to overcome this difficulty, including chemical relaxation, drilling the shell and boiling. Most of these methods are time‐consuming, may be safety hazards and constitute a bottleneck in the preparation of large numbers of specimens in the field. We have experimented with a method traditionally used to clean shells that involves placing the living gastropods in a microwave (MW) oven; the electromagnetic radiation very quickly heats both the animal and the water trapped inside the shell, resulting in separation of the muscles that anchor the animal to the shell. Done properly, the body can be removed intact from the shell and the shell voucher is preserved undamaged. To test the method, the bodies of live‐collected specimens from two gastropod species were separated from their shell by microwaving and by anesthetizing/drilling. After identical extraction and PCR procedures, the gels showed no difference in DNA quantity or quality, and the resulting sequences are identical within species. The method was then implemented on a large scale during expeditions, resulting in higher percentage of DNA extraction success. The MWs are also effective for quickly and easily removing other molluscs from their shells, that is, bivalves and scaphopods. Workflows implementing the MW technique show a three‐ to fivefold increase in productivity compared with other methods.     

Rapid detection of total and viable Legionella pneumophila in tap water by immunomagnetic separation,double fluorescent staining and flow cytometry

We developed a rapid detection method for Legionella pneumophila (Lp) by filtration, immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining, and flow cytometry (IMS‐FCM method). The method requires 120 min and can discriminate ‘viable’ and ‘membrane‐damaged’ cells. The recovery is over 85% of spiked Lp SG 1 cells in 1 l of tap water and detection limits are around 50 and 15 cells per litre for total and viable Lp, respectively. The method was compared using water samples from house installations in a blind study with three environmental laboratories performing the ISO 11731 plating method. In 53% of the water samples from different taps and showers significantly higher concentrations of Lp were detected by flow cytometry. No correlation to the plate culture method was found. Since also ‘viable but not culturable’ (VNBC) cells are detected by our method, this result was expected. The IMS‐FCM method is limited by the specificity of the used antibodies; in the presented case they target Lp serogroups 1–12. This and the fact that no Lp‐containing amoebae are detected may explain why in 21% of all samples higher counts were observed using the plate culture method. Though the IMS‐FCM method is not yet fit to completely displace the established plating method (ISO 11731) for routine Lp monitoring, it has major advantages to plating and can quickly provide important insights into the ecology of this pathogen in water distribution systems.