羊蹄甲属的系统与生物地理学：1．厚盘组的分支分析

羊蹄甲属厚盘组作为一个分类实体包含有约１８个种,本组植物主要分布于中国南部及中南半岛等地,其中很多种类在其分布区内地理替代现象相当明显。对此组的分支系统学研究,一方面有助于对本组种类系统进化关系的理解,另一方面又为对热带亚热带亚洲大陆各区系之间关系。的理解提供帮助,为本地区的分支生物地理学研究提供材料．本文用３０个形态及叶脉脉序性状对厚盘组进行了分支分析．云南羊蹄甲被选作外类群,内类。群包括龙须藤亚组及攀援羊蹄甲亚组的所有１８个种。分析产生了８个最简约的分支图。分析还表明攀援羊蹄甲单独作为一个亚组是不可取的,厚盘组的分类及生物地理学需要进一步的研究．     

外群选择对隧蜂科（膜翅目：蜜蜂总科）系统重建的影响

外群用于给树附根和推断祖先性状状态。通常,来自内群的姐妹群中的多个分类单元被共同选择作为外群。为了在经验上验证这一方法, 我们采用了3种外群选择策略： 姐妹群中的单一分类单元, 姐妹群中的多个分类单元和连续姐妹群中的多个分类单元。以隧蜂科（膜翅目： 蜜蜂总科）的系统发育重建为例, 我们评估了这3种策略对树拓扑结构的影响, 包括最大似然树、 最大简约树和贝叶斯树。初步结果表明： 相比其他两种策略, 采用姐妹群中的多个分类单元作为外群更有利于系统发育重建得到现已被广泛认可的隧蜂科系统发育关系; 相比最大似然法和贝叶斯法, 虽然隧蜂科系统发育关系没有被很好地解决, 但最大简约法在不同外群选择策略下得到了较为一致的拓扑结构     

秦岭柳属的数量分类与最小生成树的构造

本文采用主成分分析(PCA)和最小生成树(MST)相结合的方法,对秦岭柳属(Salix)植物进行了数量分类研究。根据分析结果,可将秦岭分布的30余种归成4组(Section),参考形态特征,对组间的进化关系作了探讨。     

矮慈菇居群的数量分类研究

本文运用聚类分析和主成分分析基础上构造最小生成树的方法,对采自中国南方的7个矮慈菇居群用28个形态学性状进行了数量分类研究。结果划分出3个类群,综合反映了各居群间的亲缘关系。本文还简要讨论了数量分类学方法在居群生物学中的应用问题。     

上海市树附生苔藓植物生态位

生态位理论在植被生态研究中有着重要的应用价值,引入生态位理论对树附生苔藓植物进行了研究。在上海市市区和郊区主要公园、部分街道及校园,包括崇明岛等地区,共设立18个样点,调查发现43种树附生苔藓植物,其中藓类植物39种,苔类植物4种。根据盖度值计算了43种树附生苔藓植物的生态位宽度。结果表明,树附生苔藓植物种数(N)与生态位宽度(B)符合公式N=0.3423e-0.0369B,r=0.9347,大部分的树附生植物生态位宽度很窄,67.44%种类的生态位宽度小于0.1。本文计算了43种树附生苔藓植物的生态位重叠值,应用主分量分析法和最小生成树法对它们进行分类。将43种树附生苔藓植物分成3个生态类群,它们与生境关系显著。因此,在苔藓植物保护中应特别注意对树附生苔藓植物及其生境的保护。     

锦鸡儿属分析生物地理学的研究

将锦鸡儿属（Caragana）植物分布区划分成13个。在分支系统学基础上,进行了分布区的成分分析。以种类和系为分布特征,进行分布区的聚类分析和最小生成树分析。分布区分支图、表征图和最小生成树从不同方面表达了分布区的关系。锦鸡儿属的分布区被分成东亚和古地中海两大部分。其中分别来自这两部分的前苏联远东-我国东北与阿尔泰-萨彦岭分布区有密切关系。基于分布区分支图,属的分布区分别由这两个分布区衍生,同时结合属的种系发生关系,推断本属可能起源于东西伯利亚,时间为第三纪中新世末-上新世。生态适应上,分类群是由东部温带中生性类型向西部旱化和寒化方向发展的。     

子树分析和TASS程序及其在锦鸡儿属植物中的应用

子树分析和三分法 (TASS)程序是历史生物地理学中分布区关系的一种分析途径。它以分类群分支图为基础 ,以剔除其中分布区关系相悖理的结点并确定具信息的子树为目标 ,以便更有效地利用分布区信息。对分布区关系可以用若干子树和一个分布区分支图来表示。对锦鸡儿属 (Caragana)植物 72种和 13个分布区的子树分析和TASS程序运算后 ,得到 7个具信息的子树 ,它们分别表达了锦鸡儿属属内组、系所具有的分布区关系。属的分布区分支图也表达了 13个分布区的关系。与以前我们对本属成分分析的结果相吻合。     

历史生物地理学进展

生物地理学研究动植物的地理分布。历史生物地理学重建生物区系历史。分替理论的复兴动摇了散布理论的上百年统治。最近10年主要是分替理论推动了历史生物地理学,出现了多个途径——种系发生物地理学、分支分替生物地理学、特有性的俭吝分析和泛生物地理学。岛屿生物地理学理论有了改进和严格的实验检验;庇所学说产生了新的模型。最后就我国如何发展生物地理学提出了对策措施。     

四川濒危肉果秤锤树rDNA-ITS分子鉴定、种子形态学及繁育分析

四川肉果秤锤树是安息香科秤锤树属国家二级保护植物,已处于濒危状态。本研究分析了肉果秤锤树与其它秤锤树属植物r DNA-ITS的序列同源性、并利用r DNA-ITS分子标记分析其进化地位、通过扫描电镜研究肉果秤锤树种子的显微结构、利用简便的枝条扦插育苗法探讨肉果秤锤树的快速繁殖技术。结果表明6种秤锤树属植物之间共存在18个序列变异位点,其中肉果秤锤树与秤锤树序列同源性最高,为99.84%。系统进化结果显示秤锤树属植物被聚为一大类,它们与安息香科银铃花具有较近的亲缘关系。在发育过程中朝2个方向进化,一支进化生成狭果秤锤树、细果秤锤树和黄梅秤锤树,一支进化生成肉果秤锤树、秤锤树和怀化秤锤树,肉果秤锤树与秤锤树进化关系表现最紧密,遗传距离最小,为0.002,与细果秤锤树进化遗传距离最大为0.014。果实解剖发现每个肉果秤锤树果实含有一个核果,电镜扫描显示核果外层为含有大量小孔和微孔的坚硬木质结构,对种仁造成机械束缚,同时也可提供一定的透性。繁殖保育研究结果显示在含稀释1 200倍生根粉溶液的土壤中进行枝条扦插,其侧枝发芽率可高达40%。本研究为肉果秤锤树的进化分类以及肉果秤锤树的保护繁育提供了更多的有用信息。     

中国南部斑腿蝗科四属昆虫的支序生物地理学研究

在中国南部斑腿蝗科4属昆虫种间系统发育关系及物种地理分布研究的基础上,划分出10个特有分布区。用支序生物地理学软件COMPONENT2.0,处理了上述蝗虫种间系统发育关系和地理分布资料所组成的数据,以明确各特有的分布区的历史生物地理学关系。结果表明,10个特有分布区形成的先后是：云南南部和黄土高原两个分布区,海南岛区,东部山地区,台湾岛区;云贵高原、云南北部和秦巴山区几乎是同时形成的,而华南和江南丘陵区形成最晚。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.