慢性肾功能衰竭病人红细胞变形能力的改变

慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)是发生在各种慢性肾脏疾病后期的一种临床症状,以肾功能减退,代谢产物潴留,水、电解质及酸碱平衡失调为主要表现。为了解CRF时红细胞变形能力的改变情况,我们对CRF病人及正常人的红细胞变形能力进行了测定。     

去细胞方法及其在组织工程中的应用

去细胞基质在组织工程及再生医学的大量应用为解决组织器官的修复和重建等难题带来了希望。去细胞方法大致可以分为三类:化学处理法、物理处理法及酶学处理法,且已经应用于组织工程及再生医学的各个方面。本文总结并分类目前常用的去细胞方法及其在组织工程各方面的应用,对目前国内外常用的去细胞方法及其在组织工程及再生医学中的应用进行回顾总结与分析。     

去细胞方法及其在组织工程中的应用

去细胞基质在组织工程及再生医学的大量应用为解决组织器官的修复和重建等难题带来了希望。去细胞方法大致可以分为三类：化学处理法、物理处理法及酶学处理法,且已经应用于组织工程及再生医学的各个方面。本文总结并分类目前常用的去细胞方法及其在组织工程各方面的应用,对目前国内外常用的去细胞方法及其在组织工程及再生医学中的应用进行回顾总结与分析。     

肝细胞生长因子在损伤肾组织中的作用

肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor．HGF）是一种多效性生长因子,主要由间质细胞产生,通过自分泌和旁分泌方式作用于上皮细胞、内皮细胞以及间质细胞本身,具有促有丝分裂、促细胞形态形成和调节细胞活动的功能,从而对损伤的器官和组织进行修复。许多新的研究显示,在急性肾损伤时给予外源性HGF可以保护肾小管上皮细胞、重建肾小管结构和维持肾功能完整性。此外,HGF还能有效地抑制与慢性肾脏疾病及慢性肾功能衰竭密切相关的肾间质纤维化的进展过程。     

犬、猫肾功能衰竭的中西医结合疗法

本文介绍了中医的肾脏生理功能理论、阐述了目前西兽医及中兽医对犬猫急性肾功能衰竭、慢性肾功能衰竭发病原因的认识,分析了肾功能衰竭的中医辨证分型和急性肾功能衰竭、慢性肾功能衰竭的治疗原则。     

广东虫草对腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾衰竭大鼠的治疗作用

广东虫草Cordyceps guangdongensis是广东省微生物研究所近年发现并成功驯化的独有新品种,前期研究发现其具有抗氧化、抗疲劳、延缓衰老等药理作用,但其对慢性肾衰竭的治疗作用还未见报道。实验采用饲喂腺嘌呤诱导大鼠慢性肾衰竭（CRF）模型,观察比较了阴性对照组、阳性对照组、广东虫草子实体低、中、高剂量组CRF模型大鼠及正常健康大鼠对照组的血尿素氮、肌酐、24h尿量、尿蛋白量,以及肾组织病理变化。结果表明广东虫草子实体组能显著降低CRF大鼠血尿素氮和肌酐,能促进机体生成白蛋白和总蛋白,改善肾功能衰竭大鼠的临床症状及肾脏水肿、变大和病变程度。由此证明广东虫草子实体对大鼠的慢性肾衰竭有明显的治疗作用。     

脂肪干细胞在再生医学中的应用

再生医学是一门研究如何促进创伤与组织再生及功能重建的新兴学科,主要通过研究干细胞分化、机体等正常组织创伤修复与再生等机制来维持、修复、再生或改善损伤组织和器官功能。脂肪干细胞（adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs）是近年来从脂肪组织中分离得到的一种具有多向分化潜能的干细胞,是一种足量的、可用于实际的、有一定吸引力的自体细胞代替的供体资源,并能够广泛的用于组织修复、再生、发育的可塑性及细胞治疗等研究中。阐述了脂肪干细胞在旁分泌、软组织重建及损伤修复、骨骼肌重建、心血管重建、神经系统重建及癌症转移与入侵方面的作用模式,概括总结了目前利用脂肪干细胞参与的临床治疗方法,以期对脂肪干细胞在再生医学中应用研究提供参考。     

肝细胞生长因子抗肾纤维化研究进展

慢性肾脏疾病患者的肾功能会随时间的推移而进行性恶化,肾实质细胞进行性丧失及细胞外基质蛋白过度沉积将导致肾纤维化形成,肾纤维化进行性发展将最终走向终末期肾衰竭。肝细胞生长因子(HGF)及其受体c-Met对肾发育和急性肾损伤后的肾脏再生修复具有重要作用,在慢性肾衰竭及肾纤维化时,HGF还具有营养肾脏及抗肾纤维化的作用。简要综述了HGF抑制肾纤维化形成的细胞分子机制的研究进展,提示HGF在治疗肾纤维化方面所具有的前景。     

于俊生教授诊治慢性肾功能衰竭的经验

于俊生教授在多年临床经验基础上提出脾肾亏虚,痰湿、瘀血、浊毒潴留,少阳枢机不利是慢性肾功能衰竭的病机关键。慢性肾功能衰竭以脾肾亏虚为本,痰湿、瘀血、浊毒留蓄为标,以及在慢性肾功能衰竭中的致病特点和常见临床表现。于俊生教授治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的特点是重视肾脾胃功能的调理及兼顾活血化瘀、利湿泄浊解毒,标本兼治;辨病与辨证相结合,运用中医辨证论治理论,使病理进程减慢,肾功能得以改善。     

肾脏脱细胞基质结构功能重建的初步研究

目的:本实验利用多种脱细胞剂通过半自动体外循环灌注洗脱肾脏细胞,摸索出最佳脱细胞剂种类及脱细胞方案.方法:以健康兔肾为研究对象,采用半自动体外循环灌注法,在10-15 ml/min流速及不同浓度、温度条件下经肾动脉灌注各种脱细胞剂,观察肾脏灌注过程中变化,灌注结束解剖肾脏,大体观察后行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色及组织形态学观察,重点观察肾小球、肾小管细胞结构的变化.结果:比较理想的肾脏脱细胞方案是1％Ⅳ型胶原酶-37℃,20 min,该酶能在相对较短的时间内洗脱部分肾实质细胞而对肾脏基质未造成明显损伤.该方案灌注时间短,能减少肾脏热缺血时间,有助于肾脏再生.其次是0.5％胰蛋白酶-25℃,2h,该方案能使肾小球细胞比较彻底的脱出,只留基质部分,对肾小管作用较小,但该方案用时较长,已达到肾脏体外耐受缺血的极限,理论上肾脏灌注后很可能会因缺血缺氧时间过长而坏死,故不推荐使用.洗脱效果最强的脱细胞剂是SDS,但其对肾脏实质结构造成不可恢复的破坏,尤其是引起基底膜断裂不利于肾实质细胞再生.其他脱细胞方案均不理想.结论:本研究证实通过选择适当的脱细胞剂,配合适合的温度、浓度、灌注压等条件,是可以实现肾脏部分脱细胞基质的,为下一步研究衰竭肾脏的部分脱细胞基质甚至是在体灌注乃至脱细胞后肾脏结构功能的重建提供了实验依据.     

Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: Biomaterial mediated neural regeneration

Neural tissue repair and regeneration strategies have received a great deal of attention because it directly affects the quality of the patient's life. There are many scientific challenges to regenerate nerve while using conventional autologous nerve grafts and from the newly developed therapeutic strategies for the reconstruction of damaged nerves. Recent advancements in nerve regeneration have involved the application of tissue engineering principles and this has evolved a new perspective to neural therapy. The success of neural tissue engineering is mainly based on the regulation of cell behavior and tissue progression through the development of a synthetic scaffold that is analogous to the natural extracellular matrix and can support three-dimensional cell cultures. As the natural extracellular matrix provides an ideal environment for topographical, electrical and chemical cues to the adhesion and proliferation of neural cells, there exists a need to develop a synthetic scaffold that would be biocompatible, immunologically inert, conducting, biodegradable, and infection-resistant biomaterial to support neurite outgrowth. This review outlines the rationale for effective neural tissue engineering through the use of suitable biomaterials and scaffolding techniques for fabrication of a construct that would allow the neurons to adhere, proliferate and eventually form nerves.     

Demonstration that corticotropin-releasing factor binding to rat peripheral tissues is modulated by glucocorticoid treatment in vivo and in vitro

In a recent study we reported the presence of specific binding sites for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in peripheral tissues of the rat (Endocrinology, 116, 2151, 1985). The objective of this study was to determine if CRF binding to peripheral tissues was modified following adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Adult male rats were adrenalectomized and CRF binding to liver, spleen and testicular membranes was determined at 5, 7 or 14 days following adrenalectomy. An additional group of adrenalectomized rats received subcutaneous injections of dexamethasone (75 micrograms/day) for 14 days. Adrenalectomy of rats for 14 days increased CRF binding to liver, kidney, testis, spleen and ventral prostate by approximately 65%-125% above sham-control values. CRF binding to membrane preparations obtained from the pancreas of sham-operated rats was undetectable; however, adrenalectomy produced detectable CRF binding in this tissue. Adrenalectomy produced a time-related increase in CRF binding to ventral prostate, spleen and liver tissue. Administration of dexamethasone to adrenalectomized animals prevented increased CRF binding to peripheral tissues observed following adrenalectomy alone. In vitro dexamethasone treatment of prostatic or hepatic homogenates from adrenalectomized rats resulted in a dose-related decrease in CRF binding activity. However, similar in vitro treatment of prostatic or hepatic homogenate with progesterone exhibited no significant effects on CRF binding. Our results suggest that glucocorticoids may be a regulator of peripheral CRF receptors.     

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 incorporated polycaprolactone scaffold has a great potential to improve survival and proliferation rate of the human embryonic kidney cells

Renal failures treatment has been faced with several problems during the last decades. Kidney tissue engineering has been created many hopes to improve treatment procedures with scaffold fabrication that can modulate kidney cells/stem cells migration to the lesion site and increase the survival of these cells at that site with imitating the role of the kidney extracellular matrix. In this study, bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) as a vital factor for kidney development and regeneration was incorporated in the polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers and after morphological, mechanical, and biocompatible characterization, proliferation, and survival of the human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) were investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry, and gene expression while cultured on scaffolds. Mechanical properties of the PCL nanofibers modulated after combining with BMP7 and hydration degree, protein adsorption and cell adhesion were enhanced in PCL-BMP7 compared to the pure PCL. Proliferation rate and growth increased significantly in HEK cells cultured on PCL-BMP7 when compared with that of PCL and tissue culture plate, whereas these data were also confirmed via significant decrease in apoptotic genes expression level in HEK cell cultured on PCL-BMP7. According to the results, PCL-BMP7 demonstrated positive effects on the survival and proliferation rate of the kidney cells and showed has also a great potential to use as a bioimplant for kidney tissue engineering applications.     

组织工程皮肤研究现状

组织工程皮肤是通过培养功能细胞,将其与细胞外基质及支架材料互相作用,制成的具有生物活性的人工皮肤替代物。组织工程皮肤的发展为修复皮肤创面,重建皮肤功能,治疗皮肤病提供了新的方法。本文从皮肤种子细胞培养、真皮支架材料和体外构建活性复合皮三个方面对组织工程皮肤的研究进展进行了综述。目前组织工程皮肤在一定程度上克服了原有的皮肤供区不足、免疫排斥、传播疾病等各种问题。新的种子细胞和支架材料逐渐成熟,并逐渐应用于临床治疗;在种子细胞和真皮替代物基础上发展起来的复合皮肤可以更快速的促进缺损皮肤的愈合,但与在体皮肤比较尚有差距。组织工程皮肤是理想的皮肤替代物,具有良好的发展前景,未来的研究应该着眼于模仿机体皮肤的生理结构和功能,使愈合后的皮肤与在体皮肤融为一体。     

微载体技术在软骨损伤修复中的应用与展望北大核心CSCD

软骨内部无血管结构、细胞外基质含量高的特点,使软骨组织的自我恢复能力很差。在临床治疗中,轻度的软骨缺损通常采用物理治疗或药物治疗方式,严重者需进行手术治疗。近年来,软骨组织工程技术为治疗软骨缺损提供了新的思路,与传统的手术治疗方式相比,结合软骨组织工程技术进行治疗具有创口小、恢复佳的优点。将微载体技术融入组织工程支架的设计中,可以利用微载体直径小、能够负载多种生长因子的特点,进一步扩展支架功能、促进软骨组织再生。文中首先对微载体技术进行介绍,对近年来微载体的主要制备方式和创新内容进行了概括总结,作为后续介绍的基础内容。然后对应用于软骨修复中的微载体进行了材料和功能上的划分,介绍了不同材料、不同功能微载体的属性特征和在软骨修复方面的具体应用,最后结合该领域发展历程对其今后发展趋势及方向进行展望,并基于笔者团队关于骨软骨一体化层状支架的研究,提出了通过微载体优化层状支架性能的思路,有望制备出更贴合天然软骨结构特征的仿生支架。     

In vitro Response of the Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Seeded in a Type-I Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Scaffold for Skin Wound Repair Under the Mechanical Loading Condition

In order to achieve successful wound repair by regenerative tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), it is important to understand the response of stem cells in the scaffold matrix to mechanical stress.
To investigate the clinical effects of mechanical stress on the behavior of cells in scaffolds, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were grown on a type-I collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffold matrix for one week under cyclic stretching loading conditions.
The porous collagen-GAG scaffold matrix for skin wound repair was prepared, the harvested canine MSCs were seeded on the scaffold, and cultured under three kinds of cyclic stretching loading conditions ( 0%: control, 5% strain, 15% strain ). After 7 days incubation, MSCs were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically regarding the proliferation and differentiation.
Cultured MSCs in the high strain (15% strain) group showed activea-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and poor differentiation into type-I collagen-positive cells, whereas enhanced differentiation into type-I collagen positive cells and a lack ofa-SMA expression where shown in the lower stress (5% strain) group. These results suggest that mechanical stress may affect the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, and subsequently the wound healing process, through attachment interactions between the stem cells and scaffold matrix. Our findings provide an additional consideration for clinical treatment of wound repair using regenerative tissue engineering.     

Decellularized tissue and cell-derived extracellular matrices as scaffolds for orthopaedic tissue engineering

The reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects is a constant challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Musculoskeletal injuries such as fractures, chondral lesions, infections and tumor debulking can often lead to large tissue voids requiring reconstruction with tissue grafts. Autografts are currently the gold standard in orthopaedic tissue reconstruction; however, there is a limit to the amount of tissue that can be harvested before compromising the donor site. Tissue engineering strategies using allogeneic or xenogeneic decellularized bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, tendon and ligament have emerged as promising potential alternative treatment. The extracellular matrix provides a natural scaffold for cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Decellularization of in vitro cell-derived matrices can also enable the generation of autologous constructs from tissue specific cells or progenitor cells. Although decellularized bone tissue is widely used clinically in orthopaedic applications, the exciting potential of decellularized cartilage, skeletal muscle, tendon and ligament cell-derived matrices has only recently begun to be explored for ultimate translation to the orthopaedic clinic.     

Role of the extracellular matrix in morphogenesis

The extracellular matrix is a complex, dynamic and critical component of all tissues. It functions as a scaffold for tissue morphogenesis, provides cues for cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes the maintenance of differentiated tissues and enhances the repair response after injury. Various amounts and types of collagens, adhesion molecules, proteoglycans, growth factors and cytokines or chemokines are present in the tissue- and temporal-specific extracellular matrices. Tissue morphogenesis is mediated by multiple extracellular matrix components and by multiple active sites on some of these components. Biologically active extracellular matrix components may have use in tissue repair, regeneration and engineering, and in programming stem cells for tissue replacement.