更换饲料对家蚕幼虫肠道细菌组成的影响及关键物种与产茧性能的相关性

【目的】本研究探讨使用人工饲料部分替代桑叶饲育后家蚕Bombyx mori幼虫肠道细菌群落的变化情况,并分析人工饲料替代桑叶的不同饲育模式下肠道关键细菌与蛹重和茧层量的相关性,为人工饲料部分替代法饲育家蚕的实际应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用全龄桑叶育(Mul1-5)、1-2龄人工饲料育+3-5龄桑叶育(Art1-2)、1-3龄人工饲料育+4-5龄桑叶育(Art1-3)、1-4龄人工饲料育+5龄桑叶育(Art1-4)和全龄人工饲料育(Art1-5) 5种饲养模式饲养家蚕幼虫,统计5种饲养模式下家蚕的全茧量、茧层量及蛹重;收集不同饲养模式下家蚕5龄幼虫肠道样品,通过高通量测序技术分析其肠道菌群的组成和多样性差异,采用Spearman相关性热图分析肠道细菌与蛹重和茧层量的相关性。【结果】人工饲料与桑叶不同搭配的饲育模式对家蚕茧质有显著的影响,Mul1-5和Art1-5的全茧量最高,二者无显著性差异,Art1-2其次; Mul1-5茧层量最高,Art1-2其次,Art1-5茧层量最低。在不同饲育模式下,家蚕肠道细菌多样性和组成显著不同：在门水平上,Art1-2和Mul1-5的细菌组成最相近,优势菌主要是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),而Art1-3, Art1-4和Art1-5的细菌组成最相近,变形菌门丰度随着人工饲料饲养时间的增加逐渐增加,厚壁菌门的丰度则呈现相反的趋势;在属水平上,家蚕肠道优势菌属有假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、肠球菌属Enterococcus、鞘脂单胞菌科未分类菌属Sphingomonadaceae unclassified及罗尔斯通菌属Ralstonia等。不同饲育模式下家蚕肠道菌属丰度差异最大的是肠球菌属,Art1-2组中肠球菌属丰度最高(40.9%),随着人工饲料饲养时间的延长,丰度逐渐降低,在Art1-5中仅为0.02%。家蚕肠道菌群大部分关键物种均与茧质呈一定的相关性：柯克斯体属Coxiella与蛹重呈显著正相关,与茧层量呈显著负相关;葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus与蛹重呈显著负相关;肠球菌属与茧层量呈显著正相关。【结论】饲育模式Art1-2最接近于Mul1-5,可为人工饲料部分替代桑叶饲育法饲育家蚕提供参考。人工饲料部分替代桑叶后家蚕肠道菌群结构发生了显著变化,肠球菌属丰度的显著降低及假单胞菌属的显著增加可能与全龄人工饲料养家蚕体质弱有关;一些关键细菌与家蚕蛹重和茧层量存在显著相关性,其影响机制需要进一步研究。     

两种饲料植物对天蚕饲育的效果(英文)

通过五个处理的一系列比较,白栎Quercus fabri叶片作为珍贵绢丝昆虫——天蚕Antheraea yamamai的饲料,无论幼虫存活率、化蛹率、二至四眠蚕体重、五龄幼虫体重增长曲线及理论极限体重K值、取食量、相对摄食速率、消化量、结茧率、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量等均明显高于过去普遍采用并认为理想的麻栎Q. acutissima的饲育结果,从而证实白栎是饲育天蚕的最佳饲料植物。     

家蚕茧质性状的性别效应预测

研究采用混合线性模型,对家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等性状的性别效应进行理论估算：全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等4性状的性别随机效应的方差的概率和性别随机效应的预测值概率都达到极显著水平,证明全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等四性状的性别效应极显著,这完全符合实际情况。全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等4性状的性别效应预测值雌（雄）分别为0.248g（-0.247g）、2.423cg(-2.394)cg、-1.976%(1.992%)和0.224g(-0.223g)。性别效应调整后各性状均呈单峰正态分布,符合QTL分析对数量性状连续正态分布的要求。     

饲料中维生素和无机盐对rBmNPV-Bm表达系统植酸酶基因表达活性的影响

【目的】为查明宿主的营养对重组家蚕杆状病毒-家蚕表达系统(rBmNPV-Bm)外源基因表达活性的影响,探寻提高家蚕Bombyx mori生物反应器产率的新途径。【方法】以家蚕BmNPV病毒为表达载体,以人工饲料饲养的5龄家蚕为宿主,以植酸酶基因为报告基因,探讨了家蚕人工饲料中维生素和无机盐对外源基因表达产物活性的影响。【结果】家蚕血淋巴中外源植酸酶的活性随着饲料中维生素和无机盐添加量的不同而发生显著变化。在本试验设区范围内,当维生素C的含量为饲料干物质量的1 %,B族维生素混合物为0.25 %,无机盐混合物为1 %,维生素B6为100 g饲料干物中含2 mg时,血淋巴中植酸酶活性达到最大值。【结论】通过改变家蚕饲料中微量营养成分的含量是提高rBmNPV-Bm表达系统外源基因表达活性的有效途径。     

饲料中维生素和无机rBmNPV-Bm表达系统植酸酶基因表达活性的影响

【目的】为查明宿主的营养对重组家蚕杆状病毒家蚕表达系统（rBmNPV-Bm）外源基因表达活性的影响,探寻提高家蚕Bombyx mori生物反应器产率的新途径。【方法】以家蚕BmNPV病毒为表达载体,以人工饲料饲养的5龄家蚕为宿主,以植酸酶基因为报告基因,探讨了家蚕人工饲料中维生素和无机盐对外源基因表达产物活性的影响。【结果】家蚕血淋巴中外源植酸酶的活性随着饲料中维生素和无机盐添加量的不同而发生显著变化。在本试验设区范围内,当维生素C的含量为饲料干物质量的1％,B族维生素混合物为0.25％,无机盐混合物为1％,维生素B₆为100 g饲料干物中含2 mg时,血淋巴中植酸酶活性达到最大值。【结论】通过改变家蚕饲料中微量营养成分的含量是提高rBmNPV-Bm表达系统外源基因表达活性的有效途径。     

利用精子介导法向蚕卵导入外源基因的研究

为建立家蚕转基因中切实可行、操作简便的外源基因导入方法,进行了精子介导法探索,以精子介导法的三种方式向家蚕导入所构建质粒pFbGFP,并通过PCR扩增和DNA印迹等手段,已连续两代从基因组DNA检测到导入外源基因GFP的存在,其中的一种导入方式到第二代阳性率约30% .结果表明该法可有效进行家蚕转基因的外源基因导入.     

家蚕分子生物学研究进展

近年来,应用RAPD技术,通过构建近等基因系的方法,已筛选出家蚕性别、抗性等连锁的分子标记。日本已成功地构建了家蚕28个连锁群的RAPD分子连锁图,并有7个连锁群和经典的遗传图相对应．我国也公布了RAPD和AFLP分子连锁图,由于密度不够出现28个以上的连锁群;家蚕生物反应器研究和开发已近20年历史,表达了数百种外源基因,由于表达量不高及产物分离纯化难度和成本问题,至今未能进入产业化;家蚕转基因有过比较好的尝试,改进转基因技术提高外源基因的整合率是今后主攻方向。     

转基因家蚕的研究进展及应用前景

转基因家蚕Bombyx mori是指利用分子生物学手段,将外源基因转移到家蚕染色体中, 使之出现先前不具有的性状和产物,并且可以保持传代,在个体水平可以体现外源基因的功能,使外源基因获得大量表达。目前转基因家蚕研究主要以piggyBac转座系统为常用载体, 绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)基因为常用报告基因,经显微注射法获得转基因家蚕的成功率可达40%。通过转基因家蚕技术已经探明了家蚕外源导入核受体基因BmFtz-F1,调控家蚕体壁半透明的BmBLOS2基因、蜕皮启动激素(ecdysis-triggering hormone, ETH)基因以及家蚕抗菌肽CecB(cecropin B)基因的功能;获得了具有高品质、高细纤度、高拉伸强度和高弹性丝品种,能吐带绿色荧光或粉红色荧光的蚕丝品种, 抗家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus, BmNPV)品种及抗藤黄微球菌的品种;成功表达纯化了人的Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白、 人碱性纤维生长因子、人血清蛋白、人脑源性神经营养因子、人胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ、猫干扰素、单克隆抗体等生物活性蛋白、疫苗及特殊的生物材料。随着家蚕转基因技术的深入研究, 转基因家蚕产物将在国防、 军工、 航天、 医药等方面有着更为广阔的应用前景。     

不同饲育温度对家蚕血液生理效应及其成分的影响

<正> 饲育温度对家蚕的生长发育及其产茧量、茧层量和产卵数等经济性状有着极其重要的影响,对蚕的生理变化关系很密切。本试验研究了不同饲育温度对蚕儿血液中的淀粉酶和海藻糖酶活性的影响以及在血液中的碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的含量变化,了解温度与昆虫的代谢关系。并结合调查了温度对蚕儿生长发育和产茧量、茧层量等经济性状的关系,为养蚕生产技术提供理论依据。     

花粉和王浆对家蚕生长发育和结茧的影响

花粉和蜂王浆不仅营养丰富,而且含有多种生物活性物质,兼具营养强壮剂及促生长剂的特性。本试验基于花粉和王浆的这种特性,对家蚕进行花粉和蜂王浆的添食试验。结果表明,用0.1～2.5％的油菜蜂花粉提取液或0.01～0.1％蜂王浆浸渍桑叶喂饲3～5龄家蚕能显著提高蚕体重、结茧率、茧层率和受精率,也能提高茧层量和产卵量,但对全茧量无显著影响。二者相比,添食花粉更为可取。     

Derivation of economic values for productive and reproductive traits of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) from profit equation

Using a deterministic model of profit equation compatible to cocoon production system in Iran, equations for estimating economic values of cocoon weight, shell weight, shell percentage, fecundity, fertility, and hatchability of three commercial varieties of silkworm Bombyx mori (L.) were derived. Economic values of these traits as well as their relative economic importance (REI) compared with cocoon weight were estimated. Estimates of economic value of a given trait differed among the varieties. Cocoon weight, shell weight, and shell percentage had the highest economic value in variety 107. The highest economic value for fecundity, fertility, and hatchability was estimated in variety 110. Shell weight and shell percentage were the most important production traits, and fecundity was the most important reproduction trait. The REI values of shell weight and shell percentage were higher than that of cocoon weight. The sensitivity of estimated economic values to principal factors of production system was studied by altering cocoon weight, shell percentage, fecundity, variable costs, and cocoon price by +/- 10%. The traits varied in the rate of sensitivity of their economic values to changes in production factors. Economic values of cocoon weight, fecundity, fertility, and hatchability had the most sensitivity to the changes in shell percentage. The most important factor affecting economic values of shell weight and shell percentage was the grade 1 cocoon price. Economic value equations provided in this study can help silkworm breeders to concentrate on the most important factors in predicting the future. Furthermore, when these factors change, silkworm breeders will be able to determine to what extent breeding goals have to change.     

Preventive effects of N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine against imidacloprid intoxication on Bombyx mori larvae

Imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, is toxic to silkworm (Bombyx mori). To explore whether N‐acetyl‐l ‐cysteine (NAC) has an effect on preventing silkworm (B. mori) from toxification caused by imidacloprid, we fed the fifth‐instar larvae with mulberry leaves dipped in 200 mg/L NAC solution before exposing in imidacloprid, and investigated the silkworm growth, survival rate, feed efficiency, cocoon quality, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in midgut. The results showed that addition of NAC could significantly increase body weight, survival rate, and feed efficiency of imidacloprid poisoned silkworm larvae (P < 0.05), as well as cocoon mass, cocoon shell mass, and the ratio of cocoon shell (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it could significantly promote the activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxide in the midgut of fifth‐instar larvae under imidacloprid exposure at the late stage of treatment. In addition, it also could downregulate the malondialdehyde content. The results of our findings proved that the added NAC may have some beneficial effects on protection or restoration of antioxidant balance in imidacloprid exposed larvae.     

新桑树品种——川826的育成

经多年观察比较,新桑品种“川826”表现出遗传性状稳定、优质、高产、抗性较好等优点,2000年正式列为“十五”省农作物育种攻关项目“优质、高产桑、蚕新品种选育”中桑主攻品种,并进一步进行区域性比较试验。经过2002年至2005年在四川省乐山、三台、蚕研所等三点的比较试验和在四川篷安生产示范点的示范繁殖,“川826”与对照品种“湖32”相比,其产叶量高13.95%,万头产茧量高8.88%,万头产茧层量高8.8%,五龄担桑产茧量高13.51%,667 m2(亩)桑产茧量高28.2%,桑产茧层量高27.6%。特别是用“川826”桑叶养蚕后产卵制种成绩尤为突出,单蛾产卵量比对照高6.87%以上,单蛾正常卵粒数比对照高5.63%以上。2006年4月被四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定为合格品种。     

QTL mapping of economically important traits in Silkworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis>)

A backcrossed population(BC1)was derived from a cross between C1AFLP technique was employed for mapping the QTLs.The QTLs for the whole cocoon weight,cocoon shell weight,ratio of cocoon shell,weight of pupae etc.Were analyzed and 11 QTLs were detected based on the constructed linkage map.Two QTLs for whole cocoon weight were localized on linkage group 6 and 19; three QTLs for cocoon shell weight were localized on linkage group 3,14 and 19; three QTLs for ratio of cocoon shell were localized on the linkage group 2,11and 15,and three QTLs for the weight of pupae were localized on linkage 2,14 and 19.All these have laid an important base for the marker assisted breeding of the silkworm.     

QTL mapping of economically important traits in Silkworm (Bombyx mori)

The construction of linkage map is both a funda-mental research area and an important aspect of gene analyses in genetics. It provides the guidelines for breeding. A sound linkage map is also necessary for further genetic analysis. In recent years, great and rapid progress has been made in molecular biology, which enables fingerprinting of organisms at the ge-nomic level. Many molecular marker techniques have been well established. Heartening progress has been made in many organisms in the co…     

应用频数分布面积法定位家蚕QTL

利用生态型差异较大的两个家蚕品种７８２和ｏｄ１００作正反杂交,得到Ｆ１。让Ｆ１雄蚕与叠双隐性标记的ｏｄ１００回 到回交子代。     

Comparison of phenotypic and genetic performance of local silkworm groups and two commercial lines

Five Iranian native silkworm groups: Baghdad, Khorasan Orange, Guilan Orange, Khorasan Pink, Khorasan Lemon, and 107 and 110 commercial lines (12 families from each breed) were randomly selected and reared during 2003-2005 (five generations in spring and autumn). In each family, 30 male and 30 female cocoons were individually recorded for weight, shell weight and shell ratio. From among the native groups, the highest average in all three traits belonged to Baghdad and Khorasan Pink, and the lowest to Khorasan Orange and Khorasan Lemon. From among the commercial lines, the highest average in all three traits belonged to 107. In comparing heritability for cocoon weight in native groups, the highest heritability belonged to Guilan Orange (0.5147) and Khorasan Orange (0.5036) and the lowest heritability belonged to Khorasan Pink (0.0967). In the two other traits, the highest heritability belonged to Khorasan Orange and Baghdad and the lowest to Khorasan Pink. In the commercial lines, line110 had higher heritability than line107 for cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight. In all the groups, genetic correlations between cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight were high, expect for the Baghdad group. There was medium or low genetic correlation among cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio.     

家蚕茧质性状的QTL定位研究

采用QTLMapper 2．0 QTL作图软件,对F2群体的家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等性状进行了QTL定位分析,分别检测出7个、6个、2个、8个有显著效应分量的QTLs,分布于7个、5个、2个、7个不同的连锁群。控制全茧量、茧层量的QTLs一般存在复杂的上位性效应。对全茧量性状,有3对QTLs存在显著的加加上位性效应,其中1对还存在加显、显显互作;共有3个QTLs存在显著的显性效应,1个存在显著的加性效应。对茧层量QTLs,发现1对QTLs存在极显著的各项遗传效应,包括上位性效应;1对QTLs被检测到显著的显显互作,1个QTL具有显著的显性效应,并与另一个QTL存在显著的加加互作。茧层率、蛹体重主要受加性或显性的QTLs作用,没有发现茧层率QTLs的上位性效应,蛹体重的有效QTL大都呈现显著的负向显性效应,只有一对QTLs存在显著的加加上位性效应。第2、3、4、11、13、24、34、37、40连锁群是两个或多个性状QTLs分布的共同连锁群。全茧量和茧层量存在共同的QTL或染色体区域,育种上可通过适当选配,利用基因的互作效应,同步改良这两个性状。     

Generation of transgenic silkworms for production of erythropoietin in Bombyx mori

There have been many attempts to generate various essential proteins using transformed E. coli systems. However, prokaryote systems are not equipped with the protein maturation mechanisms necessary to generate eukaryotic proteins. In this sense, among the eukaryotes, silkworms have major merits in overcoming the difficulties. Such protein maturation mechanisms are available in silkworms. In this study, a transgenic silkworm producing rhEPO in the cocoon was generated and purified. Specifically, we constructed a transgenic silkworm using a vector system that could be controlled to the next generation. To accomplish this, we microinjected the system into eggs laid during the preblastoderm stage. The rhEPO was then purified from transgenic silkworm cocoons using a Con A affinity column. The biological activity of rhEPO isolated from the cocoon of transgenic silkworms was then assessed in a cell culture system using an EPO-dependent cell line, F-36E. Next, PCR analysis was used to demonstrate that stable gene expression can occur in the embryos of the silkworm, Bombyx. mori. Transgenic silkworms were then selected and observed to ensure that the transgenic silkworm was maintained and transmitted to their progeny. The rhEPO was subsequently purified from the transgenic silkworm cocoon and the electrophoretic pattern of the purified rhEPO revealed a protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa. A total of 3 mg of rhEPO was eluted from 10 g of cocoons. The proliferation of F36E cells for 25 ng/ml rhEPO was 1.32, while the proliferation for 2.5 IU/ml hEPO was 1.32. The proliferation of these cells could be induced by commercial hEPO, as well as by rhEPO from transgenic silkworm cocoons. An in vivo test of mice treated with rhEPO revealed relatively high RBC values when compared to normal mice. These results indicated that purified glycosylated EPO from transgenic silkworms had biological activities. Overall, the transgenic silkworm technique will be very useful for the large scale production of proteins for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.     

Expression of the Japanese oak silkworm Antheraea yamamai fibroin gene in the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori

Abstract To understand the evolutionary conservation of the gene expression mechanism and secretion machinery between Antheraea and Bombyx fibroins, we introduced the genomic A. yamamai fibroin gene into the domesticated silkworm, B. mori. The spliced A. yamamai fibroin mRNA appeared only in the posterior region of the silk gland of the transgenic silkworm, suggesting that the functions of the fibroin promoter region and the splicing machinery are conserved between these two species. The A. yamamai fibroin protein was detected in the lumen of the silk gland of the transgenic silkworm, albeit at lower levels compared with the B. mori‐type fibroin. We found a strong degeneration of the posterior region of the silk gland of the transgenic silkworm. As a result, the cocoon shell weight was much lower in the transgenic silkworm than in the non‐transgenic line. These results indicate that the promoter function and splicing machinery are well conserved between A. yamamai and B. mori but that the secretion mechanism of fibroin is diversified between the two.