大豆航天搭载SP4代选择效果与SP2代变异率相关性分析

为了明确大豆空间诱变早期世代农艺性状选择的依据,提高空间诱变育种早期世代选择效果,对6个大豆品种经过航天搭载后的SP2代变异率和SP4代选择效果进行了分析,结果表明遗传力高的SP2代的单株荚数和单株粒数2个农艺性状的变异率与SP4代入选单株数相关性达到极显著水平;SP2代遗传力较高的底荚高度和节间长度的变异率与SP4代入选单株相关性达到显著水平,SP2代遗传力不高的植株高度和主茎节数变异率与SP4代入选单株相关不显著;SP2代对单株荚数、单株粒数、底荚高度、节间长度进行选择有效,而对植株高度和主茎节数选择效果不明显。     

大豆航天搭载SP4选择效果与SP2代变异率相关分析

摘要：为了明确大豆航天搭载早期世代农艺性状选择的依据,提高航天搭载育种早期世代选择效果。对6个大豆品种经过航天搭载后的SP2代变异率和SP4代选择效果进行了分析,结果表明遗传力高的SP2代的单株荚数和单株粒数2个农艺性状的变异率与SP4代入选单株数相关达到极显著水平;SP2代遗传力较高底荚高度和节间长度的变异率与SP4代入选单株相关达到显著水平,SP2代遗传力不高的植株高度和主茎节数变异率与SP4代入选单株相关不显著;SP2代对单株荚数、单株粒数、底荚高度、节间长度进行选择有效,而对植株高度和主茎节数选择效果不明显。     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

大豆滞绿(stay-green)突变体诱变后代表型性状变异分析

本文利用大豆滞绿突变体Z-94320经60Co-γ射线诱变的突变体后代M5、M6代为材料,进行两年的田间性状观察记录统计,用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析对其17个主要表型性状统计分析。结果表明:诱变后代产生了丰富的变异,出现了多种种皮色和子叶色,产生了非滞绿性状,形成了各种生育周期,且分离出晚熟性状。通过相关性分析发现,单株粒重与株重、茎粗、主茎荚数、分枝荚数、一粒荚数、二粒荚数、三粒荚数、瘪粒荚数、虫食数呈极显著正相关,这些性状可以对产量进行预测;主成分分析在M5代提取出“产量因子”、“株型因子”、“粒荚因子”、“茎荚因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到70.50%,M6代提取出“产量因子”、“虫害因子”、“株型因子”、“茎杆因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到71.54%;聚类分析将M5、M6代材料分别划分为6类,发现同代中各类群农艺性状情况大致相似,但是各农艺性状在两代之间的变化明显,在株重、结荚高度、单株粒重等方面M6代显著高于M5代,并筛选出两株高产品系和一株特色滞绿品系。本研究逐步完善了对滞绿大豆突变体库的构建,为滞绿大豆诱变后代的遗传多样性研究提供了基础的数据分析。     

大明绿系选后代遗传多样性与高产特征分析

以内蒙古中东部地区61份绿豆品种大明绿系选后代为研究材料,通过对农艺性状的多样性及通径分析,明确了后代品系遗传类型及高产群体性状特征。结果表明,大明绿后代品系间性状差异显著,单株荚数变异系数最大为31.61%,其次为单株粒重28.05%,遗传多样性较丰富,多样性指数为单株荚数2.02,每荚粒数2.01,百粒重1.89,单株粒重1.96。后代品系主要有6种类型,各性状对单株粒重影响大小依次为:单株荚数>每荚粒数>百粒重>节数>株高。高产类型品系主要特征指标为单株粒重超过15 g,单株荚数超过30荚,每荚粒数8~10粒,株高48~60 cm,节数9~10节,百粒重可根据不同需求制定标准。     

播种季节和种植方式对多年生苦荞主要农艺性状的影响

该研究选取六个多年生苦荞新品系,对春季、秋季直播与秋季再生其主要农艺性状进行调查。结果表明:(1)不同播种季节对多年生苦荞新品系主花序的花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株株高、主茎粗、主茎分枝数、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量的影响均达到显著或极显著水平;秋播主花序花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株主茎分枝数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量均极显著高于春播;植株株高、主茎粗、主茎节数均极显著低于春播;主花序花朵大小、籽粒种子长宽比无显著差异。(2)不同种植方式对主花序花粉可育率、有效结实率、植株主茎节数及籽粒百粒重的影响达到显著或极显著水平;秋季再生主花序花粉可育率、籽粒单株粒数显著高于秋季直播;主花序有效结实率、植株主茎粗、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重显著低于秋季直播;主花序花朵大小、总结实率、植株株高、主茎分枝数、籽粒种子长宽比、单株产量无显著差异;相关分析表明,各生长季节下主花序有效结实率及单株粒数与单株产量的相关系数均最高。(3)所有参试品系中,1612-241秋季直播的单株产量显著高于其他品系; 1612-16、1612-33秋季再生单株产量较正季优势显著。该研究结果有助于筛选出适宜一季播种两季收获的优良品系,为今后多年生苦荞的选择育种提供线索基础。     

东北春大豆种质资源表型分析及综合评价

种质资源是大豆遗传育种和解析复杂数量性状的基础,通过对种质资源的评价,可指导育种实践中优异互补亲本的选择,提高优异基因交流累加和新品种培育的效率。本研究选用来自东北三省一区1923-2010年间选育的340份春大豆种质资源,通过在牡丹江地区对12个表型性状的2年综合鉴定,评价品种群体遗传变异特点和筛选优异种质资源,结果表明:(1)春大豆种质资源表型变异丰富。除生育期年份间差异不显著外,其他性状品种间和年份间均呈显著的差异,且2年变化趋势相同。有效分枝数变异幅度最大,其次是主茎荚数、单株粒重和株高,这些性状选择潜力较大,品质性状的变异幅度较小,选择潜力有限;(2)表型性状特征频率分布均符合正态分布。受育成单位纬度和育种目标的影响,生育期呈现北早南晚,北部育成品种营养体较小、植株矮小、节数相对较少、脂肪含量较高,南部育成品种营养体较大、植株高大、单株有效节数多且主茎单节最多荚数多,部分品种蛋白质含量相对较高;(3)采用主成分分析方法综合评价表明,吉育71的ZF值最高,综合性状表现最好,表型性状与ZF值相关分析结果显示,生育期、株高、主茎节数、地上部生物产量、收获指数、主茎荚数和主茎单节最多荚数等7个表型性状可作为春大豆种质资源综合评价指标。在大豆育种中应重视利用具有丰富遗传多样性的基因资源,在亲本选配时适当选择综合性状优良、育种性状优势互补的种质。     

江淮下游地区大豆地方品种的初步研究——Ⅱ.数量性状的遗传变异

本文研究了江淮下游大豆地方品种生育期、产量、机械化栽培方面共17种数量性状的遗传变异。试验材料为本地区有代表性的78个地方品种,四次重复,随机区组设计。 性状的遗传型变异系数(GCV)、遗传力(h~2)以及预期遗传进度(GS)表明本区大豆地方品种自然群体生育前期、后期、全生育期,产量、分枝数、主茎节数、每节荚数、百粒重、瘪粒率、一株荚数、一株粒数、一株粒重、株高、结荚高度、倒伏性等15种数量性状具有丰富的遗传变异、选择潜力和良好的预期选择效果。证明除每荚粒数、茎粗两性状外,本区大豆地方品种主要数量性状的多基因资源十分丰富,是大豆育种宝贵的基本材料。     

大豆杂种优势利用研究 Ⅰ 杂交组合杂种优势的测定及高优势组合的初步筛选

利用优良的种质资源,通过对两年配制的199个大豆杂交组合F1代的杂种优势测定,得到杂交组合的杂种优势与单株荚数、单株粒数、主茎节数、分枝数相关显著,与双亲的综合性状关系密切。分析了各组合杂种优势的大小及规律,从中筛选出一批高优势组合。     

菜用大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

对 19个菜用大豆品种与产量有关的10个农艺性状进行遗传分析的结果表明,生育期和主茎节数遗传力偏高;单株荚数、分枝数遗传力偏低;单株产量、单株荚数的遗传变异系数很大,其遗传进度的值也较大;生育期的遗传变异系数小, 遗传进度也小,遗传相关分析结果表明,产量与生育期、单株结荚数相关关系密切。菜用大豆遗传参数分析结果与前人对食用大豆的研究结果趋势一致。     

bushy, a dominant pea mutant characterised by short, thin stems, tiny leaves and a major reduction in apical dominance

The spontaneous, single-gene dominant, pea ( Pisum sativum L.) mutant bushy is characterised by short, thin stems, tiny leaves and a proliferation of basal lateral branches. We symbolised the dominant mutant allele bsh and the recessive wild-type allele BSH . Some effects were very large, e.g. the reduction in internode length was around 10-fold in pure mutant plants. The effect on branching was qualitative under our conditions as the wild-type did not branch and the mutant branched extensively. Analysis of epidermal cells indicated the reduction in internode length arose principally from a reduction in cell length. The bushy mutation also altered root morphology with a reduction in the number and length of lateral roots. Time to first open flower was increased but node of flower initiation was not affected. In a few cases, bushy plants died before producing an open flower even though tiny abortive flower buds were produced in the upper leaf axils. In pure mutant plants, individual seed weight was reduced by 30%, number of seeds per pod was reduced 3-fold, and seed number per plant was reduced 4-fold. However, pod size was essentially normal for a given seed content, and the flowers were fertile and of normal structure. Grafting studies showed the primary action of the bushy mutation occurred in the shoot. In summary, the reduced cell and shoot elongation, loss of apical dominance and a primary action in the shoot, all point toward auxin deficiency (or perceived deficiency) as a possible cause of the bushy phenotype. The overall characteristics of bushy make it a useful mutant for research on plant development.     

Inheritance of quantitative traits in crosses between two Pisum sativum subspecies with particular reference to their breeding value

The experimental study was conducted during the period of 2008-2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Forage Crops in Pleven. The hybridization scheme included direct and back crosses covering four varieties of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), namely two spring ones, Usatii 90 and Kamerton from Ukraine, and a winter one from Bulgaria, Pleven 10. There was analyzed the inheritance of quantitative traits such as plant height, height to first pod, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight per plant and number of fertile nodes per plant of parental components (P1 and P2) and both first (F1) and second (F2) hybrid generations. The cross Usatii 90 x Pleven 10 showed the highest real heterosis effect for plant height (8.26%), pods per plant (158.79%), seeds per plant (272.16%), seeds per pod (42.09%), seed weight per plant (432.43%) and number of fertile nodes per plant (117.14%). The cross Pleven 10 x Usatii 90 had the highest real heterosis effect height to first pod (11.06%). In F2 plants, the strongest depression for plant height (5.88%), seeds per plant (57.88%), seeds per pod (55.93%) and seed weight per plant (55.99%) was in the cross Usatii 90 x Pleven 10, for height to first pod (1.47%) in the cross Kamerton x Pleven 10 and for number of fertile nodes per plant (15.91%) in the cross Pleven 10 x Usatii 90. The highest positive degree of transgression for number of fertile nodes per plant (165.64%) and seed weight per plant (162.10%) was in the cross Pleven 10 x Kamerton and for pod number per plant (102.54%) and seeds per plant (99.13%) in Kamerton x Pleven 10. The stability of the characters was determined. Low variability in F1 and F2 was found in plant height (3.97-6.85%). Variability of number seeds per plant in F1 was highest (11.86-33.23%). For all other traits, the variability varied from average to high. A lower narrow-sense heritability coefficient was observed for plant height, height to first pod, pods per plant, seeds per plant and seed weight per plant (from 0.001 to 0.230). In few cases, such as in fertile nodes per plant (0.39 and 0.81) and seeds per pod (0.44), the coefficients ofbroad-sense heritability were higher.     

Inheritance of quantitative traits in crosses between two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> subspecies with particular reference to their breeding value

The experimental study was conducted during the period of 2008–2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Forage Crops in Pleven. The hybridization scheme included direct and back crosses covering four varieties of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), namely two spring ones, Usatii 90 and Kamerton from Ukraine, and a winter one from Bulgaria, Pleven 10. There was analyzed the inheritance of quantitative traits such as plant height, height to first pod, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight per plant and number of fertile nodes per plant of parental components (P₁ and P₂) and both first (F₁) and second (F₂) hybrid generations. The cross Usatii 90 × Pleven 10 showed the highest real heterosis effect for plant height (8.26%), pods per plant (158.79%), seeds per plant (272.16%), seeds per pod (42.09%), seed weight per plant (432.43%) and number of fertile nodes per plant (117.14%). The cross Pleven 10 × Usatii 90 had the highest real heterosis effect height to first pod (11.06%). In F₂ plants, the strongest depression for plant height (5.88%), seeds per plant (57.88%), seeds per pod (55.93%) and seed weight per plant (55.99%) was in the cross Usatii 90 × Pleven 10, for height to first pod (1.47%) in the cross Kamerton × Pleven 10 and for number of fertile nodes per plant (15.91%) in the cross Pleven 10 × Usatii 90. The highest positive degree of transgression for number of fertile nodes per plant (165.64%) and seed weight per plant (162.10%) was in the cross Pleven 10 × Kamerton and for pod number per plant (102.54%) and seeds per plant (99.13%) in Kamerton × Pleven 10. The stability of the characters was determined. Low variability in F₁ and F₂ was found in plant height (3.97–6.85%). Variability of number seeds per plant in F₁ was highest (11.86–33.23%). For all other traits, the variability varied from average to high. A lower narrow-sense heritability coefficient was observed for plant height, height to first pod, pods per plant, seeds per plant and seed weight per plant (from 0.001 to 0.230). In few cases, such as in fertile nodes per plant (0.39 and 0.81) and seeds per pod (0.44), the coefficients of broad-sense heritability were higher.     

Yield components and cultivar, sowing date and density in field beans (Viciafaba)

Delay in sowing the cultivars Ostlers (Viciafaba var. equina) and Herz Freya (V.faba var. minor) beyond late February depressed yield. Densities of at least sixty plants per m² were required to ensure that yield was not limited by sowing rate. Differences in yield in response to changes in density were reflected particularly in changes in numbers of pod-bearing nodes per plant, but also to a lesser extent in numbers of pods per pod-bearing node. The inherently larger seed weight of cv. Ostlers compared with cv. Herz Freya did not confer any yield advantage, differences in number of beans per pod and number of pods per pod-bearing node tending to equalize the yield of the two cultivars. The most stable component of yield throughout was number of beans per pod, and the least stable was number of pod-bearing nodes per plant.     

接种蚯蚓对油菜籽粒产量和含油率的影响

通过田间接种试验,研究了威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)活动对冬油菜(Brassica napus)中双9号产量构成因素、籽粒产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:接种蚯蚓后,中双9号的一次有效分枝数、主花序角果数、每角粒数和千粒重均较未接种对照有增加趋势,但差异不显著;而单株角果数、单株产量和小区产量较对照显著提高,分别比对照增加了36.7%、46.5%和29.7%,这可能与蚯蚓促进油菜营养生长阶段植株生长及对氮素的吸收、累积有关.接种蚯蚓后,油菜籽粒含油率较对照有所降低,但由于蚯蚓活动显著提高了油菜籽粒产量,因此单株产油量和小区产油量仍比对照提高了37.4%和21.0%.     

Carbon Transfer and Partitioning between Vegetative and Reproductive Organs in Pisum sativum L

Assimilate partitioning was studied in the common pea (Pisum sativum L.) by feeding ¹⁴CO₂ to whole plants and measuring radioactivity in different organs 48 hours after labeling. Two experimental protocols were used. For the first, one reproductive node was darkened with an aluminum foil, to prevent photosynthesis during labeling. The aim was to study assimilate translocation among nodes. The second was carried out to assess any priority among sinks. Whole plants were shaded, during labeling, to reduce carbon assimilation. Various developmental stages between the onset of flowering and the final stage in seed abortion of the last pod were chosen for labeling. When all photosynthetic structures at the first reproductive node were darkened at any stage of development after the formation of the first flower, the first pod was supplied with assimilates from other nodes. In contrast, later developed pods, when photosynthetic structures at their node were darkened, received assimilates from other nodes only when they were beyond their final stage in seed abortion. Reducing illumination to 30% did not change distribution of assimilated carbon between vegetative and reproductive structures, nor among pods. It appears that the relative proportion of ¹⁴C allocated to any one pod, compared to other pods, depends on the dry weight of that pod as a proportion of the total reproductive dry weight. When the plant was growing actively, following the start of the reproductive phase until a few days before the end of flowering, the top of the plant (i.e., all the organs above the last opened flower) had a higher sink strength and a higher relative specific activity than pods, suggesting that it was a more competitive sink for assimilates. The pattern of assimilate distribution described here provides an explanation for pod and seed abortion.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) physiological characteristics at flowering stage and yield

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different acidity simulated acid rain on the physiological characteristics at flowering stage and yield of oilseed rape (B. napus cv. Qinyou 9). Comparing with the control (pH 6.0), weak acidity (pH = 4.0-5.0) simulated acid rain stimulated the rape growth to some extent, but had less effects on the plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield. With the further increase of acid rain acidity, the plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, antioxidative enzyme activities, and non-enzyme antioxidant contents all decreased gradually, while the leaf malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity increased significantly. As the results, the pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight, and actual yield decreased. However, different yield components showed different sensitivity to simulated acid rain. With the increasing acidity of simulated acid rain, the pod number per plant and the seed number per pod decreased significantly, while the seed weight was less affected.     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的：研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法：采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果：（1）不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）;荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。（2）荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论：甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。