福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及其应用

彩叶植物因其叶色丰富、观赏性高,在园林绿化中占有重要地位。本文对福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及应用现状进行调查研究,并对彩叶植物的引种与应用提出建议。     

Aptamer-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in animals: Current potential and challenges

Fast and precise diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious animal diseases and their targeted treatments are of utmost importance for their clinical management. The existing biochemical, serological and molecular methods of disease diagnosis need improvement in their specificity, sensitivity and cost and, are generally not amenable for being used as points-of-care (POC) device. Further, with dramatic changes in environment and farm management practices, one should also arm ourselves and prepare for emerging and re-emerging animal diseases such as cancer, prion diseases, COVID-19, influenza etc. Aptamer – oligonucleotide or short peptides that can specifically bind to target molecules – have increasingly become popular in developing biosensors for sensitive detection of analytes, pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungus, prions), drug residues, toxins and, cancerous cells. They have also been proven successful in the cellular delivery of drugs and targeted therapy of infectious diseases and physiological disorders. However, the in vivo application of aptamer-mediated biosensing and therapy in animals has been limited. This paper reviews the existing reports on the application of aptamer-based biosensors and targeted therapy in animals. It also dissects the various modifications to aptamers that were found to be successful in in vivo application of the aptamers in diagnostics and therapeutics. Finally, it also highlights major challenges and future directions in the application of aptamers in the field of veterinary medicine.     

Amine precursor amino acid therapy: From neurochemical basis to clinical aspects

The particulars regarding the amine precursor therapy for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and their neurochemical background are described historically. Furthermore, peculiar or artificial amino acids which are metabolized into the brain amine or their derivatives and promised their clinical application are also introduced. Special issue dedicated to Dr. Kinya Kuriyama.     

Thermobiosensors: features of design and function and prospects for their use

Thermobiosensors are biosensors, which utilize thermal sensors (thermistors, thermocouple) for measuring changes of heat arising during ferment, immune or metabolic reactions. Thermosensors apply to an estimation of a condition of ferment systems, interactions of immune components, kinetics of a biocatalysis, and also for application in biochemical diagnostics, at definition of quality of products, monitoring of an environment and control of biotechnological processes. In the review the data, concerning of the major principle of development and creation mini- and microthermobiosensors, are given on the basis of modern achievement in the field of technology of micromanufacturing. The various types mini-, micro- and multithermobiosensors, and also their application in separate areas of the biochemical and clinical analysis and monitoring of an environment are surveyed. The development and modern achievement in creation of separate variants thermosensors is in detail described on the basis of thermistors and thermocouples. The place thermosensors in general development of biosensor controls is allocated and the attention to prospect of their further improvement and application is given.     

生物标志物（Biomarkers）在海洋环境监测中的研究与进展

污染物的存在给海洋环境和生态健康带来了巨大的压力,如何监测这些污染物并对其毒性进行科学的评价,成为当今环境科学关心的热点问题。生物标志物（Biomarkers）是毒理学研究的重要工具,它能对污染事件进行早期预警,并能在一定程度上评估生态风险。对近十多年来生物标志物的研究与应用进行了回顾,总结了不同水平（分子、细胞、个体、系统）生物标志物的种类、特征、检测方法和应用特点,并对现存挑战和未来发展趋向进行了展望,旨在系统的认识生物标志物,并为其在海洋环境监测中的合理应用提供理论借鉴。     

Microbial keratinases and their prospective applications: an overview

Microbial keratinases have become biotechnologically important since they target the hydrolysis of highly rigid, strongly cross-linked structural polypeptide “keratin” recalcitrant to the commonly known proteolytic enzymes trypsin, pepsin and papain. These enzymes are largely produced in the presence of keratinous substrates in the form of hair, feather, wool, nail, horn etc. during their degradation. The complex mechanism of keratinolysis involves cooperative action of sulfitolytic and proteolytic systems. Keratinases are robust enzymes with a wide temperature and pH activity range and are largely serine or metallo proteases. Sequence homologies of keratinases indicate their relatedness to subtilisin family of serine proteases. They stand out among proteases since they attack the keratin residues and hence find application in developing cost-effective feather by-products for feed and fertilizers. Their application can also be extended to detergent and leather industries where they serve as specialty enzymes. Besides, they also find application in wool and silk cleaning; in the leather industry, better dehairing potential of these enzymes has led to the development of greener hair-saving dehairing technology and personal care products. Further, their prospective application in the challenging field of prion degradation would revolutionize the protease world in the near future.     

Secreted fungal aspartic proteases: A review

The aspartic proteases, also called aspartyl and aspartate proteases or acid proteases (E.C.3.4.23), belong to the endopeptidase family and are characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. These enzymes are found in a wide variety of microorganisms in which they perform important functions related to nutrition and pathogenesis. In addition, their high activity and stability at acid pH make them attractive for industrial application in the food industry; specifically, they are used as milk-coagulating agents in cheese production or serve to improve the taste of some foods. This review presents an analysis of the characteristics and properties of secreted microbial aspartic proteases and their potential for commercial application.     

转基因动物研究进展及前景

本文综述了国内外转基因动物的概念、制备、意义、应用、特点等方面的研究进展,系统分析了转基因研究中的问题及其原因,展望了转基因动物的前景。     

分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用

食（药）用真菌在经济和生态方面都具有重要意义,其遗传多样性研究是资源可持续利用和生物保护学研究的基础,有利于食（药）用真菌种质资源的收集、保存、评价和利用,也有助于其分类学、系统学及进化等的研究。遗传多样性的研究方法很多,分子标记是目前最常用最有效的方法之一。综合分析了分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用,比较了各种标记的应用范围、优缺点,探讨了分子标记用于食（药）用真菌遗传多样性评价的前景及问题。     

Phycobiliproteins as a commodity: trends in applied research,patents and commercialization

Phycobiliproteins are a group of colored proteins commonly present in cyanobacteria and red algae possessing a spectrum of applications. They are extensively commercialized for fluorescent applications in clinical and immunological analysis. They are also used as a colorant, and their therapeutic value has also been categorically demonstrated. However, a comprehensive knowledge and technological base for augmenting their commercial utilities is lacking. Hence, this work is focused towards this objective by means of analyzing global patents and commercial activities with application oriented research. Strategic mining of patents was performed from global patent databases resulting in the identification of 297 patents on phycobiliproteins. The majority of the patents are from USA, Japan and Europe. Patents are grouped into fluorescent applications, general applications and production aspects of phycobiliproteins and the features of each group are discussed. Commercial and applied research activities are compared in parallel. It revealed that US patents are mostly related to fluorescent applications while Japanese are on the production, purification and application for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Fluorescent applications are well represented in research, patents and commercial sectors. Biomedical properties documented in research and patents are not ventured commercially. Several novel applications are reported only in patents. The paper further pinpoints the plethora of techniques used for cell breakage and for extraction and purification of phycobiliproteins. The analysis identifies the lacuna and suggests means for improvements in the application and production of phycobiliproteins.     

Fe3O4/ 生物可降解复合材料研究

磁性氧化铁纳米粒子因具有尺寸小、低毒性和超顺磁性等特点,已经引起了生物化工、医药工业领域的广泛关注。生物可降解高分子材料是生物医用高分子研究中最活跃的领域之一,已广泛用于外科手术缝合线,植入体材料及药物释放载体等。将Fe3O4和生物可降解高分子材料进行复合,可以扩大两者的应用范围,达到理想的治疗效果,并有望开创临床治疗的新时代。本文介绍了磁性四氧化三铁粒子的化学制备方法,包括共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了比较;重点阐述了磁性壳聚糖,磁性聚乳酸,磁性PEG,磁性PCL复合材料的制备,及它们在酶的固定化、磁靶向药物及基因载体等医学领域的应用,显示了Fe3O4/生物可降解复合材料在医学领域的广阔应用前景;最后对复合材料走向临床应用所面临的问题及发展前景进行了讨论。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子促进成骨作用的研究进展

骨组织的生长和血供密切相关 ,血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)被公认为是诱导血管生成作用最强的一种细胞因子 ,其自身也和骨形成有着直接的关系。通过对VEGF及其受体分子结构、其在骨发育和骨损伤修复中所起作用、以及目前常见应用方式的相关研究作一系统性回顾 ;阐述了VEGF在软骨内成骨、膜内成骨过程中所起的促进作用 ,对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的积极影响 ,增强其表达的相关条件 ,以及各应用方式的利弊 ;从而展示了VEGF在骨缺损修复中的良好的前景。     

中国城市污泥有机质及养分含量与土地利用

土地利用是城市污泥的重要处理处置方法,其有机质和养分含量是土地利用中很受关注的问题。关于中国的城市污泥虽然已有不少研究报道,但不同研究结果之间结论并不一致,且缺乏系统的总结。通过系统搜集了20世纪80年代以来全国城市污泥相关的文献资料,重点评述中国城市污泥的有机质含量及其土地利用问题。通过29个城市污泥组成的统计分析发现,中国城市污泥(不包括工业污泥)的有机质平均含量达到384g／kg,全氮、全磷和全钾分别为27、14．3和7g／kg;有机质、全氮、全磷比纯猪粪分别高出1／3～2／3,但全钾比纯猪粪低1／3。中国城市污泥的有机质含量呈逐年增加的趋势,但氮、磷含量变化规律不明显。研究证明,城市污泥在粮食作物、蔬菜、经济作物及园林绿地上使用,具有明显的肥效和改良土壤的效果。近年来,城市污泥中重金属含量越来越低,这有利用促进城市污泥的土地利用,但中国在有机污染物和病原体的危害方面研究相对较少,对城市污泥土地利用的潜在风险仍缺乏长期的定位试验研究。     

Glycosylation with activated sugars using glycosyltransferases and transglycosidases

The growing recognition of the roles of carbohydrates in fundamental biological processes and their potential application as functional foods and new therapeutics have generated a requirement for the general availability of larger amounts of varying carbohydrate structures.

Thus the synthesis of oligo-, polysaccharides and glycosylated substances/products represents a major challenge.

Activated sugars are key substrates for synthesis and glycosylation. Nucleotide activated sugars are natural tools for highly selective synthesis, providing complex polysaccharides, glycopeptides, glycolipids etc. However their high cost and availability limit their application. Sucrose acts as an activated substrate for a range of sucrase enzymes elaborating natural polysacchrides of the glucan and fructan type, which also serve for the synthesis and technical production of different oligosaccharides. Sucrose analogues have been shown to extend the range of oligosaccharide synthesis making new structures available incorporating further monosaccharides, such as mannose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose and fucose. A short overview of the use of glycosyl phosphates and glycosyl fluorides as substrates is also given.     

Insecticides in host-parasitoid interactions

The equilibrium and local stability properties are described of insect host-parasitoid models that include the effects of insecticide application. The models are framed in discrete time making it important to distinguish between different sequences of parasitism and insecticide kill in the host's life cycle. Four possibilities are considered: (1) Insecticides act prior to parasitism and only kill hosts. (2) Insecticides act after parasitism and only kill hosts. (3) Insecticides act after parasitism and also kill parasitized hosts at the same rate. (4) Insecticides act prior to parasitism and also kill adult parasitoids. There is a clear ranking of the different application strategies in terms of their effect on the depression of the host equilibrium and their contribution to stability.     

Secondary metabolism of pharmaceuticals in the plant in vitro cultures: strategies,approaches, and limitations to achieving higher yield

Biotechnology is playing a vital alternative role in the production of pharmaceutical plant secondary metabolites to support industrial production and mitigate over-exploitation of natural sources. High-value pharmaceuticals that include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, among others, are biosynthesized as a defensive strategy by plants in response to perturbations under natural environmental conditions. However, they can also be produced using plant cell, tissue, and organ culture techniques through the application of various in vitro approaches and strategies. In the past decades, efforts were on the clonal propagation, biomass and secondary metabolites production in the in vitro cultures of medicinally important plants that produce these molecules. In recent years, the effort has shifted towards optimizing culture conditions for their production through the application of cell line selection, elicitation, precursor feeding, two-phase co-culture among cell, tissue, and organ culture approaches. The efforts are made with the possibility to scale-up the production, meet pharmaceutical industry demand and conserve natural sources of the molecules. Applications of metabolic engineering and production from endophytes are also getting increasing attention but, the approaches are far from practical application in their industrial production.     

GNRA/receptor interacting modules: versatile modular units for natural and artificial RNA architectures

Interactions between GNRA tetraloops and their receptors are found frequently as modular units in various types of naturally occurring structured RNAs. Due to their functional importance, GNRA/receptor interactions have been studied extensively with regard to their 3D structures and biochemical and biophysical properties. Artificial non-natural GNRA/receptor modules have also been generated not only to obtain a better understanding of this class of motifs in natural RNA structures but also for application of these modular units to the design and construction of artificial RNA structures that can be used as platforms to generate functional RNAs applicable for nanobiotechnology. In this review, we present a survey of structures, functions, and analyses as well as artificial generation and application of GNRA/receptor interacting modules.     

Expert systems in histopathology. I. Introduction and overview

An introduction to, and overview of, expert systems is presented, along with some preliminary comments on their application in diagnostic and analytical histopathology and cytopathology. The terminology common to expert systems is defined, and the nature of expert systems is discussed. In particular, the differences between expert systems and other types of computer programs (e.g., algorithms) or means of solving problems are explored. The rationale for their use and the types of tasks for which they are appropriate are also discussed.     

广西攀援植物资源与垂直绿化品种选择

介绍了广西攀援植物资源及其分布,并根据不同的攀援习性和功能将攀援植物分为四大类;同时还 介绍了垂直绿化的六种方式以及相应的种类选择与应用,对常用于园林的代表种类亦作了介绍,并以表格方 式列出了广西可用于垂直绿化的攀援植物种名、习性、观赏特性、适种条件和类型供参考。