黑河中游荒漠绿洲区土地利用的土壤养分效应

土地利用影响地表覆被状况和生态过程,关系到土壤肥力与土壤碳库功能"源-汇"关系的改变。黑河中游甘州区和临泽县是我国西北干旱区典型的荒漠绿洲区,以土壤表层(0-20 cm)养分变化为对象,利用2011-2012年甘州区和临泽县的土壤野外调查数据和该区全国第二次土壤普查数据,对两时期土壤表层养分(土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及pH值)的变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明:研究区土壤有机质、全磷含量分别降低了3.54%和12.5%;而全氮、全钾和pH值分别增加了74.4%、98.2%和4.9%。全国第二次土壤普查时期,荒漠、耕地与草地三者在各土壤养分上没有显著差异,但林地在土壤有机质、全氮、全钾上显著高于前三者。2011-2012年,耕地土壤的全磷、全氮与其它土地利用存在显著差异。土地利用的保持和改变对土壤养分变化有着重要影响,耕地的长期耕作使得土壤有机质含量降低4.94%,全氮增加86.93%,全磷减少5.02%,土壤碱性增强;荒漠植被的自然演替使土壤有机质含量增加66.21%,全氮增加71.70%,全磷含量减少37.33%,土壤碱性变弱。所以,耕地扩张及其长期耕作活动将导致地力退化并有盐碱化风险,而荒漠等自然生态系统保护有利于土壤肥力的改善和土壤固碳功能的发挥。     

浙江清凉峰自然保护区土壤肥力指标空间变异及其影响因素

为了探究清凉峰自然保护区内华南野生梅花鹿主要栖息地千顷塘的土壤肥力指标的空间变异规律及其相关影响因子,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法对千顷塘土壤pH、有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾含量进行了系统分析,并探讨了其主要影响因子。结果显示：千顷塘保护区内土壤整体呈酸性,区域内有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾含量均值分别为72.44、0.45、1.91、23.16 g/kg,所有指标均呈现中等程度变异。半方差分析结果表明,指数模型为pH、全磷、全氮、全钾的最佳拟合模型,球状模型为有机质最佳拟合模型,pH、全磷、全钾空间自相关强烈,显示其空间变异主要受结构性因素影响,有机质和全氮空间自相关程度中等,说明随机因素存在一定影响。全局Moran′s I指数检验结果显示,有机质、全磷和全氮存在显著空间自相关,在空间上呈现聚集分布。所有肥力指标的空间分布较为连贯,条带状分布特征显著,总体呈现由边缘向中间降低趋势;相关性分析显示,土壤有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾与海拔、容重和植被类型呈显著相关性;回归分析表明,在所有环境因子中,容重对各类元素的方差解释最大,是影响千顷塘土壤肥力因子空间异质性的主控因素。研究可为南方丘陵地区人为...     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

额济纳绿洲土壤养分的空间异质性

利用地统计学方法研究了额济纳绿洲土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的空间异质性.结果表明:土壤养分含量分布均有较大的空间异质性,土壤有机质的理论模型为指数模型,全氮、全磷和全钾的理论模型均为球状模型;额济纳绿洲土壤有机质、全氮、全钾主要受结构性因子的影响,全磷受结构性因子和随机因子的共同影响;全氮、全磷和全钾的变程在7.68～7.86 km,土壤有机质的变程较小,为5.4 km.土壤养分的空间分布表现为南北高,中间低的分布格局.     

岩溶区土壤肥力的时空变异及影响因素——以云南小江流域为例

运用地统计学,结合GIS研究了云南小江典型岩溶流域1982到2005年表层(0～20cm)土壤肥力包括pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾5个指标的时空变异规律及影响因素.20a来,流域土壤肥力发生显著变化,pH值、全钾含量升高,而有机质、全氮、全磷含量降低;同时土壤肥力的空间变异显著:各指标的块金方差与基台值的比值、自相关阈值明显增大;pH值在流域东部和东南部升高,而在中部降低;有机质含量在流域东部和东南部降低,而东北部、中部含量增加;全氮含量在东部降低,中部增加;全磷含量普遍降低,东部地区下降幅度最大;全钾含量在东部、西南地区升高.土壤肥力的时、空变化与地质、地貌以及土地利用密切相关.     

浑河太子河流域地形和土地利用对表层土壤养分空间变异的影响

应用GIS技术,综合统计学和地统计学方法,探讨了浑河太子河流域表层土壤养分的空间分布,同时分析了地形因子、土地利用及其交互作用对土壤养分空间变异的影响。结果表明:海拔、坡度与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著正相关,与全钾呈极显著负相关;坡向的影响不显著。林地和草地的有机质、全磷平均含量相对较高;水田和旱地的全钾平均含量较高。地形因子与土地利用方式的交互作用显著影响土壤养分含量。有机质、全氮和全磷含量高的区域集中在海拔较高、坡度较大的林地和草地。地形条件和土地利用方式能够解释研究区土壤养分的空间变异。     

有机肥对粉垄蔗地土壤养分及甘蔗产量品质的影响

为了研究施用有机肥对粉垄条件下甘蔗产量和品质的影响,该研究以蚯蚓粪、猪粪分别与复合肥配施于粉垄蔗地中,并以单施复合肥作为对照,研究有机肥与复合肥配施对粉垄土壤理化性状及甘蔗养分、产量、蔗茎品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,有机肥与复合肥混施可在不同时期分别提高粉垄土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,且对于土壤中速效养分含量的提升主要集中于甘蔗生长前期(6—8月),但在土壤pH值和容重方面影响不显著。(2)蚯蚓粪、猪粪与复合肥混施均能不同程度提高甘蔗生长前期的+1叶和根系中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量,使产量分别比对照提高了28.09%、32.81%。砍收时甘蔗的茎长、茎径、单茎重、有效茎数、蔗汁糖分、甘蔗糖分高于对照但不显著,出苗率、分蘖率、锤度影响不显著。粉垄耕作条件下,选择合适的有机肥与复合肥配施可增加土壤速效养分和有机质、全氮、全磷含量,也能提高甘蔗根叶全氮、全磷、全钾含量,提高甘蔗产量。     

长春城市森林绿地土壤肥力评价

以长春城市森林绿地为研究对象,测定9种土壤指标并参照全国第二次土壤普查分级标准对长春城市森林绿地土壤整体特征进行评级,采用内梅罗指数法分析长春城市森林绿地不同林型、行政区、环路土壤肥力,结合ArcG IS分析长春城市森林绿地土壤养分空间分布特征,以期对长春城市森林建设提供依据和建议。对比全国第二次土壤普查所确定的分类等级(6等级),土壤有机质平均含量(34.51 g/kg)及其空间分布(大部分区域30 g/kg)达到了2级、含量高的水平;全氮(均值1.37 g/kg)、碱解氮(均值133.04 mg/kg)、速效磷(均值38.47 mg/kg)及其空间分布均达到了3级以上水平;全钾(均值58.7 g/kg)和速效钾(均值255.85 mg/kg)及其空间分布达到1级、含量很高的水平;全磷平均含量0.51 g/kg,空间上大部分区域集中在0.4—0.6g/kg,为4级、含量中下水平。土壤pH为5.43—8.89,容重为1.11—1.62 g/cm~3。内梅罗综合肥力指数分析表明长春城市多数区域处于1.5—1.8之间,处于中等水平(4级制中排第3级)。不同林型间差异主要表现在pH、全氮、全磷和碱解氮(P0.05),不同环路间差异主要在pH、有机质和全磷(P0.05),而不同行政区间差异指标最多,为有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和pH(P0.05)。综合肥力指数显示:景观林单位附属林=农田防护林道路林,绿园区朝阳区南关区二道区宽城区,1环3=4环2环4环外。根据以上结果,可采取疏松土壤、枯枝落叶沤肥、增施氮磷有机肥而控制钾肥、种植固氮耐低磷植物等措施推进长春城市森林建设,提升城市植被生态服务功能。     

疏勒河上游土壤磷和钾的分布及其影响因素

土壤中磷和钾是植物不可缺少的营养元素,研究它们的含量及其分布规律对高寒草地的可持续发展和区域土壤碳氮循环的认识均具有重要意义。以疏勒河上游13处生态观测样地(7种土壤类型)为研究对象,结合土壤有机碳、全氮、粒径和pH等理化性质和气象因子,分析了不同土壤类型表层和剖面中土壤磷、钾分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:0—20 cm表层土壤全磷、有效磷、全钾和有效钾平均含量分别为(0.50±0.14)g/kg、(2.69±1.61)mg/kg、(14.84±0.59)g/kg和(151.03±117.57)mg/kg。表层土壤全磷含量与年均气温和土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关,而与年均降水量呈显著负相关;表层土壤有效磷含量与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关;表层土壤有效钾含量与土壤粉粒含量和年均气温呈显著正相关。全磷、有效磷、全钾和有效钾密度主要集中在0—40 cm的土壤层,它们均随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。不同深度土壤全磷的总密度与年均气温均呈显著的正相关,其相关系数随着土层深度逐渐增加。温度和降水是影响表层全磷含量和分布的主要环境因子;土壤全钾含量受成土母质影响,变异性不大。该区域土壤中有效磷和有效钾相对缺乏,草地管理措施是影响它们变化的重要因素之一。气温是该区域土壤全磷和全钾密度分布的主控因子。     

羊草草原土壤微生物的分布及其与土壤因子间的关系

 本文较系统地研究了东北羊草草原土壤微生物的分布规律和环境因子对微生物分布的制约作用。结果表明：微生物的数量、生理群的数量及微生物总生物量在羊草和杂草群落土壤生境中均最高,而碱茅和碱蓬群落生境中最低,隐子草群落生境居中。土壤全磷、全氮、全钾、pH和活性有机质对微生物有较大的直接作用,通径系数为6.15—2.02。全氮—全磷、活性有机质-全磷、pH-全磷、pH-全钾、全钾—全磷、活性有机质—全氮、活性有机质—全钾和有机质—全氮之间的间接作用对微生物影响最明显,作用系数为5.94—2.90,其余因素的作用相对不显著。     

Heavy metals in sewage sludges contribute to their adverse effects on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus mosseae</Emphasis>

Applying sewage sludges to agricultural land is a widespread practice because of the sludges’ agronomic value as a source of plant nutrients and organic matter. Nevertheless, sludges often contain micropollutants that can constitute a menace for health and the environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are sensitive to sewage sludges that have been spiked, or not, with metallic trace elements (MTE). Here we have investigated if MTE in sewage sludges could be responsible for effects on mycorrhizal development betweenGlomus mosseae andMedicago truncatula. The impact of a dehydrated or composted urban sewage sludge spiked or not with MTE, was tested on spore germination and root colonization byG. mosseae. The sewage sludges depressed both the presymbiotic andin planta stages of development of the mycorrhizal fungus. This negative effect was more related to the metallic pollutant contents of the sludges than to the presence of antagonistic microorganisms or phosphorus.     

城市污泥土地利用研究

通过培养试验、盆栽试验和田间试验系统地研究了污泥的组分特征、性质及其农地和城市园林绿化地利用对作物或绿化灌木、土壤肥力及其环境的影响,结果表明,污泥富含有机质和氮磷养分,且养分当季有效性介于化肥农家肥之间。施用污泥将明显提高土壤肥力,表现改善土壤物理性质;增加土壤肥机质和氮磷水平,并增加土壤生物活性,因此施用污泥的处理作物产量较高,并有利于后茬作物的稳健生长。但污泥施用也存在重金属、病原物等污染     

Efficacy of organic wastes amendment on the establishment and biomass yield of grass species on a degraded Alfisol

Abstract

Deficiencies of organic matter and essential nutrients are important features of derelict/degraded lands; these characteristics have profound effects on the establishment of functional soil-plant systems on such lands. This work reports on the impact of organic wastes amendments on the establishment, growth and biomass yield of grass mixtures grown on a degraded soil. The experimental site was a heavily compacted and eroded land due to excavation (scrapping) of topsoil layer for urban construction activities. Zero, 10 and 20cm layers each of substrates collected from an old (abandoned) municipal refuse and from site affected by long-term surface disposal of livestock litter and topsoil collected under fallow vegetation were applied on soil surface, before the establishment of a mixture of grass species. Substrates collected from old municipal refuse contained high amount of essential nutrients and metals and, on application, produced upward shift in soil pH and electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, these properties neither significantly retarded plant growth nor impaired biomass yield. Plant establishment and biomass yield were comparable under topsoil application and organic waste amended soil and produced significantly higher biomass yield when spread at 20cm layers were made of them. This experimental group also produced superior biomass yield over the unamended control. The agronomic benefits of organic waste incorporation stemmed from improved soil properties in surface horizon and contents of essential nutrients supportive of the establishment and development of plant cover. Nutrient supply is related to soil organic matter status, organic wastes are therefore important to the reconstruction of effective nutrient cycling and the eventual functional soil-plant system on this degraded ecosystem. The goal of these revegetation efforts is to improve soil and plant productivity, plant diversity, conservation of native grasslands and aesthetic.     

Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: yields and N, P and K content of crops and soils

This paper presents the data from two years of experiments concerned with the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge, anaerobic lagoon septic sludge, sewage sludge compost or fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn (Zea mays L.) production at two different sites 45 km from Truro, Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and nine elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the results of crop yields, plant N, P and K content and Mehlich-1 extractable P and K. The research demonstrated the fertilizer produced higher yields of grass forage than the sludge and the compost but equivalent to the sludge in corn yields. Forage and corn N, P and K contents, however, varied with treatment, crop and year, while the compost-amended soils were highest in extractable nutrients. Both sludges and the compost, therefore, could be effective sources of N, P and K for crop production. Compared to the conventional fertilizer, the nutrient availability from the organic amendments (especially N and P) was considerably lower than the 50% assumed at the start of the experiment; the sludges however, provided higher nutrient availability than the compost.     

Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Natural and Waste Materials for Vegetation Establishment on Contaminated Sites

Contaminated land is increasingly becoming an important issue worldwide. Many contaminants are persistent in soil for a large number of years. With the increase in public awareness regarding the consequences of contaminated soil, many researchers are concentrating on developing cost-effective and socially acceptable soil remediation technologies. Soils of many sites, which have been left derelict after industrial decline, harbor a broad suite of metal and organic contaminants. Land where such contaminants are deemed to pose a significant risk to receptors is considered contaminated under modern guidance. Remediation to break identified pollutant linkages would precede reclamation and plant establishment. One approach to break the pollutant receptor linkage is to utilize materials that effectively create soil conditions that immobilize contaminants whilst providing essential plant growth properties in terms of nutrition and water holding capacity. Materials that may achieve this include: 1) composts derived from materials such as sewage sludges and other municipal sources; 2) natural or synthetic zeolites; or 3) industrial by-products such as red-mud or other iron-rich materials such as iron grit or iron oxyhydroxides. Remediation techniques that utilize such materials may be cost-effective compared to more traditional methods and may effectively divert materials from the waste stream and could thereby make a dual contribution to sustainable development.     

中国城市污泥土地利用关注的典型有机污染物

污泥土地利用是国内外城市污泥主要的处置方式之一,而污泥中的有机污染物是污泥土地利用的限制性因素之一.本文分析了国内外城市污泥中有机污染物的浓度和研究现状,针对我国国情,认为多环芳烃(PAHs)是城市污泥中一种常见的有机污染物,总含量一般在1 ～ 10 mg·kg-1,有的因污水来源复杂而超过了100 mg·kg-1;壬基苯酚(NP/NPE)在我国污水处理厂污泥样品中均有检出,浓度在1～128 mg·kg-1.污泥园林绿化、林地利用、土壤改良等将是今后主要的利用方向,要实现污泥安全、环保的土地利用,多环芳烃(PAHs)和壬基苯酚(NP/NPE)将是主要考虑的典型有机污染物.     

Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives

Recycling and composting of organic materials such as animal waste, crop residues and green manures has a long tradition in China. In the past, the application of organic manures guaranteed a high return of organic materials and plant mineral nutrients and thus maintained soil fertility and crop yield. As a result of rapid economic development coupled with the increasing urbanization and labour costs, the recycling rate of organic materials in Chinese agriculture has dramatically declined during the last two decades, in particular in the more developed eastern and southeastern provinces of China. Improper handling and storage of the organic wastes is causing severe air and water pollution. Because farmers are using increasing amounts of mineral fertilizer, only 47% of the cropland is still receiving organic manure, which accounted for 18% of N, 28% of P and 75% of K in the total nutrient input in 2000. Nowadays, the average proportion of nutrients (N+P+K) supplemented by organic manure in Chinese cropland is only 35% of the total amount of nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources. In China, one of the major causes is the increasing de-coupling of animal and plant production. This is occurring at a time when "re-coupling" is partly being considered in Western countries as a means to improve soil fertility and reduce pollution from animal husbandry. Re-coupling of modern animal and plant production is urgently needed in China. A comprehensive plan to develop intensive animal husbandry while taking into account the environmental impact of liquid and gaseous emissions and the nutrient requirements of the crops as well as the organic carbon requirements of the soil are absolutely necessary. As a consequence of a stronger consideration of ecological aspects in agriculture, a range of environmental standards has been issued and various legal initiatives are being taken in China. Their enforcement should be strictly monitored.     

Organic matter–microorganism–plant in soil bioremediation: a synergic approach

Bioremediation is a natural process, which relies on bacteria, fungi, and plants to degrade, break down, transform, and/or essentially remove contaminants, ensuring the conservation of the ecosystem biophysical properties. Since microorganisms are the former agents for the degradation of organic contaminants in soil, the application of organic matter (such as compost, sewage sludge, etc.), which increases microbial density and also provides nutrients and readily degradable organic matter (bioenhancement–bioaugmentation) can be considered useful to accelerate the contaminant degradation. Moreover, the organic matter addition, by means of the increase of cation exchange capacity, soil porosity and water-holding capacity, enhances the soil health and provides a medium satisfactory for microorganism activity. Plants have been also recently used in soil reclamation strategy both for their ability to uptake, transform, and store the contaminants, and to promote the degradation of organic contaminants by microbes at rhizosphere level. It is widely recognized that plant, through organic materials, nutrients and oxygen supply, produces a rich microenvironment capable of promoting microbial proliferation and activity.     

Evolution of organic matter in a full-scale composting plant for the treatment of sewage sludge and biowaste by respiration techniques and pyrolysis-GC/MS

A full-scale composting plant treating in two parallel lines sewage sludge and the source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW or biowaste) has been completely monitored. Chemical routine analysis proved not to be suitable for an adequate plant monitoring in terms of stabilization and characterization of the process and final compost properties. However, the dynamic respiration index demonstrated to be the most feasible tool to determine the progression of the degradation and stabilization of organic matter for both sewage sludge and OFMSW lines. Both lines exhibited an important degree of stabilization of organic matter using rapid and cumulative respiration indices. Pyrolysis-GC/MS was applied to the most important inputs, outputs, and intermediate points of the plant. It proved to be a powerful tool for the qualitative characterization of molecular composition of organic matter present in solid samples. A full characterization of the samples considered is also presented.     

城市污泥农用对植物-土壤系统的影响

城市污泥的合理处置是目前资源与环境科学研究领域中的重要课题之一.城市污泥因富含大量的有机质和有效营养成分,对农业土壤肥力、土壤物理结构和农业生产均有一定的积极促进作用,使得污泥农用成为可能.但城市污泥中含有的重金属、有机污染物等有害物质尤其是重金属,成为污泥农用处置的瓶颈.为提高我国城市污泥的农业资源化利用效率和减少污染物造成的负面效应,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对植物-土壤互作系统的影响及过程进行了综述,为进一步提高污泥利用效率提供理论依据和科学指导.