宫颈癌p16基因甲基化及表达的研究

为了探讨p16基因甲基化及异常表达在宫颈癌中的意义,分别采用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）方法检测不同病理类型和临床分期的60例宫颈癌组织中p16基因启动子区域5´CpG岛甲基化状态;采用PCR方法检测p16基因外显子1（E1)和外显子2(E2)纯合缺失情况;采用免疫组化的方法分析p16蛋白的表达缺失和减弱情况。结果显示正常对照组织及癌旁p16基因无甲基化,且无E1和E2缺失和p16蛋白表达异常。60例宫颈癌标本的甲基化率为21.67%（13/60）;p16 基因缺失率为15.00%（9/60）;p16蛋白表达下降或无表达为51.67%（31/60）。可见p16基因蛋白的阳性表达率随着临床分期升高呈明显下降趋势。结果提示p16基因失活在宫颈癌中多见且与病理分级密切相关。p16 基因甲基化在宫颈癌发生中起着一定作用。Abstract： To detect hypermethylation and aberrant expression of the p16 gene in cervical carcinoma (CC), methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to determine the methylation status of 5´CpG islands of the p16 gene, loss or decrease of p16 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and homozygous deletion of exon 1 (E1) and/or exon 2 (E2) was determined by PCR. in 60 cases of CC at different pathological grades and clinical stages. The results showed absence of methylation and presence of normal expression of the p16 gene in the control and adjacent tissues of CC. Hypermethylation, loss or decrease of expression and deletion of the p16 gene were detected in 21.67%(13/60), 51.67%(31/60) and 15.00%(9/60) of the tumor tissues, respectively. The rate of p16 expression markedly reduced with the increase of clinical stages. Our data suggested that inactivation of the p16 gene was a frequent event and positively correlated with pathological grades in CC, and that methylation of the p16 gene was an important event in carcinogenesis of CC.     

Cloning and expression analysis of p26 gene in Artemia sinica

The protein p26 is a small heat shock protein that functions as a molecular chaperone to protect embryos by preventing irreversible protein damage during embryonic development. A 542 bp fragment of the p26 gene was cloned and sequenced. The fragment encoded 174 amino acid residues and the amino acid sequence contained the α-crystallin domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that eight Artemia populations were divided into four major groups. Artemia sinica (YC) belonged to the East Asia bisexual group. Expression of the p26 gene at different developmental stages ofA. sinica was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction followed by cloning and sequencing. The relationship between the quantity of p26 gene expression and embryonic development was analyzed. The results indicated that massive amounts of p26 were expressed during the development of A. sinica. At the developmental stage of 0 h, A. sinica expressed the highest level of p26. As development proceeded, expression levels of the p26 gene reduced significantly. There was a small quantity of p26 gene expression at the developmental stages of 16 h and 24 h. We concluded that p26 might be involved in protecting the embryo from physiological stress during embryonic development.     

p16基因甲基化与表达在子宫内膜癌中的意义

肿瘤抑制基因p16定位于9号染色体短臂2区1带,编码细胞周期调节蛋白p16,p16基因失活将导致细胞增殖失控。研究证实肿瘤抑制基因启动子区域5CpG岛甲基化是导致转录水平上基因失活的重要机制。为了研究p16基因甲基化状态及其表达异常与子宫内膜癌发生的关系,采用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)、免疫组化及PCR方法检测62例子宫内膜癌及相应癌旁组织、10例相应年龄正常子宫内膜中p16基因5′cpG岛甲基化状态、p16蛋白表达及p16基因外显子E,和E：表达缺失情况。结果表明癌旁及正常子宫内膜p16基因无甲基化,且无p16蛋白、外显子1和2的表达异常。62例子宫内膜癌中,15例甲基化,占24、2％;33例p16蛋白表达下降或无表达,占54．8％;p16基因外显子1缺失率16．1％(10／62),外显子2缺失率为30．6％(19／62),两者均缺失9．68％(6／62),至少其中1种缺失46、6％(29／62)。提示P16基因失活在子宫内膜癌中多见且与病理分级、临床分期密切相关。D16基因甲基化在子宫内膜癌的发生中起着重要作用。MSP法测定基因甲基化状态准确且简便可行。     

高低转移肺腺癌细胞系Anip973和AGZY83-a中P21过表达的研究

为探讨肿瘤抑制基因对肺腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用,利用FuGene转染方法将 P21基因的表达质粒转入一对分别具高、低转移能力的肺腺癌细胞系An ip973和AGZY83-a中。对p21蛋白过表达的细胞系进行了细胞生长曲线,克隆形成率,原位末端标记分析和流式细胞仪分析。p21蛋白过表达的一对细胞系细胞生长曲线斜率降低,克隆形成能力下降并出现明显的G1期阻滞,但未检测到凋亡信号。结果表明p21基因的过表达通过G1期阻滞抑制这一对肺腺癌细胞的生长,P21基因可以作为肺腺癌基因治疗的候选基因。 Abstract:In order to investigate the suppression effect of tumor suppressor genes in lung adenocarcinoma,we transfected P21 expression vector into a pair of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with different metastasis potential:Anip973(high metastasis potential)and AGZY83-a(low metastasis potential).The suppression effects of p21 were evaluated by cell growth curve,cloning efficiency assay,flow cytometric analysis and Tunel technique.We found that increased expression of p21 in both cell lines was associated with significant lengthening of G1 phase,decreased proliferation potential and decreased cloning efficiency.No apoptosis was found in the cell lines with overexpressed P21 gene.The results showed that increased expression of P21 gene suppressed the lung adenocarcinoma cells by G1 arrest and P21 gene proved a candidate gene in lung adenocarcinoma gene therapy.     

Identification of tumor metastasisrelated gene TMSG-1 by mRNA differential display

To investigate genes involved in cancer metastasis, mRNA differential display was used to compare the levels of gene expression of two cancer sublines derived from prostate carcinoma cell PC-3M that had different metastatic potentials. The differentially expressed genes were confirmed by Northern blot, and sequenced. The full-length cDNA of a tumor metastasis suppressor gene (TMSG-1) was obtained by using EST assembling and verified by RT-PCR and sequencing. The results showed that expression levels of TMSG-1 were lower in the highly metastatic cell line 1E8, compared with the non-metastatic cell line 2B4. The difference was significant. Full-length cDNA of TMSG-1 was about 2 kb, containing an open reading frame that encoded a protein of 230 amino acids. GenBank Blastn showed no marked homology with known genes. The functional prediction of amino acids sequence encoded by TMSG-1 gene indicated TMSG-1 protein was transmembrane protein, with 3 transmembrane domains, 3 putative protein kinase phosphorylatio     

Influence of expressed TRAIL on biophysical properties of the human leukemic cell line Jurkat

The cDNA fragment of human TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) was cloned into RevTet-On, a Tetregulated and high-level gene expression system. The gene expression system was constructed in a human leukemic cell line: Jurkat. By using RevTet-On TRAIL gene expression system in Jurkat as a cell model, we studied the influence of TRAIL gene on the changes of cellular apoptosis before and after the TRAIL gene expression, which was induced by adding tetracycline derivative doxycycline (Dox). The results indicated that the cellular apoptosis ratio was largely dependent on the TRAIL gene expression level. Moreover, it was found that the apoptosis-inducing TRAIL could cause significant changes in the biophysical properties of Jurkat cells. The cell surface charge density decreased, the membrane fluidity declined, the elastic coefficients K1 increased, and the proportion of α-helix in membrane protein secondary structure decreased. Thus, the apoptosis-inducing TRAIL gene caused significant changes on the biomechanic properties of Jurkat cells.     

一个与非小细胞肺癌转移相关的基因――RAB5A基因

采用mRNA差异展示技术（mRNA DD）研究具有相同细胞来源,但转移能力高低不同的人肺腺癌细胞系AGZY83-a（低转移）和Anip973(高转移),分析在两个细胞系中基因差异表达的情况,发现在高转移细胞系中有RAB5A基因的表达。该基因为蛋白质入胞信号的调控者,为RAS超家族成员。为进一步证实其转录表达的调控改变情况,以及RAB5A高表达的临床意义,进一步采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学的方法检测了50例临床非小细胞肺癌的手术标本,结果表明,RAB5A的表达有随转移发生而增强的趋势,而RAB5A的蛋白表达程度在有转移的病例中明显增强(P<0.05)。 Abstract：　Using mRNA differential display (mRNA DD)techniques, we analyzed the differences of gene expression between two human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines,AGZY83-a and Anip973. Anip973 was isolated from AGZY83-a, but manifested much higher metastatic potential than the parent line. The results showed that there were significant differences on gene expression between the two cell lines and that there was over-expression of RAB5Agene in the Anip973 cell line. The product of RAB5Agene was recognized as signal regulators of endocytotic pathway and protein trafficking at the cell surface, and belong to a member of the RAS superfamily. Furthemore, we compared to the expression of RAB5Agene and RAB5Aprotein in clinical samples of 50 cases non-small lung carcinoma and nearby lymph node by means of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method. The results indicated that the high expression of RAB5Ain metastatic tumor and the enhancement level of RAB5Ain metastatic tumor and the enhancement level of expression were corresponded with the increase of metastatic degree. And there were significance of difference on the expression degree of RAB5Aprotein between non-small lung carcinoma with metastasis and non- metastasis (P<0.05).     

Genetic aberration in primary hepatocellular carcinoma：correlation between p53 gene mutation and loss—of—heterozygosity on chromosome 16q21—q23 and 9p21—p23

To elucidate the molecular pathology underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),we used 41 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine 55 HCC and corresponding non-tumor liver tissues on chromosome 9,16 and 17.Loss-of-heterozygosity(LOH) is observed with high frequency on chromosomal region 17p13(36k/55,65%),9q21-p23(28/55,51%),16q21-23(27/55,49%) in tumors.Meanwhile,microsatellite instability is rarely found in these microsatellite loci.Direct sequencing was performed to detect the tentative mutation of tumor wuppressor genes in these regions:p53,MTS1/p16,and CDH1/E-cadherin.Wihin exon 5-9 of p53 gene,14 out of 55 HCC specimens(24%) have somatic mutations,and nucleotide deletion of this gene is reported in HCC for the first time.Mutation in MTS1/p16 is found only in one tumor case.We do not find mutations in CDH1/E-cadherin.Furthermore,a statistically significant correlation is present between p53 gene mutation and loss of chromosome region 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23,which indicates that synergism between p53 inactivation and deletion of 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HCC.     

Second intron of mouse nestin gene directs its expression in pluripotent embryonic carcinoma cells through POU factor binding site

Nestin,an intermediate filament protein,is expressed in the neural stem cells of the developingcentral nervous system.This tissue-specific expression is driven by the neural stem cell-specific enhancer inthe second intron of the nestin gene.In this study,we showed that the mouse nestin gene was expressed inpluripotent embryonic carcinoma (EC) P19 and F9 cells,not in the differentiated cell types.This cell type-specific expression was conferred by the enhancer in the second intron.Mutation of the conserved POUfactor-binding site in the enhancer abolished the reporter gene expression in EC cells.Oct4,a Class V POUfactor,was found to be coexpressed with nestin in EC cells.Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays and supershiftassays showed that a unique protein-DNA complex was formed specifically with nuclear extracts of ECcells,and Oct4 protein was included.Together,these results suggest the functional relevance between theconserved POU factor-binding site and the expression of the nestin gene in pluripotent EC cells.     

Identification of aberrant cell cycle regulation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma by cDNA microarray and gene set enrichment analysis

Previous studies have revealed that Epstein-Barr virus （EBV） was closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC）. This study aimed to characterize the global pathways affected in the EBV-associated NPC. Combined with microdissection, gene expression profries in 22 NPCs and 10 non-tumor nasopharyngeal epithelial （NPE） tissue samples were analyzed. All NPC specimens served in the microarray analysis were positive for EBV, as judged by identification of the expression of EBV nuclear antigen 1 （EBNA1）. Through gene set enrichment analysis （GSEA）, we found that cell cycle pathway was the most disregulated pathway in NPC （P = 0.000, false discovery rate q-value = 0.007）, which included some aberrant expressed components. We first found that overexpression of CDK4, cyclin D1, and Rb proteins, and loss of expression of proteins p16, p27, and p19 were statistically significant in NPC tissues compared with non-cancerous NPE （P〈 0.05） by real-time RT- PCR and tissue microarray. EBV-encoded small RNA-1 （EBER-1） hybridization signals in the NPC showed significant associations with the overexpression of Rb （P = 0.000）, cyclin D1 （P = 0.000）, CDK4 （P = 0.000）, and the loss of expression of p16 proteins （P = 0.039）. In the final logistic regression analysis model, EBER-1 and abnormal expression of p16, Rb, cyclin D1, and E2F6 were inde- pendent contributions to nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Through survival analysis, only cyclin D1 could predict the prognosis of NPC patients. These results suggested that cell cycle pathway was the most disregulated pathway in the EBV-associated NPC, and EBER-1 was closely associated with p16, CDK4, cyclin D1, and Rb. cyclin D1 could be the prognosis biomarker for NPC.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.