Mn-SOD与抗癌胚抗原单链抗体基因的融合及高效表达

将Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ与抗癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）单链抗体基因（Ｓｃ－Ｆｖ ｇｅｎｅ）融合,重组到含Ｔ７启动子的表达载体ｐＥＴ－２２ｂ（＋）中,构建表达质粒ｐＥＴＭｎ－ＳＯＤ－ＳｃＦｖ,并转化大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）,进行高效表达,表达物占菌体可溶性总蛋白的２４％。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和蛋白质和迹图谱显示表达物分子量为４５ｋＤ与融合基因编码蛋白质的理论值相符。该蛋白质在大肠杆菌中为泌型表达有利于纯化。ＲＩＡ测定表     

中药固真方对促甲状腺素受体基因表达的调节作用

促甲状腺素（ＴＳＨ）通过甲状腺细胞膜上的ＴＳＨ受体（ＴＳＨＲ）,产生第二信使ｃＡＭＰ,从而激活ｃＡＭＰ反应性起动子,而使相应的基因获得表达。实验结果表明,在构建有ＴＳＨＲ和糖蛋白激素ｃＡＭＰ反应性起动子以及萤光素基因（Ｌｕｃ）的转染细胞中,经补肾益精中药固真方提取液（１×１０＾－４稀释）处理３￣５ｄ后,可下调ＴＳＨＲ基因的表达,并使ＴＳＨＲ数目减少。提示固真方可调整甲状腺细胞的功能,或许有利于调整     

中药固真方对促甲状腺素受体基因表达的调节作用

促甲状腺素（ＴＳＨ）通过甲状腺细胞膜上的ＴＳＨ受体（ＴＳＨＲ）,产生第二信使ｃＡＭＰ,从而激活ｃＡＭＰ反应性起动子,而使相应的基因获得表达．实验结果表明,在构建有ＴＳＨＲ和糖蛋白激素ｃＡＭＰ反应性起动子以及萤光素基因（Ｌｕｃ）的转染细胞中,经补肾益精中药固真方提取液（１×１０~（－４）稀释）处理３～５ｄ后,可下调ＴＳＨＲ基因的表达,并使ＴＳＨＲ数目减少．提示固真方可调整甲状腺细胞的功能,或许有利于调整甲状腺机能亢进．     

EAC细胞在3＇5＇－cAMP诱导下PKA－RⅡ移位入核与癌基因表达的动力学变化

Ｅｈｒｌｉｃｈ细胞在ｃＡＭＰ加茶碱的诱导下,于接种后５－７天,伴随着胞质内ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率上升的同时,依赖于ｃＡＭＰ的蛋白激酶Ⅱ型酶调节亚基（ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ）从胞质向核移位,其表达强度在胞质和核内持续升高,此时癌基ｃ－ｍｙｃ,ｃ－ｆｏｓ,ｃ－Ｈ－ｒａｓ,ｃ－ｓｉｓ表达抑制。ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率与ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ的移位入核呈显著的正相关,二者与癌基因表达抑制是显著的负相关,它们均从第７天最为显著。在癌龄晚期（按种后９－１１天）,当胞质内ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率下降（与对照组比较）时,ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ则停止移位入核,癌基因又重新表达,如果用ｃＡＭＰ抑制剂人为阻断接种后第７天的癌细胞内ＰＫＡ信号通路时,ＰＫＡ－ＲＨ则停止移位入核,而癌基因仍呈强烈表达。对上述各结果之间的关系进行了分析与讨论。     

EAC细胞在3＇5＇－cAMP诱导下PKA－RⅡ移位入核与癌基因表达的动力学变化

Ｅｈｒｌｉｃｈ细胞在ｃＡＭＰ加茶碱的诱导下,于接种后５－７天,伴随着胞质内ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率上升的同时,依赖于ｃＡＭＰ的蛋白激酶Ⅱ型酶调节亚基（ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ）从胞质向核移位,其表达强度在胞质和核内持续升高,此时癌基ｃ－ｍｙｃ,ｃ－ｆｏｓ,ｃ－Ｈ－ｒａｓ,ｃ－ｓｉｓ表达抑制。ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率与ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ的移位入核呈显著的正相关,二者与癌基因表达抑制是显著的负相关,它们均从第７天最为显著。在癌龄晚期（按种后９－１１天）,当胞质内ｃＡＭＰ蛋白结合率下降（与对照组比较）时,ＰＫＡ－ＲⅡ则停止移位入核,癌基因又重新表达,如果用ｃＡＭＰ抑制剂人为阻断接种后第７天的癌细胞内ＰＫＡ信号通路时,ＰＫＡ－ＲＨ则停止移位入核,而癌基因仍呈强烈表达。对上述各结果之间的关系进行了分析与讨论。     

人主动脉硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖对培养的人血管壁细胞生长的作用

通过培养的人主动脉平滑肌细胞（ｈＡＳＭＣ）及脐静脉内皮细胞（ｈＵＶＥＣ）,应用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入、Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析、逆转录多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）、放射免疫分析（ＲＩＡ）、和紫外比色法等技术观察了人主动脉中硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（ＨＳＰＧ）对ｈＡＳＭＣ和ｈＵＶＥＣＤＮＡ合成的作用及对血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）、ＰＤＧＦ受体、转化生长因子β（ＴＧＦ－β）、内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）或碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）基因表达和肾素－血管紧张系统（ＲＡＳ）的影响,结果显示,ＨＳＰＧ明显抑制培养的ｈＡＳＭＣ基础的ＤＮＡ合成（ｃｐｍ值为：１０３８５±３２６３ｖｓ,２５５４１±６４２１,Ｐ＜０．０１）及外源性ＰＤＧＦ诱导的ＤＮＡ合成（ｃｐｍ值为：９８７８±１９４７ｖｓ．１３４８１±４４ｌ０,Ｐ＜０．０５）;抑制ＰＤＧＦＡ链、ＴＧＦ－Ｂｐ和ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达,提高ＰＤＧＦａ和β受体ｍＲＮＡ的表达;显著降低ｈＡＳＭＣ培养液中血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）的浓度和血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）的活性,推测ＨＳＰＧ抑制ＰＤＧＦＡ链、ＴＧＦ－β及ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达,降低ＡＣＥ活性及ＡｎｇⅡ浓度是其抑制ｈＡＳＭＣ增殖的重要机     

NMT在大肠杆菌中的His6融合表达及其纯化研究

将啤酒酵母ＮＭＴ基因以Ｎ端融合６个组氨酸的形式在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中进行了ＩＰＴＧ诱导的表达研究。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析确定有与Ｈｉｓ。－ｒＮＭＴ理论分子量一致的诱导表达条带,其表达量占全菌蛋白的１０％左右;表达产物性质分析表明Ｈｉｓ－ｒＮＭＴ主要以可溶形式存在。在此基础上不受利用固定化金属离子配体亲和层析一步纯化目的蛋白,纯度可达９５％以上。体外标脾性是Ｈｉｓ６－ｒＮＭＴ具有与成熟ＮＭ     

人骨形成蛋白-2A与小鼠成骨细胞表面特异性结合的研究

作者证实在大肠杆菌中表达的人骨形成蛋白-２Ａ（ｈＢＭＰ２Ａ）Ｃ端肽段具有骨诱导活性,再利用噬菌体呈现载体克隆并表达了ｈＢＭＰ２ＡｃＤＮＡ３’端５６７个核苷酸,表面呈现有人ＢＭＰ２ＡＣ端肽段的噬菌体与小鼠成骨细胞系（ＭＣ３Ｔ３）能够特异地结合,用抗Ｍ１３噬菌体抗体进行ＥＬＩＳＡ实验呈阳性反应,同时用^３ＨＴｄＲ参入重组ＢＭＰ２Ａ噬菌体时放射性计数比对照组高近１０倍,推测小鼠成骨细胞表面存在有人ＢＭＰ２Ａ受体。     

cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶调节亚单位类型1A(RIα)基因的分子生物学研究进展

ｃＡＭＰ依赖性蛋白激酶调节亚单位类型１Ａ（ＲＩα）基因是ｃＡＭＰ依赖性蛋白激酶（ＰＫＡ）基因家族的一个成员,因其在人生殖细胞的生长、发育、成熟等过程中独有其功效而受到研究者的关注。本文就近年来该基因的定位、结构、功能及表达调控等方面研究进展作一综述。     

烟草—TMV相互作用中质膜NADPH氧化酶的组装

比较 Ｎ Ｎ 烟草（与烟草花叶病毒（ Ｔ Ｍ Ｖ）发生非亲和相互作用）和普通烟草 ３００２ 品种（与 Ｔ Ｍ Ｖ 发生亲和相互作用）在烟草— Ｔ Ｍ Ｖ 的相互作用中质膜 Ｎ Ａ Ｄ Ｐ Ｈ 氧化酶的组装激活、产生活性氧的差异．用两相法制备密闭的正向型质膜（ Ｐ Ｍ）囊泡,以 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 敏感的 Ｎ Ａ Ｄ Ｐ Ｈ 依赖的 Ｃｙｔ ｃ 的还原表示 Ｎ Ａ Ｄ Ｐ Ｈ 氧化酶的活性,用人类噬中性白细胞 Ｎ Ａ Ｄ Ｐ Ｈ 氧化酶亚基 ｐ４７ ｐｈｏｘ 的抗体对烟草叶片蛋白进行免疫学检测．结果显示在两种烟草叶片胞质中均存在与 ｐ４７ ｐｈｏｘ 亚基的抗体发生免疫交叉反应的相同分子量的蛋白,该蛋白在 Ｔ Ｍ Ｖ 侵染 Ｎ Ｎ 基因烟草后可向质膜发生转移,且伴随有氧化酶活性的升高．而对于普通烟草则无氧化酶膜组分和酶活性的明显变化．以上结果表明,烟草叶片质膜上存在与哺乳动物 Ｎ Ａ Ｄ Ｐ Ｈ 氧化酶相类似的氧化酶,它的组装和激活可能是烟草— Ｔ Ｍ Ｖ 非亲和相互作用早期活性氧的主要来源．     

The rate of recombination of the subunits (RI and C) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase depends on whether one or two cAMP molecules are bound per RI monomer

To probe the functional significance of the two cAMP-binding sites (A and B) on each regulatory subunit (RI) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I, the dissociation of cAMP was studied from wild type RI liganded on site A, site B, or both sites, in the absence and presence of catalytic subunit (C). C enhanced the dissociation of cAMP from RI monoliganded on site A or B more than from A,B-biliganded RI, the rate difference being several orders of magnitude in the absence of Mg/ATP and about 7-fold in the presence of Mg/ATP. The catalytically active site of C was involved, since substrates or pseudosubstrates completely and competitively inhibited the action of C in the absence or presence of Mg/ATP. There was no evidence that C, by binding to one monomer of the RI dimer, affected the binding of cAMP to the other monomer. Likewise, there was no evidence for stable complexes of C and cAMP bound to the same R monomer. C enhanced the dissociation of cAMP from R subunits mutated in site A (RIGlu200, which is mutant RI in which glycine 200 is replaced by glutamic acid) or site B (RITrp334, which is mutant RI in which arginine 334 is replaced by tryptophan) to the same extent as from wild type RI monoliganded with cAMP. This indicates that the properties of nonmutated cAMP-binding sites in RIGlu200 and RITrp334 are modulated in a normal manner by C. Mutant RI defective in site A (RIGlu200) had the same rate and equilibrium cAMP binding properties as did site B of RI with its A site unoccupied. This means that mutational inactivation of one cAMP-binding site of RI can occur without altering the other intrachain cAMP site. By all criteria tested, therefore, RIGlu200 appears to be a valid model for RI with a vacant or nonoccupiable site A. Cooperativity of cAMP binding to the two cAMP-binding sites (A and B) of RI was observed only in the presence of C, the apparent Hill coefficient of cAMP binding being about 2 in the presence of a constant, high concentration of free C. C did not induce cooperativity of cAMP binding to RIGlu200 but caused a dramatic decrease of the apparent cAMP affinity of RIGlu200 relative to wild type RI.     

Expression and characterization of mutant forms of the type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The effect of defective cAMP binding on holoenzyme activation

The mouse wild type and four mutant regulatory type I (RI) subunits were expressed in Escherichia coli and subjected to kinetic analyses. The defective RI subunits had point mutations in either cAMP-binding site A (G200/E), site B (G324/D, R332/H), or in both binding sites. In addition, a truncated form of RI which lacked the entire cAMP-binding site B was generated. All of the mutant RI subunits which bound [3H]cAMP demonstrated more rapid rates of cAMP dissociation compared to the wild type RI subunit. Dissociation profiles showed only a single dissociation component, suggesting that a single nonmutated binding site was functional. The mutant RI subunits associated with purified native catalytic subunit to form chromatographically separable holoenzyme complexes in which catalytic activity was suppressed. Each of these holoenzymes could be activated but showed varying degrees of cAMP responsiveness with apparent Ka values ranging from 40 nM to greater than 5 microM. The extent to which the mutated cAMP-binding sites were defective was also shown by the resistance of the respective holoenzymes to activation by cAMP analogs selective for the mutated binding sites. Kinetic results support the conclusions that 1) Gly-200 of cAMP-binding site A and Gly-324 or Arg-332 of site B are essential to normal conformation and function, 2) activation of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase requires that only one of the cAMP-binding sites be functional, 3) mutational inactivation of site B (slow exchange) has a much more drastic effect than that of site A on increasing the Ka of the holoenzyme for cAMP, as well as in altering the rate of cAMP dissociation from the remaining site of the free RI subunit. The strong dependence of one cAMP-binding site on the integrity of the other site suggests a tight association between the two sites.     

Functional characterization of cAMP-binding mutations in type I protein kinase

A mutant form of the type I regulatory subunit (RI) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been cloned and sequenced (Clegg, C. H., Correll, L. A., Cadd, G. C., and McKnight, G. S. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 13111-13119) which contains two point mutations in the site B cAMP-binding site, a Gly to Asp at position this report, the effect of each independent mutation on the rate of dissociation of cAMP from RI, the cAMP-mediated activation of holoenzyme and the inducibility of cAMP-responsive genes has been characterized. Dissociation of cAMP from either recombinant wild type RI or the B1 mutant demonstrated biphasic kinetics, indicating two sites with different affinities for cAMP. Dissociation from the B2 subunit, however, was monophasic and very rapid indicating that site B had been destroyed and that the rate of dissociation from site A was increased. The cAMP activation constants (Ka) of the wild type and B1 holoenzymes were 40 and 188 nM, respectively, and demonstrated positive cooperativity, with Hill coefficients of 1.61 for the wild type and 1.67 for B1. The B2 holoenzyme required much greater concentrations of cAMP, 4.7 microM, for half-maximal activation and did not display positive cooperativity. Constitutive expression in mouse AtT20 pituitary cells of the B1 mutant resulted in only a small shift in the Ka for kinase activation in these cells compared with B2 expression which increased the Ka by more than 100-fold. Transient expression of the B1 subunit in human JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells inhibited forskolin activation of a cAMP-responsive promoter by 35% whereas similar expression of the B2 RI subunit inhibited the response by 90%. These results suggest that the Gly to Asp mutation at amino acid 324 completely blocks cAMP binding to site B whereas the Arg to His mutation at position 332 causes a more subtle alteration in cAMP binding. Expression of either mutant RI in animal cells results in a dominant repression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated processes.     

Post-translational modifications of the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases during G1/S progression

During the G1/S transition of the cell cycle variations in the labelling by 8-N3-[32P]cAMP of the protein kinase A regulatory subunits RI and RII, used as a probe to monitor post-translational modifications that may regulate cAMP binding, were observed in synchronized HeLa cells. A decrease in 8-N3-[32P]cAMP labelling of RI, RII and RII phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of PKA was correlated with the increased percentage of cells in phases G1. An increase in 8-N3-[32P]cAMP incorporated into the 54-kDa RII subunit during progression from G1 to S was correlated with an increase in intracellular cAMP. A transient increase in Mn-SOD activity was detected in cells arrested at the G1/S transition using two different techniques, suggesting that oxidative modulation of regulatory subunits by free radicals may modify cAMP binding sites during the cell cycle. Decreased photoaffinity labelling by 8-N3-[32P]cAMP of RI, RII and autophosphorylated RII subunits was found to be an inherent characteristic of PKA in the G1/S transition.     

Modulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isozyme expression associated with activation of a macrophage cell line

We have used the RAW 264.7 macrophage (MO) cell line to study cAMPdPK isozymes during activation by lymphokine (LK) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Untreated cells were found to have two isozymes of cAMPdPK in their cytosol. PKI and PKII were differentiated based on the Mr of their regulatory subunits (RI, 45,500; and RII, 52,000, respectively) as determined by photoactivated incorporation of the cAMP analog 8-N3-[32P]cAMP. Loss of the RI subunit of PKI occurred in association with activation of the cell line by suboptimal concentrations of LK and LPS (1/40 dilution, 1 ng/ml) or high concentrations of LPS alone (10 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml). No modulation of the RII subunit of PKII was observed under these conditions. The loss of RI was dependent on the addition of a triggering signal to the MO. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LK alone at dilutions from 1/10 to 1/1280 was not sufficient to cause a disappearance of the RI subunit from the cytosol or to induce antitumor activity. The addition of a suboptimal concentration of LPS after LK or a high dose of LPS alone was required for acquisition of cytolytic activity and loss of RI. The kinetics for the disappearance of RI from treated cells were found to be identical after activation with either LK and LPS or high concentrations of LPS alone. RI could no longer be detected in the cytosol 8 hr after the addition of activating agents. The antitumor activity of the RAW 264.7 cell line was transiently expressed after activation. Cells no longer exhibited tumoricidal activity 48 hr after the removal of activating agents. It was observed that the loss of cytolytic function was accompanied by the reexpression of RI in the cytosol. This study provides evidence that modulation of cAMPdPK isozymes occurs during activation, suggesting a potential mechanism for controlling the effects of cAMP on the MO.     

Characterization of the isolated cAMP-binding B domain of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

A 14.4-kDa cAMP-binding fragment was generated during bacterial expression and purification of recombinant bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I alpha regulatory subunit (RI alpha). The full-length RI alpha from which the fragment was derived contained a point mutation allowing its B domain to bind both cAMP and cGMP with high affinity while leaving its A domain highly cAMP selective. The NH2 terminus of the fragment was Ser-252, indicating that it encompassed the entire predicted B domain. Although the [3H]cAMP and [3H]cGMP exchange rates of the isolated B domain were increased relative to the B domain in intact RI alpha, the [3H]cAMP exchange rate was comparable to that of the B domain of full-length RI alpha containing an unoccupied A domain. A plasmid encoding only the isolated B domain was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and a monomeric form of the B domain was purified that had identical properties to the proteolytically generated fragment, indicating that all of the elements for the high-affinity cAMP-binding B domain are contained within the 128 amino acid carboxyl terminus of the R subunit. Prolonged induction of the B domain in E. coli or storage of the purified protein resulted in the formation of a dimer that could be reverted to the monomer by incubation in 2-mercaptoethanol. Dimerization caused an approximate fivefold increase in the rate of cyclic nucleotide exchange relative to the monomer. The results show that an isolated cAMP-binding domain can function independently of any other domain structures of the R subunit.     

Phosphodiesterases catalyze hydrolysis of cAMP-bound to regulatory subunit of protein kinase A and mediate signal termination

Although extensive structural and biochemical studies have provided molecular insights into the mechanism of cAMP-dependent activation of protein kinase A (PKA), little is known about signal termination and the role of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in regulatory feedback. In this study we describe a novel mode of protein kinase A-anchoring protein (AKAP)-independent feedback regulation between a specific PDE, RegA and the PKA regulatory (RIα) subunit, where RIα functions as an activator of PDE catalysis. Our results indicate that RegA, in addition to its well-known role as a PDE for bulk cAMP in solution, is also capable of hydrolyzing cAMP-bound to RIα. Furthermore our results indicate that binding of RIα activates PDE catalysis several fold demonstrating a dual function of RIα, both as an inhibitor of the PKA catalytic (C) subunit and as an activator for PDEs. Deletion mutagenesis has localized the sites of interaction to one of the cAMP-binding domains of RIα and the catalytic PDE domain of RegA whereas amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry has revealed that the cAMP-binding site (phosphate binding cassette) along with proximal regions important for relaying allosteric changes mediated by cAMP, are important for interactions with the PDE catalytic domain of RegA. These sites of interactions together with measurements of cAMP dissociation rates demonstrate that binding of RegA facilitates dissociation of cAMP followed by hydrolysis of the released cAMP to 5'AMP. cAMP-free RIα generated as an end product remains bound to RegA. The PKA C-subunit then displaces RegA and reassociates with cAMP-free RIα to regenerate the inactive PKA holoenzyme thereby completing the termination step of cAMP signaling. These results reveal a novel mode of regulatory feedback between PDEs and RIα that has important consequences for PKA regulation and cAMP signal termination.