小鼠雌性生殖系统电穿孔与微泡增强超声波转EG即基因的研究（简报）

非病毒载体转基因法。如注射裸DNA或脂质体转染,不产生细胞毒性。但除了肌肉组织外其他组织的转导效率均不高。电脉冲可使细胞膜产生临时的微孔允许一些分子通过。因此应用此方法可将药物或基因转人动物组织。电穿孔常用于培养的细胞转基因,理论上,低强度、长脉冲。或高强度、短脉冲有利于电转导。选择适合的参数是电转导的关键。本实验比较了不同电压和脉冲时间对小鼠卵巢在体转入绿色荧光蛋白基因的效果．确定了最适的电转导参数。为卵巢疾病的药物、基因治疗和研究卵泡发育中的基因调控提供了实验手段。     

外源性端粒酶基因对人脐静脉内皮细胞的影响

为了观察外源性端粒酶逆转录酶基因(hTERT)在人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)的表达及对细胞功能和生长的影响。采用逆转录病毒载体转导的方法,将hTERT基因转入HUVEC,检测基因转导后内皮细胞端粒酶的活性和生物学特性。结果发现hTERT转导后细胞端粒酶表达阳性,未转导的亲代细胞为阴性;转导细胞的体外生存时间延长但未永生化,而内皮细胞黏附分子表达的功能未受影响。     

转基因植物中标记基因的剔除

在目前的植物转化系统中,要求在关注基因或目的基因转入细胞时,同时有标记基因存在.标记基因主要是抗生素或除草剂的抗性基因.借标记基因的表达可以将转化细胞从大量的未转化细胞中筛选出来,但标记基因的继续存在,特别是在转基因食品中,是人们广泛关注的问题.培育无标记基因的转基因植株已成为植物生物工程研究中的新课题.该文介绍了剔除标记基因的两种方法:分离剔除和重组剔除,并对近年来这两种方法在培育无标记基因的转基因植物中的应用和进展作了介绍.     

γ-干扰素基因修饰A549细胞瘤苗研究

本文研究了将人IFN-γ基因重组入pLXSN 载体,用pA317包装后转入人肺腺癌细胞株A549中,经G418筛选获得稳定表达IFN-γ的转基因的A549-IFN-γ细胞株。经测定,该转基因的细胞表面MHC-Ⅰ、Ⅱ分子表达显著提高。接种动物表明致瘤性下降,制成瘤苗可诱导产生较强的细胞毒T淋巴细胞的抑瘤能力;经放射线照射的瘤苗,在添加肿瘤特异抗原和细胞因子后,在动物肿瘤模型上显示出良好的抑瘤效果。提示,经IFN-γ基因转导的人肺腺癌A549细胞株可产生较强的抗肿瘤效果,这为该瘤苗的临床应用提供了实验依据。     

转基因猪研究进展

转基因猪是指运用分子生物学技术方法,将人工分离或改造过的基因整合到猪的基因组中,并能稳定的遗传给后代。转入的基因可以使猪的某些性状向人类需要的目标发生转变,因此在猪的遗传育种、以及将猪作为药物评价、疾病模型、特异性药物生产的生物反应器和组织器官移植的供体等方面具有重要的作用。就目前转基因猪的研究进展、技术方法及应用现状进行简要的综述。     

应用离心方法提高杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞转导实验效率

重组杆状病毒作为一种对哺乳动物细胞的新型基因转移载体已获得了日益广泛的应用。为进一步提高转导实验的效率,本研究利用已构建的带有CMV启动子-增强型绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)表达盒的重组杆状病毒BacV-CMV-EGFPA,在CV-1细胞中探索了应用离心方法提高转导实验效率的可行性。结果显示离心方法可显著提高单位时间内重组杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞的转导效率,同时不会对靶细胞造成损伤。通过对离心时间、离心后孵育时间、病毒上清的稀释缓冲液的进一步摸索优化,结果显示病毒上清以PBS为稀释缓冲环境室温600g水平离心1h即可获得高水平的转导效率,优于在PBS环境中27℃孵育8h的效果。该方法可在获得高转导效率的同时显著缩短实验时间,具有快捷、高效、低损伤的特点,可作为一种常规操作方法用于日常实验。本研究进一步应用该方法对多种不同来源和类型的哺乳动物细胞株进行基因转导,结果显示该方法可适用于多数不同种属和组织来源的哺乳动物细胞,其中对贴壁细胞的效果最为显著。     

微处理器控制的双向脉冲刺激仪

用电脉冲波刺激神经或肌肉等组织并研究细胞或组织的功能,是一种常用的电生理学方法。用单向脉冲波刺激易使组织产生极化作用,影响实验和研究的正常进行和正确性。因此,采用双向脉冲波以避免组织细胞的极化损伤。目前,随着微电子计数机应用的发展,借助于先进的电子技术,进一步研究生物体的规律,已被广大生物科学工作者重视。微处理器控制的双向脉冲刺激仪就是以最小的系统来控制和处理脉冲信号的产生和     

细胞信号转导与植物体细胞胚发生

细胞信号转导主要是指胞间通讯的激素以及外界环境因子等作用于细胞表面（或胞内受体）后,如何跨膜传递形成胞内第二信使,以及其后的信息分子级联传递、诱导基因表达和引起生理反应的过程。植物体细胞胚发生的本质是基因的判别表达,因此细胞信号转导在此起关键作用。在植物组织培养过程中,外加的激素等因子通过细胞信号转导诱导基因差别表达,使体细胞转入胚胎发生过程,最终生长发育成完整植株。     

利用Cre/LoxP系统删除转基因山羊体内的选择标记基因

在制备转基因家畜过程中的一个关键步骤是使用选择标记基因 (Selectable marker genes,SMGs) 将转基因整合细胞从大量的正常细胞中筛选出来,这导致了SMGs整合入家畜的基因组内持续传递给后代。SMGs已被证明能够显著影响基因组内整合位点处的基因调控,也增加了对转基因动物安全评价的复杂性。为了确定转基因山羊制备过程中SMGs的删除时机和删除方法,在体细胞克隆前后两个时段内,利用Cre/loxP系统删除SMGs的可行性,同时比较了蛋白转导和质粒共转染两种Cre导入方式的删除效率。结果表明：尽管在首次对山羊成纤维细胞进行遗传修饰后即可进行SMGs删除,但两次遗传修饰导致细胞严重老化,无法用于后续的体细胞克隆羊制备。在转基因山羊的成体细胞中删除SMGs不存在上述问题,成功率高,缺点是试验周期长、耗资增大。Cre表达质粒瞬时转染能够删除SMGs,但有超过30%的无SMGs细胞克隆中整合有质粒序列。TAT-CRE蛋白质转导方法可以避免引入的新外源基因,SMGs删除率达到43.9%~72.8%,是一种较佳的SMGs删除手段。     

利用TAT多肽增强腺病毒对细胞感染效率的研究

蛋白转导多肽本身或携带生物大分子能以一种不明机制的方式高效地穿过真核细胞质膜并且几乎没有组织选择性。这为生物药物研究、基因治疗等领域带来了新的希望。最近有研究表明:来源于HIV-1的TAT蛋白的蛋白转导结构域多肽可以显著地提高重组腺病毒感染细胞和实验动物的效率。在对。HeLa且和Vero-E62种具有不同病毒易感性的细胞进行重组腺病毒感染实验时发现TAT多肽可以明显地提高重组腺病毒对HeLa细胞的感染及在细胞中外源报道基因的表达,但是对Vero-E6细胞却没有效果,表明TAT多肽增强重组腺病毒的感染与靶细胞类型有关,而并不像转导现象那样没有组织差异。这为蛋白转导技术在病毒载体中的应用提供了参考,但其中涉及的蛋白转导的机制有待进一步实验研究。     

Comparison of non-viral transfection methods in melanoma cell primary cultures

Melanoma primary cultures were transiently transfected via electroporation and lipofection for comparison. Transfection efficiency was superior with electroporation (58+/-9%) as compared to lipofection (23+/-9%) as determined by enhanced green fluorescent plasmid (EGFP) transfection. Secretion of IL-2 persisted for up to 3 weeks after electroporation. The increase in sensitivity against immunologic effector cells by transfection with IL-2 was not significant. Our results show the feasibility of a gene transfer into primary human melanoma cells, different from retroviral transduction.     

Efficient removal of LoxP-flanked genes by electroporation of Cre-recombinase mRNA

Introduction of Cre-recombinase in target cells is currently achieved by transfection of plasmid DNA or by viral-mediated transduction. However, efficiency of non-viral DNA transfection is often low in many cell types, and the use of viral vectors for transduction implies a more complex and laborious manipulation associated with safety issues. We have developed a non-viral non-DNA technique for rapid and highly efficient excision of LoxP-flanked DNA sequences based on electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding Cre-recombinase. A K562-DSRed[EGFP] cell line was developed in order to measure Cre-mediated recombination by flow cytometric analysis. These cells have a stable integrated DSRed reporter gene flanked by two LoxP sites, and an EGFP reporter gene, which could only be transcribed when the coding sequence for DSRed was removed. The presented data show recombination efficiencies, as measured by appearance of EGFP-fluorescence, of up to 85% in Cre-recombinase mRNA-electroporated K562-DSRed[EGFP] cells. In conclusion, mRNA electroporation of Cre-recombinase is a powerful, safe, and clinically applicable alternative to current technologies used for excision of stably integrated LoxP-flanked DNA sequences.     

中华按蚊电转化显微注射技术平台的构建及其在基因瞬时过表达中的应用

【目的】构建在中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis 中的电转化显微注射技术平台,并利用该技术平台实现活体基因瞬时过表达对其进行验证,为开展系统的基因功能研究奠定基础。【方法】以CUY21EDIT Ⅱ电转仪为主体构建中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;使用同源重组法构建 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 基因的瞬时过表达质粒,在中华按蚊化蛹3 h时注射该质粒进入蛹体,随即使用电转仪对注射后的蛹进行电击,待注射个体发育至化蛹39 h时,利用体视荧光显微镜观察蛹体表皮着色和发光情况,并通过荧光定量PCR检测 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 的表达。【结果】构建了用于显微注射的 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40和 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A-EGFP-SV 40过表达载体。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40注射组中华按蚊在化蛹39 h时约87.5%的个体成活并正常黑化,这其中约92.7%的个体的表皮检测到明显的绿色荧光,注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-EGFP-SV 40并进行电击的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体则没有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,注射组中发光个体的 EGFP 基因明显高表达。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT-T 2 A-EGFP-SV 40注射组的蛹在化蛹39 h时有80.4%个体存活,这其中92.2%的个体相对于注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体黑化明显受阻,且有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,报告基因 Bm-iAANAT 和 EGFP 的表达明显提高。【结论】成功构建了在中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;通过此技术平台能够便捷、快速和高效地实现报告基因在活蛹中的瞬时过表达,并产生了目的表型。这为中华按蚊功能基因组研究奠定了基础。     

In Vitro Targeted Gene Electrotransfer to Endothelial Cells with Plasmid DNA Containing Human Endothelin-1 Promoter

Development of recombinant DNA technologies has allowed us to create new delivery systems that target specific cell types and that can be used in gene therapy. One of these targets is vascular endothelium because of its important role in tumor angiogenesis. For tumor endothelium-specific targeting, we prepared plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein under the control of human endothelin-1 promoter (pENDO-EGFP), which is specific for endothelial cells. First we determined gene electrotransfer parameters for improved transfection of endothelial cells evaluating different osmolarity of electroporation buffer, voltages of applied electric pulses, and addition of fetal bovine serum immediately after electroporation to the cells for improved transfection and survival. Transfection efficacy of pENDO-EGFP in different endothelial and nonendothelial cell lines was determined next. Gene electrotransfer efficacy was evaluated using three different methods: fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence microplate reader, and flow cytometry. Our results showed that transfection efficacy was higher when cells were prepared in hypoosmolar compared to isoosmolar electroporation buffer. Furthermore, immediate addition of fetal bovine serum to the cells after pulsing also improved gene electrotransfer into target cells. We proved expression of EGFP under the control of human endothelin-1 promoter in endothelial cells, which was also significantly higher compared to nonendothelial cells. Taken together, we successfully constructed pENDO-EGFP, which was specifically expressed in endothelial cells using improved gene electrotransfer parameters.     

EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建表达增强绿色荧光蛋白（enhancedgreenfluorescentprotein,EGFP）的EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体并对其表达进行鉴定。方法从pEGFP—N3质粒上切下EGFP片段,连接到pBABE载体,构建EGFP—pBABE重组质粒;将该重组质粒转染到Fr67细胞后,荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达;收集逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌SiHa细胞后荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达。结果成功构建EGFP—pBABE重组质粒。该质粒转染PT67细胞24h后,荧光显微镜下可观察到EGFP的表达;用该重组质粒包装的逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌SiHa细胞36h后,在荧光显微镜下可观察到明显的EGFP表达。结论成功构建表达EGFP的EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体,为进一步利用该载体制备逆转录病毒并观测逆转录病毒感染细胞的效率奠定了良好的实验基础。     

Two-wavelength fluorescence assay for DNA repair

A simple and reliable quantitative assay for measuring cellular DNA repair capacity has been developed. It is based on the host cell reactivation of the UV-irradiated plasmid pEGFP carrying the marker gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). As a reference we used the plasmid pEYFP carrying the gene for a red-shifted fluorescent protein (EYFP). Both proteins can be excited by visible light with a maximum at 488 nm, but EGFP emits with a maximum at 509 nm, while EYFP emits with a maximum at 527 nm. This makes it possible to monitor the expression of the two genes simultaneously by measuring the fluorescence at two wavelengths. HEK293 cells were cotransfected with a mixture of UV-irradiated pEGFP and undamaged pEYFP. At different time intervals after transfection the fluorescence of EGFP was determined relative to the fluorescence of EYFP to compensate for any differences in the transfection efficiency or other experimental variables. It was used to calculate the number of UV lesions in DNA and hence the repair capacity of the host cells. It was found that HEK293 cells were able to repair approximately 1.4 UV lesions per 1000 nucleotides DNA for 12 h on the average.     

EGFP基因在中国明对虾原代培养细胞中的导入和表达

本文以我国重要水产养殖动物中国明对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）贴壁培养和悬浮培养的血细胞、植块培养的类淋巴器官（Oka器官）细胞和卵巢细胞为材料,通过磷酸钙共沉淀法、脂质体介导的转染（脂染）和电穿孔法等多种方法进行了导入EGFP基因的实验。结果表明,通过脂染可以成功地将质粒DNA导入悬浮培养的血细胞、植块培养的Oka器官细胞和卵巢细胞,并使报告基因EGFP得到表达。     

Direct injection of foreign DNA into mouse testis as a possible in vivo gene transfer system via epididymal spermatozoa.

We have attempted to transfect testicular spermatozoa with plasmid DNA by direct injection into testes to obtain transgenic animals [this technique was thus termed "testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT)"]. When injected males were mated with superovulated females 2 and 3 days after injection, (i) high efficiencies (more than 50%) of gene transmission were achieved in the mid-gestational F0 fetuses, (ii) the copy number of plasmid DNA in the fetuses was estimated to be less than 1 copy per diploid cell, and (iii) overt gene expression was not found in these fetuses. These findings suggest the possibility that plasmid DNA introduced into a testis is rapidly transported to the epididymis and then incorporated by epididymal spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of TMGT by introducing trypan blue (TB) or Hoechst 33342 directly into testis. We found that TB is transported to the ducts of the caput epididymis via rete testis within 1 min after testis injection, and TB reached the corpus and cauda epididymis within 2-4 days after injection. Staining of spermatozoa isolated from any portion of epididymis was observed 4 days after injection of a solution containing Hoechst 33342. Injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression vector/liposome complex into testis resulted in transfection of epithelial cells of epididymal ducts facing the lumen, although the transfection efficiency appeared to be low. In vivo electroporation toward the caput epididymis immediately after injection of EGFP expression vector into a testis greatly improved the uptake of foreign DNA by the epididymal epithelial cells. PCR analysis using spermatozoa isolated from corpus and cauda epididymis 4 days after injection of a DNA/liposome complex into testis revealed exogenous DNA in these spermatozoa even after treatment with DNase I. These findings indicate that exogenous DNA introduced into tesits is rapidly transported to epididymal ducts via the rete testis and efferent ducts, and then incorporated by epithelial cells of epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa.     

Comparison of lipid-mediated and adenoviral gene transfer in human monocyte-derived macrophages and COS-7 cells

Lipid-mediated transfection was compared to adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in COS-7 cells as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). For this purpose, we monitored enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression by fluorescence microscopy and quantified gene transfer by competitive PCR. Transfection of COS-7 cells with a novel lipid formulation for DNA transfer was highly effective in COS-7 cells. On average, 30% of the cells were fluorescent 48 h after transfection. In HMDM, the same formulation resulted in the expression of EGFP in less than 0.5% of cells. We measured plasmid DNA by quantitative PCR in lipid-transfected macrophages and found that each macrophage contained on average 2 fg of plasmid DNA 24 h after transfection, that is, more than 400 molecules of plasmid DNA entered each cell. Despite the high level of reporter DNA in lipid transfected cells, expression of the fluorescent protein was suppressed in more than 99.5% of the macrophages. We also used adenoviral gene transfer to introduce the foreign DNA into both COS-7 cells and HMDM. Even though the multiplicity of infection was less than 30, expression of EGFP was observed in nearly all COS-7 cells and in more than 80% of HMDM 48 h after transfection. Despite major advances in the field of lipid-mediated transfection of HMDM, the lipid formulations that are available commercially cannot compete with the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer.