5种珍稀食药用真菌活性提取物对果蝇寿命影响的研究

探讨了松茸、栎金钱菌、蜂窝菌、云芝、杏鲍菇活性提取物对果蝇寿命的影响,分别用这5种食药用真菌活性提取物各以5、20g/L的剂量加入培养基中培养果蝇,观察其对果蝇寿命的影响.结果表明,松茸、栎金钱菌、蜂窝菌、云芝、杏鲍菇的活性提取物能显著延长果蝇的平均寿命和半数死亡时间,其平均寿命延长率分别达23.96%、53.22%、23.09%、32.58%、20%.这提示松茸、栎金钱菌、蜂窝菌、云芝、杏鲍菇都具有良好的延寿效果.     

两种虫草相关真菌分级醇沉胞外多糖对果蝇寿命及SOD和MDA的影响

目的研究多糖对果蝇寿命及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。方法通过将不同浓度乙醇分级沉淀得到的两种虫草相关真菌蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和地生枝顶孢霉胞外多糖分别添加到果蝇饲料中,研究不同多糖组分对果蝇寿命及其体内SOD和MDA含量的影响。结果蝙蝠蛾拟青霉胞外多糖组分P60能显著延长雌雄果蝇的平均寿命,分别达17.04%和18.36%,显著提高雌雄果蝇体内SOD活力(28.02%和26.85%),MDA含量分别降低了50.67%和54.30%;地生枝顶孢霉胞外多糖组分G50显著延长雌雄果蝇的平均寿命,分别达到15.62%和15.96%,显著提高雌雄果蝇体内SOD活力,分别为42.55%和26.74%,明显降低MDA含量,分别为47.30%和49.00%。结论多糖组分P60和G50能显著延长果蝇寿命,提高其SOD活力和降低MDA含量。     

药用昆虫蜣螂对灵芝多糖生物合成的影响

采用液体深层发酵方式,研究了几种药用昆虫对灵芝多糖生物合成的影响。结果表明,药用昆虫蜣螂在添加量为5g/L时能显著促进灵芝胞内多糖(IPS)和胞外多糖(EPS)的形成(P<0.05)。胞内多糖和胞外多糖的产量分别由对照的(1.93±0.09)g/L和(520.3±20.2)mg/L提高到(2.41±0.12)g/L和(608.9±20.2)mg/L。灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖在DEAE纤维素柱上都可分离得到5种主要组分,其中IPS-1和EPS-1分别为2类多糖的主要组分。进一步用凝胶柱分离显示,IPS-1由3个单个的组分组成,EPS-1由2个单个的组分组成。添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖中没有出现新的组分,且各组分的相对含量也没有显著变化(P>0.05),提示添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖主要组分的合成途径并未改变。     

灵芝多糖液体发酵条件的研究

液体发酵灵芝是目前灵芝多糖开发的有效途径。以灵芝的生物量和胞外多糖为指标,对影响灵芝发酵的条件进行了研究。单因素实验表明灵芝发酵的最佳碳源、(?)源和生长因子分别是葡萄糖、酵母膏和维生素B1,最适温度、起始pH值和摇床转速分别是28℃、5．5和160 rpm。最佳培养方式是接种后静置4 h再振荡培养,其生物量和胞外多糖的产量最高,分别为7．743g/L和0．907g/L。     

大球盖菇产胞外多糖液体优化培养条件初探

以菌丝生物量及胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)含量为指标对大球盖菇产胞外多糖液体培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,最适碳源是麦芽糖,最适氮源是酵母膏,正交试验确定最佳培养基组成为马铃薯150 g/L,麦芽糖20 g/L,酵母膏1 g/L,KH2PO41 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 2.5 g/L。最佳发酵条件为28℃,摇床转速160 r/min,起始pH值6.5,装液量100 mL/250 mL、接种量10%,发酵时间6 d。在此条件下,大球盖菇菌丝生物量及EPS含量分别比对照增加了31.8%和51.6%。     

几种昆虫水提和醇提物对灵芝深层发酵生产多糖的影响

研究了几种昆虫的水提物和醇提物对灵芝深层发酵生产菌体和多糖的影响。结果表明,松毛虫水提物在剂量为30mg/L时,能促进灵芝菌体的生长,生物量从15.23±0.53g/L提高到16.26±0.67g/L。其它昆虫提取物对灵芝菌体的生长无显著影响,其中斑蝥提取物表现出明显的抑制作用。对灵芝多糖产量的影响试验表明,蜣螂水提物在剂量为50mg/L时,能显著提高灵芝胞内多糖的产量,产值从1.93±0.09g/L提高到2.34±0.13g/L;地鳖虫醇提物在剂量为55mg/L,以及松毛虫醇提物在剂量为35mg/L时,对胞内多糖的生产也具有促进作用。此外,蜣螂醇提物在剂量为20mg/L时,对胞外多糖的生产具有促进作用,产量从520.3±20.2g/L提高到589.5±24.1mg/L。结果提示药用昆虫中含有促进灵芝多糖生物合成的功能因子。     

灵芝胞外多糖分批发酵动力学模型

利用分批发酵研究了灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)胞外多糖的合成特性,结果表明Ganodermalucidum多糖合成和菌体生长呈部分生长关联型。菌体干重、胞外多糖分别达到15.56g·L-1、3.02g·L-1,胞外多糖对细胞干重得率系数(Yp/x)为0.19。根据分批发酵试验结果采用Logistic方程、Luedeking-Piret方程和类似Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述灵芝生长、胞外多糖以及葡萄糖底物消耗分批发酵动力学模型。同时在初始葡萄糖变化较大范围内,试验数据与模型预测值进行了比较拟合,平均相对误差小于5%,表现出很好的适用性。表明该动力学模型对指导灵芝胞外多糖的发酵生产具有实际意义。     

14种虫草多糖对果蝇成虫寿命影响的试验

采用从虫草深层发酵产物中提取的多糖进行果蝇抗衰老的试验表明,不同来源的虫草多糖对果蝇寿命均有不同程度的延长作用,从而证明虫草多糖有延缓衰老的作用;有的效果十分显著,来源于ＡＴ０１的胞内、胞外多糖效果最好,延寿的效果随纯度的增大而提高。     

14种虫草多糖对果蝇成虫寿命影响的试验*

采用从虫草深层发酵产物中提取的多糖进行果蝇抗衰老的试验表明,不同来源的虫草多糖对果蝇寿命均有不同程度的延长作用,从而证明虫草多糖有延缓衰老的作用;有的效果十分显著,来源于ＡＴ０１的胞内、胞外多糖效果最好,延寿的效果随纯度的增大而提高。     

一株结皮真菌胞外多糖的初步研究

探究一株真菌胞外多糖最佳生产时间及其组成成分。通过对其发酵液胞外多糖含量及上清液黏度的测定,确定其最佳产糖时间,并用此条件提取胞外多糖粗品,用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量,薄层色谱法对所得的胞外多糖进行组分分析。当发酵至第5天时该株真菌的生物量、胞外多糖产量及发酵液的黏度均达到最高峰,分别为0.606 4 g/60 mL、20.22 μg/mL和4.74 mPa/s,并且胞外多糖含量与发酵上清液黏度在一定程度上呈正相关。用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量为19.58 μg/mL,并用4 mol/L的硫酸完全水解,硅胶G薄层层析,甲醇-氯仿(1:1,体积比）展层,苯胺-二苯胺-磷酸显色,表明其组成成分可能为D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖和D-葡萄糖。该菌株所产的胞外多糖具有提高结皮能力和防沙保水作用,为利用微生物治沙提供参考和种质资源。     

Characteristics of Helianthus annuus Plant Cell Culture as a Producer of Immunologically Active Exopolysaccharides

The aim of this work was to determine relationships between the growth and biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides by sunflower (Helianthus annuus 1805) plant cell culture and the uptake of the main compounds from the nutrient medium through the study of their time courses. It was established that plant cell culture biosynthesized 12.8 g/L biomass and 4.3 g/L exopolysaccharides. The calculated maximum specific growth rate and doubling time were μ_max = 0.21 d^–1 and t_d = 3.31 d, respectively. The productivity of exopolysaccharides in the plant in vitro system was found to be 0.43 g/(L × d). Data regarding the physiology of Helianthus annuus 1805 plant cell culture are presented. On the basis of the achieved results it can be concluded that the plant cell suspension of Helianthus annuus 1805 is a good producer of exopolysaccharides which exhibit immunostimulating activity.     

Exopolysaccharide production by free and immobilized microbial cultures

The batch production of different exopolysaccharides (alginate, xanthan, pullulan, dextran) by free and immobilized microbial cultures was investigated. First, conventional free-cell cultures were performed to obtain control fermentation parameters and macromolecular characteristics of exopolysaccharides. Then microbial cultures were immobilized in composite agar layer/microporous membrane structures and tested for polysaccharide production. The immobilized-cell system proved unsuitable for xanthan and pullulan production. Owing to the fouling of the microporous membrane by the polysaccharide, dextran production by immobilized Leuconostoc mesenteroides also was inefficient. More promising results have been obtained with immobilized Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. The amount of alginate produced by immobilized A. vinelandii represented about 60% of that recovered from a free-cell culture, whereas the polysaccharide yield reached 35% instead of 9% for the free counterpart. These results are compared to the macromolecular characteristics of exopolysaccharides.     

灵芝胞外生物活性多糖的pH控制发酵

灵芝深层发酵过程中 ｐＨ值对灵芝胞外多糖形成的影响。结果表明起始ｐＨ为５．５时,有利于胞外多糖的形成,找到了一种有效的ｐＨ控制发酵策略,当发酵过程中控制ｐＨ４．０时,胞外多糖的产量最大,达到２．３２９／Ｌ,较未控制提高了２４％。另外,还对胞外多糖的生物活性进行了检测,结果表明抗肿瘤活性平均达到５１．２％,且能明显提高小鼠的免疫力。     

外源物质对灵芝多糖和β-葡聚糖发酵的影响

研究了14种外源物质（化合物）对灵芝细胞生长和发酵合成多糖和β-葡聚糖的影响。结果表明,连翘水提物（3g/L）对灵芝细胞生长具有显著促进作用;薏苡仁酯（3g/L）对灵芝胞内多糖和β-葡聚糖的合成均具有促进作用;而桔梗水提物、硝酸铈铵、硝酸镨、茉莉酸甲酯和硝普钠对灵芝细胞生长和产物合成均具有抑制作用。进一步通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面法分析,建立了添加薏苡仁酯发酵产β-葡聚糖的二次多项式模型,经分析得到产β-葡聚糖的最优条件为：薏苡仁酯添加量10.5g/L、接种量16%、添加时间第88小时、发酵初始pH 7.00。在此条件下获得β-葡聚糖的产量可达(40.67±8.43)mg/L,与未添加薏苡仁酯的对照组相比,提高了41.86%;多糖产量为(0.99±0.21)g/L,与对照组相比,提高了31.99%。结果提示所得添加薏苡仁酯的优化条件可定向诱导灵芝β-葡聚糖的合成,同时也表明在灵芝液体发酵体系中添加薏苡仁酯发酵产多糖和β-葡聚糖具有一定的实用价值。     

Iridoid glycosides from fruits reduce the growth of fungi associated with fruit rot

Aims Ripe, fleshy fruits generally function as rewards to attract mutualistic seed dispersers, but many fruits also contain high concentrations of toxic secondary metabolites. These compounds may serve a variety of adaptive roles in seed dispersal or as a defense against non-dispersing seed predators or pathogens. We tested the effects of iridoid glycosides from fruits of a hybrid bush honeysuckle, Lonicera × bella, on the growth of two pathogenic fungal strains associated with fruit rot, Alternaria tenuissima and Aspergillus tubingensis.Methods Fungi were isolated from field-collected L. × bella fruits and identified using molecular techniques. Their growth rates were assessed in vitro in the presence of varying concentrations of pure loganin, one of the most abundant iridoid glycosides in fruits, as well as fruit extracts containing a mix of at least seven different iridoid glycosides.Important findings Loganin had strong dose-dependent negative effects on the growth of both fungi. Extracts from fruits had no effect on Aspergillus but a strong antifungal effect on Alternaria that increased with fruit ripening. Total iridoid glycoside concentrations in extracts were not good predictors of variation in fungal growth, but several individual compounds had significant negative effects. Although iridoid glycosides have primarily been studied as antiherbivore defenses in leaves, these results indicate that they can also function to reduce the growth of fungi associated with fruit rot.     

山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

【目的】为了确定山胡椒Lindera glauca(Sieb.Zuce)是否对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella Zeller的产卵有驱避作用。【方法】利用选择性产卵试验方法在室内分别测定了山胡椒的完整果实、压碎果实、根以及不同浓度(0.25~4.0 g E/m L)的压碎山胡椒果实正己烷提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响;在模拟仓库内测定了压碎的果实对其产卵的影响;进而在室内测定了柠檬醛、沉香醇、香叶醇和α-水芹烯不同浓度(0.00075~0.012 g/L)的溶液对其产卵选择性的影响。【结果】山胡椒完整果实、压碎果实、根在室内对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵具有驱避效果,其中压碎果实的产卵驱避效果最好,20 g压碎果实的产卵驱避率可达93.7%。山胡椒压碎果实正己烷提取物在0.5~4.0 g E/m L的浓度范围内随着浓度的升高,产卵驱避效果逐渐增强。在模拟仓库内20 g压碎的果实产卵驱避率是82.5%;0.003~0.012 g/L的柠檬醛,0.012 g/L沉香醇,0.00075~0.012 g/L的香叶醇,0.003~0.012 g/L的α-水芹烯对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有显著的驱避效果。【结论】山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有驱避效果。     

林芝地区松茸营养成分分析及松茸多糖的提取分离

以林芝地区5个样点采集的野生鲜松茸子实体为材料,对水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗多糖、氨基酸、灰分、VC及矿质元素的含量、有效成分进行测定,并以正交法确定了松茸多糖提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:各组分的平均质量分数分别为89.45%、12.02%、7.74%、7.84%、9.53%、8.67%、5.76%、0.5046 mg.g-1;矿质元素中K、P含量较高,平均24.063mg.g-1、5.278 mg.g-1,Zn含量高于其它常见食用菌子实体,平均0.5648 mg.g-1,Ca的含量偏低,平均0.4356 mg.g-1;同时含有甾体等有效成分。松茸多糖提取主次因素和最优工艺为乙醇体积分数85%、料水比为1:10、温度80℃、时间4 h,在此条件下粗多糖得率为8.98%。     

15N natural abundance in fruit bodies of different functional groups of fungi in relation to substrate utilization

Natural abundances of ¹⁵N and N concentrations of 34 fruit bodies from 24 species of ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi were measured in a temperate Central European mixed forest stand. The fungi of the two life forms are known to be capable of utilizing different types of N sources (organic N compounds from the humus, inorganic N from the soil and N from litter or wood) differing by their ¹⁵N natural abundance values. Based on the two life forms and the three different N sources, four functional groups of fungi were distinguished: (1) ectomycorrhizal fungi capable of utilizing organic N from the humus; (2) ectomycorrhizal fungi known to depend on inorganic N compounds in the soil; (3) saprophytes capable of utilizing organic N from the humus; and (4) saprophytes utilizing N from dead wood or litter. Large differences were found between species in the δ¹⁵N values (−3.0 to 3.3‰) and in the N concentrations (0.84 to 6.61 mmol eq N g dw⁻¹) of the fruit bodies. In most cases fungi were more enriched in ¹⁵N than their respective bulk N source was. Fungi living in humus, and presumably having access to organic N compounds (groups 1 and 3), were significantly more enriched in ¹⁵N than fungi which are known to depend on inorganic N (e.g. Laccaria , group 2), or fungi living on litter or wood (group 4), irrespective of whether they were ectomycorrhizal or saprophytic species. Fungi living in humus had significantly higher N concentrations than fungi living on litter or wood.     

四种野生食用菌粗多糖的抗氧化活性

利用DPPH自由基清除法、羟基自由基(OH.)清除法、铁离子鳌合能力及测定还原能力等方法对鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius、变绿红菇Russula virescens、蜜环菌Armillaria mellea和棕灰口蘑Tricholoma myomyces等4种食用菌的粗多糖进行了抗氧化活性评价。结果显示,4种真菌粗多糖均不同程度地具有抗氧化活性。在DPPH自由基清除试验中,棕灰口蘑和蜜环菌表现出很强的活性,其EC50值分别为1.35 g/L、1.53 g/L;棕灰口蘑和蜜环菌对羟基自由基的清除能力也要优于其他2种食用菌,其EC50值分别为0.65 g/L、0.78 g/L;棕灰口蘑的铁离子螯合能力明显优于其他3种测试菌,其EC50值为1.69 g/L;在还原力方面同样是棕灰口蘑活性最强,蜜环菌次之,其EC50值为1.05 g/L、1.37 g/L。     

Medium modification to enhance the formation of bioactive metabolites in shake flask cultures of Antrodia cinnamomea by adding citrus peel extract

Antrodia cinnamomea has recently become a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan. Bioactive compounds found in A. cinnamomea include: polysaccharide, sesquiterpene lactone, steroids and triterpenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adding citrus peel extract to enhance the formation of bioactive metabolites in the submerged culture of A. cinnamomea. With the exception of grapefruit, citrus peel extracts tested were proved to be beneficial to mycelial growth and to the production of intracellular polysaccharide. Lemon was the most effective for enhancing bioactive metabolite production. With an addition of 2% (v/v), the mycelium biomass concentration and intracellular polysaccharide content rose from 11.96?g DW/L of the control and 123.6?mg/g DW to 21.96?g DW/L and 230.8?mg/g DW, respectively, on day 8. The production of triterpenoids also increased from 86.7 to 282.9?mg/L. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that although the addition of peel extract could cause the lengthening of the exponential phase and reduce the specific growth rate, the production rate of biomass, intracellular polysaccharide and triterpenoids was still enhanced significantly.