云芝、灵芝和柱状田头菇胞外多糖对果蝇寿命的影响

研究了云芝、灵芝、柱状田头菇等3种食药用真菌胞外多糖及复合多糖对黑腹果蝇寿命的影响.分别将3种食药用真菌胞外多糖及复合多糖以1、5g/L的剂量加入果蝇培养基中,观察对黑腹果蝇寿命的影响.结果表明,3种食药用真菌的胞外多糖及复合多糖对果蝇寿命均有不同程度的延长,云芝5g/L、柱状田头菇5g/L、云芝2.5g/L＋柱状田头菇2.5g/L、灵芝2.5g/L＋柱状田头菇2.5g/L对果蝇平均寿命延长率分别达到了36.38%、46.60%、36.69%、47.08%.     

栎金钱菌活性提取物抗衰老研究

用栎金钱菌活性提取物灌胃衰老模型小鼠,观察其对小鼠血清SOD活性、肝组织MDA和脂褐素的含量、脾指数、胸腺指数和肾指数的影响。结果表明,栎金钱菌活性提取物能使雄性小鼠血清SOD活性提高40.16%,肝MDA含量减少47.12%,肝脂褐素含量减少89.48%,脾指数增加35.13%,胸腺指数增加48.92%,肾指数增加11.26%,表明栎金钱菌活性提取物具有良好的抗衰老作用。栎金钱菌活性提取物800mg/kg·d的剂量具有最好的抗衰老效果,且具有性别的差异,对雄性小鼠的抗衰老作用略优于对雌性小鼠的。     

栎金钱菌活性提取物抗衰老研究

用栎金钱菌活性提取物灌胃衰老模型小鼠,观察其对小鼠血清SOD活性、肝组织MDA和脂褐素的含量、脾指数、胸腺指数和肾指数的影响。结果表明,栎金钱菌活性提取物能使雄性小鼠血清SOD活性提高40.16%,肝MDA含量减少47.12%,肝脂褐素含量减少89.48%,脾指数增加35.13%,胸腺指数增加48.92%,肾指数增加11.26%,表明栎金钱菌活性提取物具有良好的抗衰老作用。栎金钱菌活性提取物800mg/kg·d的剂量具有最好的抗衰老效果,且具有性别的差异,对雄性小鼠的抗衰老作用略优于对雌性小鼠的。     

蛹虫草多糖对果蝇寿命影响的研究

研究了蛹虫草多糖对果蝇寿命的影响.实验结果表明:蛹虫草多糖可明显延长果蝇的最高寿命、平均寿命及半数死亡时间,具有显著的抗衰延寿作用.其中,浓度为0.15%的蛹虫草多糖可使雌性果蝇的最高寿命延长率达21.77%;使雌雄果蝇的平均寿命延长率分别达34.35%和11.24%;使雌雄果蝇的半数死亡时间延长率分别为61.76%和23%.但是蛹虫草多糖对果蝇的延寿作用并不随培养基中虫草多糖浓度的提高而增强,只有在适当的浓度下,才能表现出显著的延寿效果.     

两种虫草相关真菌分级醇沉胞外多糖对果蝇寿命及SOD和MDA的影响

目的研究多糖对果蝇寿命及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。方法通过将不同浓度乙醇分级沉淀得到的两种虫草相关真菌蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和地生枝顶孢霉胞外多糖分别添加到果蝇饲料中,研究不同多糖组分对果蝇寿命及其体内SOD和MDA含量的影响。结果蝙蝠蛾拟青霉胞外多糖组分P60能显著延长雌雄果蝇的平均寿命,分别达17.04%和18.36%,显著提高雌雄果蝇体内SOD活力(28.02%和26.85%),MDA含量分别降低了50.67%和54.30%;地生枝顶孢霉胞外多糖组分G50显著延长雌雄果蝇的平均寿命,分别达到15.62%和15.96%,显著提高雌雄果蝇体内SOD活力,分别为42.55%和26.74%,明显降低MDA含量,分别为47.30%和49.00%。结论多糖组分P60和G50能显著延长果蝇寿命,提高其SOD活力和降低MDA含量。     

四种不同来源的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）对黑腹果蝇寿命、 繁殖力和抗逆能力的影响

【目的】 评价不同来源的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）对果蝇延长寿命, 增强繁殖力和抗逆能力的功效。【方法】以黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为实验材料, 比较研究从家蝇Musca domestica中提取的SOD、 在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris中重组表达的人hEC SOD、 在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae中重组表达的中国拟青霉Paecilomyces sinensis SOD (ps-SOD)以及商品SOD对果蝇寿命、 繁殖力和抗逆能力的影响。【结果】在饲料中添加4种SOD均能显著延长果蝇的平均寿命, 雌果蝇寿命延长8.09%~12.38%, 雄果蝇寿命延长12.01%~15.86%; F1代雌性子代数量增加25.94%~30.07%, 雄性增加21.75%~39.54%。果蝇的耐高温和抗紫外辐射能力与添加的SOD浓度有关。在饲料中添加较高剂量的SOD, 使热暴露雌性果蝇的寿命延长7.45%~9.88%, 雄性果蝇延长13.46%~15.12%; 受紫外线辐射的雌性果蝇的寿命延长13.47%~20.47%, 雄性果蝇延长16.49%~23.73%。【结论】综合评价认为, 4种SOD均能延长果蝇寿命, 增强其繁殖力和抗逆能力, 但这些功效在本研究供试的4种SOD间无显著差异, 为不同来源SOD的应用提供了重要数据。     

饲用微生物的分离鉴定及其对杏鲍菇菌糠发酵的效果

【目的】菌糠的营养素含量齐全,但纤维素含量过高是阻碍其饲料化利用的主要因素。故本研究筛选适合于发酵杏鲍菇菌糠的微生物菌株,以改善其饲用品质。【方法】首先,本研究采用纤维素-刚果红、苯胺蓝和MRS-Ca (De Man, Rogosa, Sharpe-Ca)筛选培养基,结合纤维素、木质素酶活力及抑菌活性的测定,从EM (effective microorganisms)原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠中分离筛选具有较强纤维素、木质素降解能力及抑菌能力的细菌/真菌。通过细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S rDNA基因序列分析确定菌株所属种属。其次,将筛选出的菌株菌液等体积混合制成复合菌剂用于固态发酵杏鲍菇菌糠。测定不同发酵时长菌糠营养成分含量以确定最佳发酵时间,并与相同工艺条件下EM原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠进行饲用品质比较。【结果】筛选并鉴定得到纤维素酶活性较高的特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)菌株P11、发酵毕赤酵母(Pichia fermentans)菌株R8和马克斯克鲁维应变酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)菌株MU5;木质素酶活性较高的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.plantarum)菌株MU7;抑菌活性较高的类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)菌株R4和乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)菌株R9。使用以上菌株复合发酵杏鲍菇菌糠7 d后,各项指标达到稳定。与EM原液发酵的杏鲍菇菌糠相比,复合菌剂发酵杏鲍菇菌糠的NDF和ADF分别显著降低了19.6%和21.44%(P0.05);CP (crude protein)、CA (crude ash)和EE (ether extract)含量分别显著提高了10.44%、5.26%和123.53%(P0.05)。【结论】本研究筛选得到的芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌优势菌株复合后用于发酵杏鲍菇菌糠可以很好地改善其饲用品质,效果优于生产中常用市售EM原液。     

人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺和活性

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺,并通过粗多糖对果蝇寿命、果蝇体内SOD活性及MDA含量的影响研究了粗多糖的活性。试验结果表明:人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的最佳提取工艺为液料比20∶1、时间2 h、温度90℃、浸提2次、醇沉乙醇浓度70%、醇沉时间为24 h;在该条件下的粗多糖得率为8.65%。孢梗束粗多糖能明显延长雌雄果蝇的寿命,延长率分别为18.78%和26.23%;孢梗束粗多糖能显著提高雌雄果蝇的SOD活性,并明显降低了雄性果蝇体内MDA含量,说明人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖具有抗氧化活性和延长果蝇寿命的作用。     

云南德膏对樱桃果蝇成虫寿命的影响

室内实验云南德膏对樱桃果蝇Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura)成虫寿命的影响。结果显示,在取食含云南德膏(0·3%～5·0%)饲料后,樱桃果蝇成虫平均寿命显著延长,其中雌虫平均寿命延长率在98·61%～128·41%之间,雄虫在77·80%～114·14%之间;与对照相比,雌成虫半数存活天数延长率在104·17%～120·83%之间,雄虫延长率在95·65%～130·43%之间;雌虫平均最长存活天数延长率在90·10%～124·22%之间,雄虫在70·78%～114·14%之间。取食云南德膏纯品后,樱桃果蝇雌虫平均寿命比对照延长93·58%,雄虫延长84·50%;雌虫半数存活天数比对照延长112·50%,雄虫半数存活天数比对照延长108·70%左右。结果表明取食云南德膏可显著延长樱桃果蝇寿命。     

汉黄芩苷通过调节抗氧化基因表达和机体代谢延长果蝇寿命

为探究汉黄芩苷是否具有抗衰老作用,本研究以果蝇为模型,考察汉黄芩苷对果蝇自然寿命的影响。采用RT-PCR和UPLC-MS/MS 代谢组学技术,探索汉黄芩苷发挥抗衰老作用的潜在机制。结果显示,0.02和0.5 mg/mL 汉黄芩苷均可整体延长果蝇寿命,并能够分别延长果蝇平均寿命5.64%和5.39%,延长最高寿命2.74%和5.12%;与30 d组相比,汉黄芩苷能够显著上调果蝇体内抗氧化酶基因SOD1、SOD2和CAT的表达水平,下调MTH的表达水平。果蝇代谢组学分析共找到17个潜在生物标志物,主要参与氨基酸代谢（D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸代谢）和能量代谢（氮代谢）。该结果表明,汉黄芩苷延缓衰老与上调抗氧化基因表达和调控不同代谢途径有关。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.