基于线粒体DNA控制区序列的重庆岩原鲤人工养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为研究重庆市长寿和涪陵地区岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 采用PCR扩增获得175尾岩原鲤个体的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)部分序列片段。对其中692 bp序列分析共发现11个单倍型, 其中Hap1为主要单倍型, 占总样本的76.57%。单倍型Hap10演化速率较快, 并且与单倍型Hap6遗传距离最远。长寿及涪陵地区岩原鲤人工群体的单倍型多样性分别为0.4100±0.0550和0.3970±0.0820, 核苷酸多样性分别为0.0013±0.0003和0.0013±0.0004。通过与长江上游江段野生群体(苍溪江段、合江江段、木洞江段、通江江段、万州江段、武隆江段、习水河和唐河)及北碚区人工养殖群体的遗传多样性进行比较, 发现岩原鲤长寿及涪陵地区人工养殖群体遗传多样性明显低于野生群体, 但略高于北碚人工养殖群体。为保持岩原鲤人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 应尽量选择遗传距离较远的亲本进行配对, 并定期补充不同遗传背景的个体作为后备亲鱼。     

四川裂腹鱼乌江种群mtDNA控制区序列的遗传多样性分析

采用PCR扩增和直接测序法分析了四川裂腹鱼乌江种群32个个体mtDNA控制区的序列差异和遗传多样性.在该种群mtDNA控制区长度为464 bp的同源序列中,共计有9个变异位点,占总位点数的1.94%.32个个体共定义了9种单倍型,单倍型间平均遗传距离(P)为0.0060,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.768.核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00324,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为1.500.用单倍型间遗传距离构建的NJ分子系统树聚为两个分支.结果提示四川裂腹鱼乌江种群遗传多样性匮乏,保护四川裂腹鱼乌江种群刻不容缓.     

鹅喉羚线粒体D-loop和Cytb序列遗传多样性分析

[目的]为了探讨新疆天山野生动物园17只鹅喉羚的遗传多样性、亲缘关系和群体来源。[方法]对这些鹅喉羚线粒体控制区(D-loop)和细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,分别计算了群体单倍型多样度(H)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)以及个体间的遗传距离,并构建了单倍型NJ(Neighbor-Joining)聚类图。[结果]D-loop区和Cytb分别获得了978bp和543bp的基因片段,D-loop区识别出11个单倍型,Cytb区识别出3个单倍型;D-loop和Cytb的单倍型多样度(H)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.863、0.01028和0.330、0.00077;个体之间最大遗传距离为0.024,最小遗传距离为0.001;17只鹅喉羚分别聚为2个分支。[结论]该鹅喉羚群体D-loop区多态性较丰富,在野外可能来自两个不同的群体。     

西藏藏猪遗传多样性研究

采用mt DNA D-loop作为分子标记,对西藏的4个藏猪群体(林芝、山南、昌都和日喀则)遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,西藏藏猪mt DNA D-loop高变区A+T含量(62.90%)明显高于G+C含量(37.1%),富含A和T,存在碱基偏倚性。在长度为435 bp的序列中,共检测到20个变异位点,界定了26个单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.705±0.021,平均核苷酸差异数(k)为1.231,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.002 83。其中,Hd、k和Pi在昌都藏猪群体中最高,日喀则藏猪最低。此外,Hap1和Hap3单倍型是4个群体的共享单倍型,表明4个藏猪群体存在两个共同的母系祖先单倍型。     

福建省家鸭的遗传多样性及其与野鸭的亲缘关系

为了探讨福建省家鸭的遗传多样性和品种进化, 本研究测定了福建省4个地方家鸭品种的32个个体和野生斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha) 8个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop区667 bp序列, 分析了这4个家鸭品种的遗传多态性及品种进化。结果显示4个家鸭D-loop区序列的A、G、C、T碱基平均含量分别为25.5%, 15.2%, 33.5%, 25.8%。确定了8种单倍型, 其中Hap2(与GenBank中的A7一致)为家鸭的主体单倍型, 平均单倍型多样度为0.75202, 平均核苷酸多样度为0.21%。4个品种中金定鸭单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度最高。4个品种之间的Kimura双参数遗传距离为0.00094–0.00395, 其中连城白鸭和金定鸭之间遗传距离最大。结合GenBank上已发表的绿头鸭(A. platyrhynchos)和斑嘴鸭序列, 共有30种单倍型, 共同构建系统发生树和网络关系图, 结果表明4个家鸭品种单一地起源于绿头鸭。     

草鱼野生与选育群体线粒体DNA控制区D-loop遗传变异分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化, 研究对4个野生群体(邗江、九江、石首和吴江)和2个选育世代(F1和F2)进行了线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)序列的遗传变异分析。实验结果表明, 4个野生群体在单倍型数目(H)、单倍型多样性(H_d)、核苷酸多样性(π)、平均核苷酸差异数(K)水平上均高于2个选育世代, 在2个选育世代内表现为F1代群体的核苷酸多样性(π)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)大于F2代群体, 但单倍型多样性(H_d)小于F2代群体; 单倍型分析结果表明, 6个群体间无共享单倍型, 4个野生群体间共发现2种共享单倍型(Hap1和Hap3), 石首群体和2个选育世代共享1种单倍型(Hap15); 遗传分化指数(F_st)分析结果表明, 邗江、九江、吴江3个野生群体和2个选育世代间存在较大的遗传分化(F_st范围为0.41475—0.55128), 石首群体与F1代群体之间存在较小的遗传分化, 与F2代群体之间存在中等水平的遗传分化, 同时F1代群体与F2代群体之间存在较小的遗传分化; 基于6个群体276个个体构建的邻接(Neighbor-Joining, NJ)进化树和基于27种单倍型构建的单倍型网络图也得到了相似的结论, 即邗江、九江、吴江3个野生群体和2个选育世代间的亲缘关系较远, 石首群体和2个选育世代两两之间的亲缘关系较近。以上结果表明, 经过2个世代的选择育种, 选育群体的遗传结构已发生了变化, 并且随着选育的进行, 选育世代的遗传多样性下降的较为明显, 这警示着我们在今后的育种工作中应适当改变现有的选育方案, 并实时监测选育群体的遗传多样性, 以便为今后进一步的选育工作打下坚实的基础。     

松江鲈线粒体DNA控制区结构和遗传多样性分析

为探讨松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel)线粒体控制区特征及其群体遗传结构, 研究测定分析了中国和日本沿海共8个群体的线粒体控制区序列, 分析了其结构特征, 识别出终止序列区(ETAS)、中央保守区(CD)和保守序列区(CSB)的特征序列。遗传多样性分析结果显示: 69个松江鲈个体共检测到47个单倍型, 呈现出核苷酸多样性(0.0079)较低和单倍型多样性(0.978)较高的特点。单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型网络关系图均显示松江鲈分为中国和日本两大世系。遗传分化系数(Fst)和分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明, 松江鲈中国群体和日本群体之间存在的遗传差异较显著, 中国沿海各群体之间亦存在着一定程度的遗传差异, 该分化主要由历史环境变动、当代环境因素和自身生态习性等原因造成。     

光裸方格星虫野生与养殖群体线粒体控制区序列的遗传差异分析

基于线粒体控制区序列对光裸方格星虫（Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus,1766）的2个养殖群体（营盘YP、竹林ZL）和4个野生群体（防城港FC、钦州QZ、大冠沙DG和越南海防YN）的91个个体进行遗传差异分析,研究光裸方格星虫养殖和野生群体的遗传变异情况。结果显示:获得的514 bp DNA序列中,野生与养殖群体的多态性位点数分别为82和60,均显示出对AT的偏倚性。共定义85个单倍型,共享单倍型4个,其中共享单倍型Hap5为原始单倍型,营盘群体均为独享单倍型。各群体的单倍型多样性（H_d）相同,野生群体的平均核苷酸多样性（P_i）（0.01531）略高于养殖群体（0.01514）,6个群体的遗传多样性水平依次为YN > YP > QZ > FC > ZL > DG。各群体间的遗传分化并不显著（P>0.05）,光裸方格星虫的遗传变异主要来自群体内个体间（99.08%）,同时未发现明显的地理谱系结构。研究表明,光裸方格星虫野生群体的遗传多样性水平总体略高于养殖群体;滩涂底播养殖方式较池塘养殖更利于维持光裸方格星虫遗传多样性;各群体间不存在显著的遗传分化,养殖群体正逐渐积累遗传变异,但尚未足够以形成其独立的遗传结构。     

基于SSU rDNA序列的网状车轮虫群体遗传结构及多样性研究

基于SSU rDNA序列对当前分布于我国的网状车轮虫(Trichodina reticulata Hirschman & Partsch, 1955)的群体遗传结构与多样性进行了研究。遗传结构研究结果表明: 20个样本共检测到9个单倍型, 含4个共享单倍型与5个特有单倍型, 其中鲫来源的Hap3是最大的共享单倍型; 草鱼来源的Hap8和小黄黝鱼来源的Hap9暂被视为湖北武汉和西藏地区各自特有的单倍型; 同时推测鲫来源的单倍型Hap1为祖先单倍型。结合ML系统发育树分析推测, 在多宿主的进化历程中, 鲫寄生的网状车轮虫可能是分化最早的群体, 且草鱼寄生的网状车轮虫在起源上来自于鲫。遗传多样性结果显示, 所有群体均呈现较高的单倍型多样性(H_d≥0.5)与较低的核苷酸多样性(P_i＜0.005), 且鲫来源的单倍型多样性显著高于草鱼来源, 但核苷酸多样性(P_i)明显低于后者。遗传分化(F_st)与基因流(N_m)研究结果表明, Group A(鲫来源)与Group B(草鱼来源)群体间相对独立且已经达到了极度分化程度, 群体内基因层面的交流较少。综合中性检验与核苷酸单倍型错配分析认为, Group A(鲫来源)未发生过种群扩张, Group B(草鱼来源)则存在过早期的种群扩张历史。     

基于cytb基因分析帕米尔盘羊和新疆地方家绵羊的系统发育

[目的]研究帕米尔盘羊对新疆地方家绵羊是否有遗传贡献。[方法]测定了盘羊、家绵羊75个体的细胞色素b基因全序列,分析其遗传多样性,计算不同群体间遗传距离,进而构建系统发生树。[结果]新疆地方绵羊中检测到43个多态位点,定义为23个单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.889±0.00102,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.521%。新疆地方家绵羊群体可分为4个支系(A、B、C和D),其中支系D首次在新疆多浪羊群体中被检测到。[结论]系统发育分析表明,新疆绵羊有多个母系起源或经过多次驯化,摩弗伦羊是绵羊母系祖先之一。     

Demographic processes underlying subtle patterns of population structure in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini

Genetic diversity (θ), effective population size (N(e)), and contemporary levels of gene flow are important parameters to estimate for species of conservation concern, such as the globally endangered scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Therefore, we have reconstructed the demographic history of S. lewini across its Eastern Pacific (EP) range by applying classical and coalescent population genetic methods to a combination of 15 microsatellite loci and mtDNA control region sequences. In addition to significant population genetic structure and isolation-by-distance among seven coastal sites between central Mexico and Ecuador, the analyses revealed that all populations have experienced a bottleneck and that all current values of θ are at least an order of magnitude smaller than ancestral θ, indicating large decreases in N(e) (θ = 4N(e)μ), where μ is the mutation rate. Application of the isolation-with-migration (IM) model showed modest but significant genetic connectivity between most sampled sites (point estimates of Nm = 0.1-16.7), with divergence times (t) among all populations significantly greater than zero. Using a conservative (i.e., slow) fossil-based taxon-specific phylogenetic calibration for mtDNA mutation rates, posterior probability distributions (PPDs) for the onset of the decline in N(e) predate modern fishing in this region. The cause of decline over the last several thousand years is unknown but is highly atypical as a post-glacial demographic history. Regardless of the cause, our data and analyses suggest that S. lewini was far more abundant throughout the EP in the past than at present.     

Regional philopatry of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) to nursery areas in the Mexican Pacific

Hydrobiologia - The population genetic structure and female philopatry to nursery grounds of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) were studied in different mangrove estuaries along the...     

Revealing the non-overlapping characteristics between original centers and genetic diversity of Purpureocillium lilacinum

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a free-living, multitrophic, cosmopolitan fungus. This study estimated the genetic diversity of P. lilacinum and its geographic distribution pattern based on a global ITS dataset. At the intercontinental levels, the highest genetic diversity was in Asia. Divergence time estimation indicated that Hap 5, Hap 9, Hap 31, and Hap 32 from the Hainan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian regions of China in Asia were the earliest divergence haplotypes. The neutrality test indicated that P. lilacinum is undergoing population expansion. These results support that the southeastern coastal region of China is the original center of P. lilacinum, while the East Asian region adjacent to this origin is the center of the genetic diversity of P. lilacinum. The geographical distribution pattern of P. lilacinum showed that only one haplotype (Hap 1) was globally distributed and that most haplotypes were distributed in Asia, while the few remaining haplotypes were scattered on other continents. The results provide valuable information to elucidate the origin, genetic diversity, and evolution of fungi.     

赤水河半鳆的遗传多样性和种群历史动态分析

在赤水河的水潦、茅台、二合、太平、赤水市5个样点共采集了168尾半鰐Hemiculterella sauvagei, 通过线粒体DNA的细胞色素b (Cyt b)基因序列分析了半鰐种群遗传多样性和种群历史动态。获得序列长度为1137 bp, 其中包含42个变异位点, 13个单突变位点, 29个简约信息位点。168条序列共检测到38种单倍型, 单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(P_i)分别为0.895±0.012和0.00487±0.00695。分子方差分析(Analysis of Molecular Variance, AMOVA)显示: 遗传变异主要来源于种群内部(80.95%)。F_st值统计表明, 赤水市种群与茅台、二合、水潦种群之间存在高度分化, 与太平镇种群之间存在中度分化, 其他种群之间无显著差异, 这表明分布在赤水市和其他4个地理种群的半鰐应作为不同的管理单元(MU)进行保护。Mega 6.0 软件计算5个种群之间的平均净遗传距离范围为0.004—0.006。中性检验结果为水潦、太平和赤水市的F_s值为负值, 表明这3个地理种群的半鰐曾发生过种群扩张。采用1% per Myr的突变速率推算出半鰐水潦种群扩张时间大约在0.43百万年前, 太平镇种群大约在0.40百万年前, 赤水市种群大约在0.37百万年前。     

Population structure of Squatina guggenheim (Squatiniformes,Squatinidae) from the south‐western Atlantic Ocean

Population genetic analyses based on both mitochondrial cytochrome b and the internal transcribed spacer 2 of recombinant (r)DNA genes were implemented to examine hypotheses of population differentiation in the angular angel shark Squatina guggenheim, one of the four most‐widespread endemic species inhabiting coastal ecosystems in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean. A total of 82 individuals of S. guggenheim from 10 sampling sites throughout the Río de la Plata mouth, its maritime front, the outer shelf at the subtropical confluence and the coastal areas of the south‐west Atlantic Ocean, were included. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on the second internal transcribed spacer (its‐2) region supports that the samples from the outer shelf represent an isolated group from other sites. Historical gene flow in a coalescent‐based approach revealed significant immigration and emigration asymmetry between sampling sites. Based on the low level of genetic diversity, the existence of a long‐term population decline or a past recent population expansion following a population bottleneck could be proposed in S. guggenheim. This demographic differentiation suggests a degree of vulnerability to overexploitation in this endemic and endangered south‐west Atlantic Ocean shark, given its longevity and low reproductive potential.     

基于叶绿体DNA变异的湖北梨属种质系统进化及遗传多样性分析

利用trnL intron、trnL-trnF、trnS-psbC和accD-psa I等4个叶绿体DNA片段对来自湖北省的88份梨属种质资源进行系统进化和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,4个cpDNA片段共检测到变异位点11个,其中单一突变位点6个,插入/缺失(Indel)位点5个。acc D-psa I多态性最高,其变异位点数、核苷酸多态性和单倍型多样性均为最高。供试梨种质的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为0.00112和0.769;Tajima's D检验值在P0.10水平上均不显著,表明所检测的4个区域以及合并后的片段均遵循中性进化模型;4个序列合并共检测到叶绿体单倍型10个,其中兴山梨种质中检测到的单倍型最多,荆门其次;Hap2和Hap5是2个主要单倍型,分别占总样本数的31.82%和30.68%;中介邻接网络图显示东方梨和西洋梨独立进化,而较为原始的稀有单倍型Hap8和Hap9均位于荆门,暗示该地区可能为砂梨的起源中心或多样性中心之一。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的9个青鱼群体遗传变异分析

为掌握中国青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)种质资源分布特征, 揭示青鱼种质资源的遗传变异情况, 研究通过对9个青鱼群体271个样本线粒体COⅠ区设计引物并进行PCR扩增, 运用软件分析了群体内部遗传多样性和各群体之间的进化关系。分析结果表明: 长度为1003 bp的9个群体COⅠ基因区域序列GC含量低于AT含量, 共检测到6个突变位点, 7种单倍型, 其中Hap4单倍型在9个群体中都有分布。AMOVA分子方差分析显示271个青鱼样本的变异90.33%来自群体内部, 9.67%来自群体间。青鱼总体核苷酸多样性(π)偏低, 在0.00109—0.00244。单倍型多样(H_d)性较高, 在0.403—0.847。遗传分化系数(F_st)在–0.0033—0.23445, 保持在低度至高度分化, 主要集中在低度和中度分化。分析得到广东佛山群体可能经历过瓶颈效应, 其余8个群体可能经历过快速的种群扩张事件。研究结果揭示了中国目前青鱼种质资源的遗传背景, 可以为中国青鱼种质资源的保护和创新利用提供重要的参考依据。     

Mother-offspring isotope fractionation in two species of placentatrophic sharks

Stable-isotope values of a scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini and blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus and their respective embryos were analysed. Embryos of both species were enriched in δ(15) N compared to their mothers (0·82 and 0·88‰, respectively), but fractionation of δ(13) C varied. Embryonic S. lewini were enriched (1·00‰) in δ(13) C while C. limbatus were depleted (0·27‰) relative to their mothers.     

Scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini, utilizes deep-water, hypoxic zone in the Gulf of California

A hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini tracked for 74 days revealed an expansion of the range of vertical distribution for the species to include the extreme hypoxic environment of the oxygen minimum layer in the Gulf of California.