268例难治性下呼吸道感染的细菌学分析

通过本组２６８ 例难治性呼吸道感染病人标本培养结果分析,阳性２４６ 例占９１．８ ％ ,有１５４ 例检出厌氧菌,占５７ ％ ,１０４ 例检出需氧菌,占３９ ％ ,混合感染１３３ 例,占５０ ％ 。试验结果证实,厌氧菌感染在难治性下呼吸道感染病例中占了很大比例,这一结果为难治性下呼吸道感染的治疗提供了有价值的参考数据。     

山西省种子植物多样性分布格局与环境关系的研究

采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对山西省12个区域的种子植物多样性及区系地理成分的分析表明,全省种子植物多样性格局可分为3类:第1类为山西省西部和北部山地,热量相对较低,海拔较高,降水随海拔升高而增加,气候垂直变化明显,小生境类型较多,分类强度大,区系成分中以北温带、旧世界温带属占绝对优势。第2类为山西中部地区,地势相对较低,水热条件中等,北温带成分仍为优势种,但旧世界温带分布属和泛热带分布属的比例增加。第3类为山西南部和东南部山区,降水量相对较高,但温度也高,蒸发量大,属的区系成分中以北温带成分为优势,但第二优势成分为泛热带亚洲成分,与前2类地区相比,热带成分明显增加。     

白花败酱染色体的核型分析

用去壁低渗染色体制片方法,对白花败酱(Patrinia villosa Juss)茎尖细胞染色体制片,研究其染色体组型.结果表明:白花败酱为二倍体、体细胞染色体数目为22;染色体组型公式为2n=2x=22=10m 4sm 4st 4t,第2、3、4、5、8号染色体为中间着丝点染色体,第6、11号染色体为近中着丝点染色体,第1、10号染色体为近端着丝点染色体,第7、9号染色体为端部着丝点染色体;染色体基数x=11,该染色体组内最长与最短染色体长度比值为3.037,臂比大于2:1的染色体共4条,占总数的36.4%,则白花败酱的核型类型为2B型.     

大黄鱼精子的超微结构

大黄鱼的精子由头产和尾部两部分组成。头部结构较为独特,其腹侧有一较大的细胞核,背部有中心粒复合体。头部的后端是袖套。细胞核的腹面稍向外突出背面则稍向内凹。细胞核中的染以质浓缩成致密的团块状。团块状的染色质之间分布着松散的纤维状染色质。植入窝位于细胞核的背部表面,由细胞核背面向内凹陷而成,呈一沟状,其走向与精子的长轴平行。     

杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究

 本文根据我们严密设计的小集水区径流场连续6年的水文测定数据,进行了杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究。结果表明：集水区年平均降雨量1065.5mm, 在林冠作用面降雨量的分配中,林冠截留雨量264.6mm,截留率24.8%;穿透过林冠层的雨量799.82mm,树干径流量1.08mm,分别占降雨量的75.1%和0.1%。林内降水到达林地时,在枯枝落叶层这个作用面上净降水进行再分配,其中,地表径流量9.27mm,地下径流量203.00mm,总径流系数0.199。土壤蓄水量月变化较大,但年变化很小,占降雨量的1.2%。系统水量最大的输出是蒸散,每年以气态形式返回大气的水量866.03mm,占降雨量81.3%。在蒸散的水量中,林冠截留雨量的直接物理蒸发量为264.6mm,占总蒸散量的31.6%。     

Oxidation of glycine by Phaseolus leghaemoglobin with associated catabolic reactions at the haem.

Leghaemoglobin from the root nodules of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) reacts in alkaline glycine solutions as a glycine oxidase in a reaction that may also be regarded as a coupled oxidation. Leghaemoglobin is reduced to the ferrous form by glycinate, the oxygen complex is formed, and finally the haem is attacked to yield a green reaction product. Glycine is simultaneously oxidized to glyoxylate, and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The initial velocity of the formation of the green product is proportional to the concentrations of leghaemoglobin and glycine, and the optimum pH for the reaction is 10.2. The green product is not formed if carbon monoxide, azide of imidazole is bound to the haem, whereas oxidation of glycine to glyoxylate is not inhibited by azide and not essentially by carbon monoxide. Haem breakdown is activated by digestion of leghaemoglobin by carboxypeptidase, and partly inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase.     

沙冬青淀粉粒及其与叶绿体发育的关系

沙冬青叶绿体中的淀粉粒一般为１－３个,主要有４种类型。第１种外周部分电子密度较高,中央部分较低,但每个部分的电子密度十分均匀。它们近似椭圆形,附近的类囊体形态正常,结构清晰。第２种电子密度由外向内逐渐变低,多为椭圆形,附近的类囊体较清晰。第３种外周部分的电子密度很高,中央部分不均匀,形状多种多样,附近的类囊体有的不清晰。第４种电子密度很低,十分均匀,形状不规则,附近的类囊体已经解体或正在解体。分析表明,淀粉的形态变化明显与叶绿体发育有关。     

The distribution of membrane current in nerve with longitudinal linearly increasing applied current

The distribution of membrane current in three models of nerve, when a longitudinal, linearly increasing current is applied, is derived. For the simple core conductor model it is shown that, if the region over which such a current is applied is large compared to the space constant of the model, the membrane current in the mid-portion of the region is a constant, independent of the distance, the time following the application of the current, and the impedance of the membrane. The effect of nonlinear membrane electrical properties is discussed. It is further shown that these conclusions apply equally to the case in which the simple model is surrounded by another concentric sheath (the double cable model). In this case the impedance of the sheath does not influence the membrane current in the mid-polar region. Finally, it is shown that the form of the solution for the saltatory model, for this type of applied current, is identical with that for the simple model.     

Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera

The first comprehensive analysis of higher‐level phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera is presented. The analysis includes representatives of all extant superfamilies, scored for 392 morphological characters, and sequence data for four loci (18S, 28S, COI and EF‐1α). Including three outgroup taxa, 111 terminals were analyzed. Relationships within symphytans (sawflies) and Apocrita are mostly resolved. Well supported relationships include: Xyeloidea is monophyletic, Cephoidea is the sister group of Siricoidea + [Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita)]; Anaxyelidae is included in the Siricoidea, and together they are the sister group of Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita); Orussoidea is the sister group of Apocrita, Apocrita is monophyletic; Evanioidea is monophyletic; Aculeata is the sister group of Evanioidea; Proctotrupomorpha is monophyletic; Ichneumonoidea is the sister group of Proctotrupomorpha; Platygastroidea is sister group to Cynipoidea, and together they are sister group to the remaining Proctotrupomorpha; Proctotrupoidea s. str. is monophyletic; Mymarommatoidea is the sister group of Chalcidoidea; Mymarommatoidea + Chalcidoidea + Diaprioidea is monophyletic. Weakly supported relationships include: Stephanoidea is the sister group of the remaining Apocrita; Diaprioidea is monophyletic; Ceraphronoidea is the sister group of Megalyroidea, which together form the sister group of [Trigonaloidea (Aculeata + Evanioidea)]. Aside from paraphyly of Vespoidea within Aculeata, all currently recognized superfamilies are supported as monophyletic. The diapriid subfamily Ismarinae is raised to family status, Ismaridae stat. nov. © The Will Henning Society 2011.     

临沂生生园复干银杏生长特性

产生复干是银杏个体发育过程中一个普遍现象。本研究以临沂生生园全国最大复干银杏群落为对象,采用每木检尺的方式对园内复干银杏进行调查。结果显示,生生园内银杏共385株,雌株379株,占98.41%;平均树高20.9m,总胸径0.93m,母干胸径0.33m,冠径在5.0-15.0m范围内,枝下高6.3m;17株无复干,复干率为98.58%,每株复干数平均为4.6个,最大复干高为12.5m,胸径0.18m,复干与母干距离为0.61m,复干与母干夹角为10.5?;34株无萌蘖,萌蘖平均株数为38株,萌蘖高1.11m,萌蘖与母干最大距离0.73m。该片银杏林原桩有240年历史,现存复干银杏系从原桩萌发形成,树龄53年。本文对生生园复干银杏的起源、性别比例、复干与银杏适应性的关系等进行了探讨。     

药敏药片对临床235株细菌实验观察报告

药敏药片经临床对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌等２３５株考核．表明药片工艺研究先进,药片与培养基结合牢固,无断裂、崩解,不渗出颗粒,抑菌圈呈同心园扩散．边缘清楚。药物含量均匀,释放度好。药片抑菌差仅１～３ｍｍ;而纸片抑菌差为２～１２ｍｍ。药片变黑系数ＣＶ为２．７１～４．２１;而纸片ＣＶ为３．８２～１４．３６。表明纸片片间差大,药片精密度明显好于纸片。     

扬子鳄视觉器官组织学研究

本文用光镜和电镜研究了扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)的组织学,同时测量了其眼球的一些光学参数.扬子鳄眼球呈扁圆球形,角膜径与球径的比值为1:1.44;晶状体与角膜的比值为1:1.40。角膜内具鲍氏膜;虹膜内的括约肌、睫状体内的睫状肌均属横纹肌,视细胞椭圆体内线粒体嵴突与线粒体长轴相平行,这与报道的其它鳄类不同。虹膜内未见扩瞳肌纤维,角膜缘缺巩膜小骨片,晶状体环垫薄,因而其视觉调节能力仍然很弱。视网膜中视细胞由视杆细胞、单锥细胞、双锥细胞组成,其中以视杆细胞占多数。视细胞与神经节细胞核比值平均为2.5:1,表明扬子鳄的组织结构与其弱光视觉相适应。     

香樟、枸树主茎水分传导能力分布研究

本文从植物生长发育的机理发出,从理论推导出植物主茎传导能力与主茎长度、导管长度的关系式,导管越长,榈传导能力越大,香樟主茎长度大于１８ｃｍ、枸树大于１２ｃｍ时,传导能力随样品长度线笥变化;较知时,传导能力随样品长度的缩短迅速增加,出现短路现象。试验测定了香樟、枸树主茎水分长距离运输的传导能力分布,结果与理论预示的安全一致,表明理论分析是正确可靠的,这一规律具有普遍意义。     

冷箭竹生殖特性研究

１９８１－１９９０年对冷箭竹（Ｂａｓｈａｎｉａｆａｎｇｅｎｉａ）开花、结实、种子萌发、幼苗更新复壮等生殖特性进行了观察。冷箭竹开花周期为４５－５５年,开花持续期约１０年,１９８３年盛花期测定茎秆上着生花序的长度平均为１７０．８ｃｍ,每１茎秆上的小花数为１２８０．３枚,每朵小花从开放至萎蔫的持续期约６天,花药持续开裂时间为０．７７天,花粉生活力达９６．７％,柱头承受花粉时间为２．３天,雌蕊子房发育为果实平均为３５８６粒／ｍ￣２,未受粉的瘪粒为１３９９４粒／ｍ￣２。种子生活力为２７．６％,种子发芽率为１５％－２０％,当年生幼苗成活率为７６％－９３％。     

Revision of the Permian ammonoid family Cyclolobidae

The development of views on the phylogeny of the family Cyclolobidae Zittel, 1895 is discussed. The generic composition is emended, phylogenetic links are indicated, a new version of the phylogenetic scheme is proposed, and phylogeny of the key genera is traced at species level. The sutural ontogeny of the genus Mexicoceras is examined, its placement in the family Cyclolobidae is supported, and its position in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the family is determined.     

The consumer's risk in clinical trials

In any formal statistical test of the null hypothesis (the statement that a population parameter is equal to a specific value), there are two possible types of error. Type 1 or alpha error has occurred if the investigator rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. For example, an experimental treatment is declared an advance over standard treatment when it is not. Type 2 or beta error has occurred if the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false. In this case, the investigator concludes that the experimental treatment is no different than the standard when it actually is. The two types of error can be conceptualized, respectively, as the consumer's risk and the producer's risk. In many reports of clinical trial methodology, it is the producer's risk that is emphasized. It is understandable why producer's risk would be of concern to authors of clinical studies. There are, however, numerous potential sources of consumer's risk. It is the latter type of risk that is the primary subject of this report.     

从姜黄中提取姜黄素的研究

本文利用75％乙醇浸提姜黄得到姜黄素粗提物,然后分别采用吸附分离法和沉淀法对粗提物进一步分离提纯得到纯度较高的姜黄素产品。在吸附分离法提取姜黄素实验中,考察了不同洗脱剂组成对洗脱率的影响,实验发现90％乙醇洗脱效果最好;在沉淀法实验中,考察了不同pH值条件下的姜黄素沉淀量,发现pH值为7．0时,姜黄素沉淀量最大。实验结果表明,沉淀法得到的姜黄素产品纯度比吸附分离法得到的高,但沉淀法产品收率比吸附分离法低,吸附分离法比沉淀法更适合工业应用。     

Modeling the evolution of genetic architecture: A continuum of alleles model with pairwise AxA epistasis

A continuum of alleles model with pair-wise AxA epistasis is proposed and its transmission genetic, and variational properties are analysed. The basic idea is that genes control the values of underlying variables, which affect the genotypic value of phenotypic characters proportional to a "scaling factor". Epistasis is the influence of one gene on the average effect of another gene. In this model, epistasis is introduced as a mutational effect of one gene on the scaling factors of another gene. In accordance with empirical results, the model assumes that the average direct effect of mutations is zero, as is the average epistatic effect. The model predicts that, on average, a mutation at one locus increases the expected mutational variance of mutations at another interacting locus. The increase in mutational variance is predicted to be equal to the variance of the pair-wise epistatic effects. This result is consistent with the observation that mutant phenotypes tend to be more variable than the wildtype phenotype. Another generic result of this model is that the frequency of canalizing mutations can at most be equal to the frequency of de-canalizing mutations. Furthermore, it is predicted that the mutational variance of a character increases at least linearly with the size of the character; hence this model is scale variant. In the case of two characters it is shown that the dimensionality of the locus-specific mutational effect distribution is invariant, i.e. the rank of the mutational covariance matrix M is invariant. While in additive models the mutational covariance matrix is always and entirely invariant, the invariance in the case of epistatic models is unexpected. Epistatic interactions can change the magnitude of the mutational (co)variances at a locus and can thus influence the structure of the mutational covariance matrix. However, in the present model the dimensionality of the mutational effect distribution remains the same. A consequence of this result is that, in this model, the genetic architecture of a set of characters is always evolvable i.e. no hard constraints can evolve.     

Time-Dependent Effects of Inosine on Competence Development in Haemophilus influenzae

The effect of inosine on the development of competence is dependent upon the time at which it is added to the competence medium. Competence is inhibited if inosine is added within 15 min after the development begins, but is stimulated if the addition is made at later times. Protein synthesis is stimulated by the addition of inosine, but the effect is quantitatively similar regardless of the time at which inosine is added.     

Failure to Maintain Glycolysis in Anoxic Nerve Terminals

Synaptosomal glycolysis is stimulated eight- to 10-fold when the respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide or by anoxia. However, the stimulation is transient and after 15 min declines toward the preanoxic rate. The decline is not seen when Ca2+ is absent or when the respiratory chain is inhibited by rotenone. The decline in glycolysis is reversible, is not due to substrate exhaustion, and is the cause, rather than the effect, of lowered synaptosomal ATP/ADP ratios. The failure to maintain glycolysis when the terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain is inhibited may have relevance to the sensitivity of the brain to anoxic damage.