从“湖北光敏感核不育水稻”的未受精子房和花药培养出单倍体植株

采用10种诱导培养基,培养湖北光敏感核不育水稻农垦58品种的未受精子房和花药。共培养未受精子房2790个,获得胚囊愈伤组织17块,最高诱导频率达3.33%,其中2块分化出绿苗。培养花药16740个,获得花药愈伤组织15块,最高诱导频率为0.92%,其中3块分化出苗,2丛白苗,1株绿苗。胚囊植株和花粉植株经根尖染色体检查为单倍体,2n=x=12。实验证明,液体培养、2,4-D0.2-0.5 mg/1、低温预处理对诱导胚囊愈伤组织及花粉愈伤组织的形成具良好效果。     

平贝母花粉植株的诱导及无性系的建立

采用附加植物激素的MS、N_6、百合、米勒和改良怀特培养基,培养平贝母单核中期的花药,诱导出一些愈伤组织(平均诱导频率为0.20％),其中MS培养基的诱导效果最好。绝大多数再生植株出现在不加任何激素的1/2MS(其大量元素的含量是MS的一半)培养基上。再生植株的根尖细胞的染色体计数表明,约有1/4的细胞2n=12,证明再生植株是来源于花粉细胞的单倍体植株。在愈伤组织的分化培养中,建立起了能继代繁殖、不断保持绿苗分化能力的愈伤组织无性系。     

籼稻花药培养研究——Ⅰ.基本培养基及附加成分在诱导籼稻花药产生愈伤组织及根芽分化中的作用

对6个籼稻(oryza sativa Subsp.Shien)品种和39个籼×籼杂种的花药在离体条件下进行培养,有5个品种及35个杂种得到了愈伤组织,平均诱导率为2.18％。在3个品种及11个籼×籼杂种中得到了绿苗或绿芽。本文着重报道基本培养基及其附加成分在诱导籼稻花药产生愈伤组织及根芽分化中的作用。 1.试验了几种诱导愈伤组织的培养基,以Miller培养基 2,4—D2毫克/升 酵母浸出液1,000毫克/升 激动素1毫克/升 吲哚乙酸2毫克/升 椰乳15％为最好。诱导率高者可达11—15％,平均诱导率在3％以上。 2.Ms、Nitsch及Miller培养基均可诱导籼稻花药愈伤组织分化出绿色的花粉植株。 3.籼稻花药愈伤组织的分化,随着激动素/生长素比值的增高,绿苗分化率及总分化率均有提高的趋势。而粳稻的这种关系不甚明显。 4.Miller培养基附加2毫克/升的吲哚乙酸对促进具茎、叶而无根的籼稻花粉小植株产生根有很好的作用。在这种培养基上,不仅可以诱导根的发生,而且根系发达,生长较弱的苗转移到这种培养基后,因根系健壮,生势好,转入盆栽,基本可以全部成活。     

油菜幼苗下胚轴、根和子叶愈伤组织器官分化的初步研究

器官分化是植物生理学上的一个重要问题。油菜幼苗子叶、下胚轴和根外植体,培养在附加适当浓度的一种生长素的培养基上,能诱导产生愈伤组织。愈伤组织转至除去生长素的基本培养基上,能从子叶和下胚轴愈伤组织分化出不定芽(苗),进而从不定芽(苗)形成的茎的基部长根而形成完整小植株,但频率不高。如果在附加一种生长素的诱导愈伤组织培养基中,再加入适当浓度的一种细胞分裂素,不仅能加速下胚轴和根愈伤组织的产生,而     

大麦胚乳植株的诱导及其倍性

在含有生长素的 MS 培养基上,培养大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)的未成熟的胚乳,得到了愈伤组织。将胚乳愈伤组织转移到降低了生长素浓度的分化培养基上,可陆续见到有苗的分化。再生植株有正常绿色的,白化的和白-绿相间的条纹状的。所得到的胚乳值株根尖细胞染色体的数目是不稳定的,其中有整倍性细胞(2n=7,14,21,28),也有非整倍性细胞(2n=8,9,10,13)。     

大麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生的研究

以10个大麦优良品种为实验材料,成熟胚为外植体,研究基因型、种子的不同切割方式、培养基、激素等对大麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生的影响.结果表明,种子纵切后接种出愈率显著高于横切;改良MS培养基能提高出愈率;在愈伤组织诱导过程中,不同品种对激素2,4-D与Dicamba的反应表现不同;初代愈伤组织经过3次继代培养后会转变为两种类型的胚性愈伤组织;不同品种的植株再生在不同浓度有机添加物的分化培养基上表现不同;长时间的继代培养,一些品种在植株再生过程中出现一定数量的白化苗.供试材料均能进行愈伤组织诱导,但是只有部分品种能再生植株.本实验筛选出愈伤组织诱导频率和绿苗分化率均较高,适合于遗传转化的受体材料,如87-3175、87-0053、97-4010、97-6004及208813-509.     

小麦单倍体叶片的离体培养

采用禾本科植物叶片进行组织培养,诱导 再生植株,目前国内已有成功的报道〔主,”。我们 于1980-1983年对小麦单倍体试管绿苗的叶 片进行离体培养,诱导出愈伤组织,并分化出绿 苗。经移栽加倍,获得结实单株。对其后代经 多代种植观察,表现整齐一致,性状稳定。     

粳稻花药培养马铃薯简化培养基的研究

为了适应我国水稻单倍体育种工作普遍开展的新形势,对常用合成培养基的成份及配制程序进行了简化的研究。试验中甩马铃薯水提液取代有关合成培养基的基本成份,取得了良好的结果。 1.诱导愈伤组织培养基:用浓度为20—50％的马铃薯水提液即可取代Miller培养基的全部成份。愈伤组织诱导率超过或接近对照,并具有较高的分化绿苗的能力。所取马铃薯的状态(经过贮藏与否,发芽与否)如何,不影响其作用结果。 2.分化培养基:马铃薯浓度以30％为宜,可取代MS培养基全部成份。马铃薯状态对绿苗分化诱导率有很大影响。以贮藏未发芽的效果为好。如果用贮藏发芽的马铃薯块,以挖去其芽和芽眼为宜。 3.绿苗培养基:可用10—20％马铃薯水提液代替White培养基的全部成分。所培养的小苗色绿健壮。     

单倍体水稻体细胞组织的植株再生及其激素调节

本文报道激素对调节单倍体幼穗组织去分化与分化的方向以及器官形成的影响。发现在试验浓度内(2毫克/升),2,4-D诱导组织去分化,NAA诱导根的大量形成,KT抑制愈伤组织形成和器官分化。KT2毫克/升 NAA2毫克/升使外植体不经过愈伤组织阶段就直接分化大量的苗。当KT/NAA=2:2时,直接分化苗的频率较高,达76％,不同浓度的2,4-D试验表明,2,4-D2毫克/升或4毫克/升时,愈伤组织诱导率高达94％以上。固体和液体继代培养中,低浓度的2,4-D(0.5—0.1毫克/升)加0.1毫克/升的KT,对愈伤组织保持旺盛的生长和后来的分化有良好的作用。发现单倍体体细胞组织再生的植株,白苗很少。讨论了单倍体体细胞愈伤组织无性系用于诱发突变和体细胞遗传研究的可能性。对于愈伤组织的再分化,不仅需要细胞分裂素,而且诱导培养基中生长素浓度的影响也是显著的。     

佛手瓜简化培养基诱导小麦花粉植株的研究

我们研究了佛手瓜简化培养基(表1)诱导小麦花粉植株;以马铃薯简化培养基(简称“薯“)作为诱导愈伤组织的对照培养基和MS 吲哚乙酸0.5毫克/升 激动素2毫克/升(简称MS)作为愈伤组织分化的对照培养基。 愈伤组织的诱导结果是“薯”和“瓜 激素”两种培养基的诱导频率因不同材料而异(表2,表3)。多数的材料是“薯”的诱导频率较高,但这两种培养基诱导的愈伤组织转移至MS分化培养基时,前者分化白苗率较高,后者分化绿苗率较高。值得注意的是“瓜”培养基诱导的愈伤组组频率高于“瓜 激素”(表3)。 愈伤组织的分化是“瓜(分)”对愈伤组织的分化频率仅为MS的二分之一;同时前者比后者分化绿苗率也较低(表4)。然而,“瓜(分) Fe”与MS对愈伤组织的分化频率几乎相等,绿苗分化率前者高于后者(表5)。     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf callus of Ocimum basilicum L

A effective protocol for complete plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis has been developed for Ocimum basilicum L. Callus was initiated from leaf explant of young plant on supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 1.0 mg l(-1), 3% sucrose and 0.9% agar. The calli showed differentiation of globular structure embryos when transferred to MS medium containing 2,4-D 0.5 mg l(-1) and BAP 1.0 mg l(-1). The maximum globular structure embryos were further enlarged and produced somatic embryos in MS basal medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg l(-1)+NAA 1.0 mg l(-1) + KN 0.5 mg l(-1). Continued formation of globular embryo and germination of embryos occurred in this medium. Complete plantlets were transferred onto specially made plastic cup containing soilrite followed by their transfer to the garden soil. Survival rate of the plantlets under ex vitro condition was 80%.     

小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及分化研究

以2个小麦品种成熟胚为外植体进行离体培养,研究了不同预处理、不同2,4-D浓度及与KT组合、不同蔗糖浓度等因素对愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响。结果表明:4℃低温预处理可提高愈伤组织的出愈率及再生苗率,2个材料的出愈率及再生苗率均达到90%和30%以上;在不同预处理条件下,2,4-D浓度对出愈率及再生苗率的影响与基因型有关,2,4-D浓度为1~2 mg/L更有利于愈伤组织诱导及分化;附加KT能缓解高浓度2,4-D对再生苗率的抑制作用,而对于在1、2 mg/L 2,4-D的培养基中附加KT则不表现这种作用;蔗糖浓度则在30 g/L条件下更有利于愈伤组织诱导。因此通过4℃低温预处理,在MS基本培养基中附加1~2mg/L 2,4-D及30 g/L蔗糖亦可促进小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和分化。     

In vitro propagation and rhizome formation in Curcuma longa Linn

Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) which is cultivated by underground rhizomes is a slow propagating species. Multiplication and callus induction starting from the rhizome buds and shoot tips of C. longa in MS medium was carried out. A combination of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 1.0 mg/l) with kinetin (Kn; 1.0 mg/l) or NAA (1.0 mg/l) with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 2.0 mg/l) was optimum for rapid clonal propagation of turmeric. A concentration of 2.5-3.0 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) was found to be optimum for callus induction. Regeneration of plantlets from a callus was successfully conducted in MS medium supplemented with standard growth hormones for multiplication at 25 +/- 2 degrees C under a 16 h photoperiod. These plantlets were successfully transferred to the field. Plantlets (4-month-old) were incubated in a medium containing different concentrations of sucrose supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg/l) and Kn (1.0 mg/l) at 27 +/- 2 degrees C under an 8 h photoperiod for induction of rhizomes. In vitro rhizome formation was observed in media containing 6 and 8% sucrose.     

An efficient and reproducible method for regeneration of whole plants from mature seeds of a high yielding Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety PAU 201

Tissue culture is one of the tools necessary for genetic engineering and many other breeding programs. Moreover, selection of high regenerating rice varieties is a pre-requisite for success in rice biotechnology. In this report we established a reproducible plant regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis. The explants used for regeneration were embryogenic calli derived from mature seeds cultured on callus induction media. For callus induction mature seeds were cultured on MS medium containing 30 g/l sucrose combined with 560 mg/l proline and 1.5-3.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.5-1.5 mg/l Kin. For plant regeneration, embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium containing 30 g/l sucrose, supplemented with 1.0-3.0 mg/l BAP, 0.5-1.5 mg/l Kin and 0.5-1.5 mg/l NAA. The highest frequency of callus induction (44.4%) was observed on the MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l Kin, 560 mg/l proline and 30 g/l sucrose. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (42.5%) was observed on the MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kin. The plantlets were hardened and transferred to soil in earthen pots. The developed method was highly reproducible. The in vitro developed plants showed normal growth and flowering under glasshouse conditions.     

In vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration from unpollinated ovary cultures of Azadirachta indica

A novel method of organogenesis in neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) from unfertilized ovaries is described. The Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium with 9 % sucrose, 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was the best for callus induction from unfertilized ovaries. However, further proliferation of callus occurred better on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM 2,4-D either alone or in combination with 4.5 μM kinetin. Maximum shoot regeneration (78 %) was observed when calli, induced from ovaries of 4 mm size flower buds and proliferating on MS + 0.5 μM 2,4-D, were subcultured to MS medium containing 5 μM BAP. Histological analysis revealed that 4 mm sized flower bud corresponds to a 2-nucleate stage of embryo sac. The shoots were then multiplied by forced axillary branching on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 μM BAP and 250 mg dm⁻³ casein hydrolysate. The shoots could be rooted on 1/4 strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a frequency of 79 %. Cytological analysis by root tip squash preparations revealed that all the plantlets were diploids. These plants were subsequently hardened and established in soil with transplantation rate of 81.8 %.     

Anther culture of papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) anther containing microspores in tetrad to early-binucleate stages were successfully cultured on 1/2 strength MS salts and vitamins with full strength Na-Fe-EDTA supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA, 1 mg/l BA and 6% sucrose for callus initiation and formation. Highest frequencies of callus induction were obtained when anthers at the uninucleate stage were cultured in the dark. Haploid plantlets and pollen-derived embryoids were obtained from anthers cultured at the uninucleate stage on solidified MS medium containing 3% sucrose without any growth regulators under a low light intensity (1,500 lux). Large quantities of embryoids were obtained when the original embryoids were transferred to MS medium with 3% sucrose and no growth regulators. Cytology of root tips of embryoid-derived plants confirmed the haploid chromosome number of 9 indicating that the embryoids originated from pollen.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) - MAA naphthaleneacetic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Ligusticurn wallichii Franch

The hypocotyls of the embryoid derived plantlets of Ligusticum wallichii Franch were used for protoplast preparation. Protoplasts were obtained with the enzyme mixture containing 1.5% Onozuka R-10, 0.3% Macerozyme R-10, 0.5% Snailase, 5 mmol/l CaCl2, 1 mmol/l KH2PO4, 0.6 mol/l manitol, at pH 5.6–5.8 and 27℃. Protoplasts were cultured in a modified MS liquid medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l 6- BA. The first divisions were found after twelve days, and the dividing cells formed cell colonies of 0.5–1 mm after about fourty days. When they were transferred to MS agar medium (with half quantity of macronutrients) supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5mg/l) and 6-BA(0.5mg/l), they grew into calli. At last, on the medium without any phytohormones, the growing calli differentiated embryoids which developed into plantlets with many green leaves and roots.     

蝴蝶兰愈伤组织诱导研究

对蝴蝶兰愈伤组织诱导试验结果表明,授粉后30d的蝴蝶兰子房适宜诱导愈伤组织,在1/4MS+2,4-D1.0mg/L+6-BA 0.1mg/L+蔗糖3.0%培养基上,蝴蝶兰子房切段愈伤组织的诱导率达到90.0%。     

Protoplast culture and plant regeneration from Brassica carinata Braun

Protoplasts isolated from hypocotyls of three-day-old seedlings of Brassica carinata (Braun) cv R-2128 were cultured in a modified Nitsch and Nitsch liquid medium containing 13% sucrose, 0.4% Ficoll, 0.25 mg/l BA, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. The density of medium caused the protoplasts and the developing microcalli to float on the surface of the liquid medium whereas all debris and lysed cells sank to the bottom of the culture plate. After 4–6 weeks developing microcalli were approximately 0.5 mm in diameter and were transferred onto MS medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.4% agarose, 200 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA, pH 5.7. Approximately 20% of the calli transferred to this medium produced plantlets.Abbreviations BA 6-Benzylaminopurine - NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - MS Murashiqe-Skoog