汤溪水库富营养化特征与水质管理对策

通过2003年对广东省汤溪水库水生态学进行调查,分析了该水库的富营养化特征,并从流域管理和水动力学两个方面对水库水质管理对策进行了探讨。汤溪水库为中度富营养化水体,具有明显时空分布差异,丰水期富营养程度高于枯水期,溪头河流区高于新桥河流区。蓝藻是水库浮游植物的主要优势类群,其中引发水华的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为优势种。水库上游集水流域分布近30万居民,大量的生活排污和农业污染形成了主要的外源污染源,这些外源污染的输入是水库水体营养盐的主要来源;合理处理上游居民生活垃圾、减少生活污染中磷含量、增加流域和库区周围植被覆盖、合理使用农业化肥是降低水库表层水体中营养盐浓度的主要途径。由于该水库的蓝藻和富营养化水平直接与水体的稳定性有关,利用对水库排水的可控制性调节水库水体的稳定性,可作为控制蓝藻水华发生的有效途径。     

太湖上游不同类型过境水氮素污染状况

利用GPS定位,在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,对地处太湖上游宜兴地区受农田径流、农村生活污水、水产养殖和畜禽养殖污水污染的过境水体氮素污染状况进行了调查,对不同类型水体中不同形态氮浓度的季节性变化特征进行了分析,比较了不同类型水体的15N自然丰度.结果表明:不同类型过境水氮素污染严重,人为影响强烈,不同的农业生产和人类活动具有不同的污染特征;受农田径流影响的河流,水体受铵态氮污染的风险较小,受硝态氮的污染较重;农村居民区河流主要受农村生活污水影响,水体铵态氮负荷较高;畜禽养殖场附近的河流受养殖污水的影响,水体的氮素污染最为严重,尤其是铵态氮负荷最高;相比之下,养殖鱼塘水体总氮最低,主要以有机氮为主;水体氮素污染受河流季节性环境演变的影响,表现为夏季浓度最低,冬季浓度最高;农田施肥是太湖氮污染的主要来源,但在丰水期生活污水和畜禽养殖废水也会成为太湖重要的污染源.     

广东省典型大中型供水水库和湖泊微囊藻毒素分布

为了解肝脏促癌剂微囊藻毒素（MCs）在广东省淡水水体中的污染情况,于2003年夏、秋、冬3个季节,采集了广东省12个典型供水水库和4个湖泊的水样;同时于2004年2—12月对7个水库和1个湖泊进行了每隔2个月的加密调查,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）和酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定了水体中微囊藻毒素（MCs）含量。结果显示广东省典型供水水库和淡水湖泊微囊藻毒素分布广泛,毒素组成以MC-RR为主,水库微囊藻毒素含量在未检出—0.919μg/L,2004年毒素含量比2003年有一定程度的上升。微囊藻毒素污染较为严重的水库为汤溪、鹤地、契爷石和深圳等水库,广州流花湖和肇庆星湖等城市景观湖泊中微囊藻毒素污染也较为严重。虽然本次调查的所有水样MCs含量均在世界卫生组织和我国饮用水卫生标准以下,但结果说明广东省饮用水源已在一定程度上遭受MCs的污染,需采取有效措施防止水质进一步恶化。     

广东省水库的蓝藻污染状况与水质评价

于2000年的丰水期和枯水期对广东省19个大中型水库的浮游植物状况进行了调查,并根据浮游植物群落结构、多样性指数、蓝藻污染状况和营养状态指数对水库的水质进行了分析。结果表明,大部分水库为蓝藻型水体,优势种类主要是能产生毒素的微囊藻类,而且蓝藻种类数和细胞密度与水库水质密切相关。蓝藻细胞密度和百分比分别为0.1×104-6728.4×104 cellsL-1和0.53%-99.2%。大部分水库受到了一定程度的污染,属于中营养型;东江流域的新丰江水库和白盘珠水库水质优良,为贫营养型;而位于经济较发达的沿海地区的鹤地水库、石岩水库和契爷石水库已受到严重污染。东江流域和北江流域水库水质普遍较好,而粤西沿海地区和珠江三角洲地区水库则污染较为严重。     

海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价

从全流域尺度上研究海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷元素含量与分布特征,对研究海河流域水环境污染现状具有重要意义.本研究采集海河流域河流与水库163个表层沉积物(0～10 cm)样品,测定沉积物有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的含量,运用有机指数与有机氮方法评价沉积物污染状况.结果表明: 海河流域沉积物TOC、TN、TP含量具有较大的空间异质性,下游平原区明显高于山区,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原含量较高,永定河山区、北三河山区、滦河流域含量相对较低,河流沉积物TOC含量显著高于水库沉积物,而TN、TP含量与水库沉积物没有显著差异.TN与TOC、TP含量呈显著正相关(r=0.704,P<0.01;r=0.250,P<0.01).全流域有机指数总体属于“较清洁”水平,北四河下游平原总体已接近有机污染水平.全流域有机氮总体处在“尚清洁”水平,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原流域存在有机氮污染.海河流域河流、水库沉积物具有相似的污染强度.沉积物C/N平均值为12.71,表明TOC多来源于藻类等浮游动植物,其次是高等植物,水库C/N值比河流高,陆源物质输入对水库沉积物TOC的贡献比对河流大.     

高州水库氮磷营养盐变化特征及水质管理对策

通过2012-2013 年对广东省高州水库氮磷营养盐的趋势变化进行分析, 探讨了水库中氮磷浓度的变化特征,并从水库管理与水动力学两方面对水库水质管理对策进行了讨论。研究结果表明: 高州水库总氮、总磷浓度均表现为丰水期高, 说明受强降雨的影响, 农业面源污染携带大量的氮磷随地表径流进入库区, 致使库区氮磷营养盐含量升高。其次, 入库河流是库区氮磷营养盐的主要来源。氮磷比分析结果表明, 高州水库流域内部分水体在时空上处于氮限制与磷限制交替出现的状态, 且氮磷比与总磷呈现显著地正相关, 进一步反应了高州水库水体主要处于磷素限制状态。水库上游集雨区人口分布集中, 大量的生活排污与农业面源污染的输入是库区营养盐的主要来源; 合理处理上游居民生活垃圾并严格控制工业污染, 是降低库区营养盐的主要途径。此外, 人为改变高州水库的出流方式, 可以抑制浮游植物及藻类的生长, 从而减少水库富营养化的可能。     

大型无脊椎动物群落指数和群落数量指数在河流水质评价中的应用

本文介绍了新西兰常用的大型无脊椎动物群落指数(MCI)和大型无脊椎动物群落数量指数(QMCI)的原理及使用方法,并利用MCI和QMCI对新西兰惠灵顿地区40条河流53个监测点进行评价.结果表明:MCI和QMCI均与河流营养指标呈极显著相关关系,可用来监测和评价水体的营养污染状况;二者快速准确地监测出惠灵顿地区河流水质总体良好,但部分河流污染严重,并分析了污染的原因.MCI与QMCI存在极显著相关关系,但MCI与营养指标间的相关关系大于QMCI,可以准确地反映出水体中营养元素的富集状况.     

山西沁河流域溪蟹生态调查及河流污染现状

2006年9～10月,对山西晋城地区的河流及溪蟹进行了生态调查.结果表明,近年来该地区河流水体污染严重,林村河、丹河、巴公河、西河以及沁河下游水体整体发黑,丹河和巴公河还可闻到恶臭的异味;沁水县的河流均能采集到溪蟹,而其他三个县市溪蟹几乎绝迹;溪蟹的种群特征值如雌雄比值、种群生物密度和种群生物量随着河流的污染发生改变.     

宽甸县水中硼的背景浓度及污染现状分析

采集辽宁宽甸县各种水样51个,用ICP—MS分析硼含量。结果表明,宽甸县水中硼含量的背景值与世界水平相当,污染地区地表水和地下水硼含量的平均值分别是背景点的23．1和495．6倍。硼的开采和加工对水体产生了较严重的硼污染。     

长白山森林地区河流中汞的时空分布特征

采集并测定了枯水期和丰水期长白山北坡几条河流的水样,研究了长白山地区河流中总汞和甲基汞的时空变化规律.长白山北坡地区河流总汞的变化范围为2.0～20 ng·L-1,受北方燃煤等人为活动影响,枯水期总汞含量高于丰水期;甲基汞的变化范围为0.12～0.55 ng·L-1,不同季节的甲基汞变化不大.水体汞含量随海拔的升高而降低,汇入松花江的几条河流对松花江水体的影响较为明显,随着河流的汇入溶解态汞含量下降,颗粒态汞含量升高.与世界上其他一些森林水体对比发现,长白山水体甲基汞含量较低,但总汞含量较高.估计研究地区河流一年将向下游地区输出33 kg的总汞以及200 g甲基汞,这将进一步加剧下游水体汞的负担.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.