过表达VHA-c3基因拟南芥对黑暗、ABA与糖的响应

为研究液泡H+-ATPase c亚基基因(VHA-c3)在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫应答过程中的作用,构建了VHA-c3过表达载体转化拟南芥,获得过表达VHA-c3的转基因纯合体植株,采用半定量RT-PCR技术分析了转基因拟南芥中VHA-c3的表达量,然后对转基因拟南芥进行暗培养、ABA和糖处理。结果获得6个T2代株系转基因纯合体株系,其m RNA表达量均高于对照;黑暗条件下,5个VHA-c3转基因株系的根长变短;在正常光照下,3个转基因株系主根伸长和子叶的展开以及5个转基因株系的种子萌发对ABA的抑制不敏感;分别有5个和6个转基因株系的种子萌发对葡萄糖和蔗糖的抑制不敏感。推测VHA-c3可能影响根细胞的扩展,并可能参与ABA和糖介导的信号转导途径。     

过表达VHA-c4和VHA-c5基因对拟南芥根长的影响

为研究液泡H+-ATPase c亚基VHA-c4和VHA-c5基因在植物生长发育过程中的作用,本研究构建了拟南芥VHA-c4和VHA-c5过表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,分别获得9个和7个T2代转基因纯合体株系。采用半定量RT-PCR方法对过表达VHA-c4和VHA-c5的转基因纯合体进行阳性鉴定,发现其mRNA表达量均高于对照。对转基因纯合体进行暗培养和正常光照培养,结果显示,黑暗条件下,所有VHA-c4转基因株系的主根变短,而在正常光照下,所有VHA-c5转基因株系的主根变短,推测VHA-c4和VHA-c5分别在黑暗和光照条件下影响植物根的生长。用ABA和糖(葡萄糖和蔗糖)处理转基因纯合体,结果显示它们与野生型的表型无明显差异,表明VHA-c4和VHA-c5基因的过表达没有影响拟南芥对ABA和糖的响应。     

沉默VHA-c4基因对拟南芥根长和种子萌发的影响

为了研究植物液泡H+-ATPase c亚基VHA-c4基因在拟南芥响应非生物胁迫中的作用,本研究构建了拟南芥VHA-c4基因沉默载体,利用农杆菌介导,将线性化的沉默载体dsDNA片段整合在拟南芥基因组上,筛选获得了能够不同程度特异沉默VHA-c4基因的7个转基因株系c4-1～c4-7,并对VHA-c4基因沉默效果最好的株系c4-2进行NaCl、ABA、6%葡萄糖胁迫处理。结果显示:在特定浓度梯度的NaCl处理后,沉默株系c4-2的主根相对伸长量和种子萌发率都被明显抑制,并且被抑制效果远远高于野生型株系。然而,在特定浓度梯度的ABA和葡糖糖处理后,沉默株系c4-2的主根相对伸长量和种子的萌发率虽然也都有一定程度的抑制,但是其被抑制效果远远低于野生型拟南芥。结果显示沉默了VHA-c4基因后,显著降低了拟南芥对NaCl的耐受性,影响了其的生长发育,然而对ABA和葡糖糖的抑制作用却表现为很不敏感,这可能是因为H~+-ATPase在盐胁迫信号通路和ABA信号通路中起着不同的(正负)调控功能。     

VHA-c2&c4双基因沉默株系拟南芥对NaCl与ABA的响应

研究液泡H~+-ATPase c亚基基因(VHA-c2和VHA-c4)在植物生长发育及响应非生物胁迫过程中的功能,构建拟南芥VHA-c2c4的RNAi表达载体,通过浸花法转化野生型拟南芥。利用卡那霉素筛选纯合体株系,进行半定量PCR鉴定,并对其进行NaCl和ABA胁迫处理。获得7个T_2代双沉默基因纯合体株系,其VHA-c2和VHA-c4的mRNA表达水平均低于野生型。挑选沉默效率较高的3个株系进行NaCl和ABA处理,在NaCl处理下,它们的主根相对伸长量和种子萌发率均小于对照,表明VHAc2c4沉默株系对NaCl胁迫作用敏感。ABA处理下,子叶的展开程度和主根相对伸长量均比对照高,表明VHA-c2c4沉默株系对ABA抑制作用不敏感。NMT试验表明ABA促进了双沉默基因纯合体株系的H+内流能力。推测VHA-c2和VHA-c4的转录水平影响了植物对盐胁迫和ABA介导的信号转导途径的响应。     

沙柳SpsLAS基因超表达对拟南芥营养生长的影响

用沙柳SpsLAS基因构建35S∷SpsLAS超表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行表型观察,利用荧光定量PCR,对分枝、生长素及细胞分裂素相关基因进行表达分析。结果显示:(1)成功构建35S∷SpsLAS超表达载体,并获得9株纯合转基因株系,且转基因株系的萌芽速率快于野生型(对照),生活周期也较长;其中7个株系表现为生长迅速、株高增加、莲座叶叶片增大、分枝增加,2个株系表现为矮化、分枝增加、育性降低等一系列变化。(2)荧光定量PCR显示,与对照相比24h时转基因株系幼苗生长素及细胞分裂素途径关键基因无明显变化,4d时各基因在各转基因株系呈上调趋势;30d时分枝相关基因RAX1、RAX3表达量均上调,而MAX1、MAX3、REV、AXR1无明显变化。研究表明,SpsLAS基因过表达对拟南芥株型、莲座叶有明显影响,该研究结果为进一步研究该基因对分枝调控机制奠定了基础。     

转CkLEA4基因拟南芥种子萌发期的抗逆性分析

该研究在实验室前期研究的基础上,将受脱水、盐胁迫和ABA诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因转入野生型拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR从8株纯合体中筛选出3个表达量不同的株系,比较野生型和转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子在不同胁迫处理下的萌发率,以探讨CkLEA4基因在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能。结果发现:(1)在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇及ABA处理下,转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子的萌发率均高于野生型,随着NaCl、甘露醇及ABA浓度增加,各株系萌发率均降低,但野生型的萌发率下降幅度均高于3个过表达株系,并且在200mmol/L NaCl和400mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系子叶绿化率均显著高于野生型。(2)在低浓度ABA处理下,CkLEA4过表达植株子叶的绿化率也高于野生型。研究表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因提高了拟南芥种子萌发阶段对盐、ABA及渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

黄梁木NcEXPA8基因提高拟南芥种子萌发速度的研究

为探究NcEXPA8基因的分子功能,该文以在黄梁木形成层区域中高表达的扩展蛋白基因NcEXPA8为研究对象,研究其在黄梁木种子萌发过程中的表达及其过表达对拟南芥种子萌发的影响。该文以黄梁木和拟南芥野生型(WT)(Col-0)种子以及转NcEXPA8基因的拟南芥T3代纯合体种子为实验材料,利用实时荧光定量RT-qPCR分析NcEXPA8基因在黄梁木种子萌发不同阶段的表达量,并分析NcEXPA8基因和拟南芥种子萌发内源相关基因在拟南芥WT和转基因不同株系萌发种子中的表达量,且对拟南芥WT种子和转基因T3代纯合体种子在不同处理和不同时间的萌发率进行比较。结果表明:NcEXPA8基因在黄梁木种子萌发不同阶段的表达量存在差异,在种壳破裂时表达量最高,随后降低。与拟南芥WT相比,过表达NcEXPA8基因不仅显著提高了种子的萌发速度,而且提高了对赤霉素的敏感性,降低了对脱落酸的敏感性,但未影响拟南芥内源相关结构基因的表达。该研究初步分析了黄梁木NcEXPA8基因在种子萌发中的功能,但其最终确定还需在黄梁木中进行验证。     

砂藓RcPLD基因的抗旱功能分析

砂藓(Racomitrium canescens)是一种具有极强耐脱水性的苔藓植物,编码磷脂酶D的基因RcPLD能够在砂藓的脱水和复水过程中产生显著的表达响应,它可能参与了砂藓的强耐脱水性功能。该研究使用已克隆的RcPLD编码序列构建拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)过量表达转基因株系rcpld-oe,初步考察过表达株系的干旱胁迫耐受能力及其相关的生理生化指标,分析RcPLD增强拟南芥抗旱性的机制。结果表明:(1)利用已克隆的RcPLD编码序列构建了植物中的过表达载体,成功构建了RcPLD的过表达转基因拟南芥株系rcpld-oe,并获得了多个T_3代rcpld-oe纯合体株系。(2)在正常生长条件下,rcpld-oe株系T_3代纯合体植株比野生型拟南芥植株体积小,但营养生长期较长,抽薹较晚,莲座叶衰老速率较慢;在干旱处理条件下,rcpld-oe株系表现出比野生型拟南芥更强的干旱耐受能力。(3)在干旱胁迫处理过程中,rcpld-oe株系莲座叶的水分散失速率降低,可能在一定程度上降低了干旱对膜完整性的损伤和光合作用的抑制,但其渗透调节物质含量的变化相对较小。研究发现,在干旱胁迫条件下,rcpld-oe植株莲座叶的水分散失速率和光合作用抑制程度显著降低,从而表现出明显强于野生型的干旱耐受能力,这为后续RcPLD功能的深入研究和更多砂藓抗旱功能基因的挖掘奠定了基础。     

AtNHX5基因过量表达对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

为了研究AtNHX5基因在植物耐盐中的作用,构建了植物过量表达载体pROKⅡ-AtNHX5,并转化拟南芥。结果显示:(1)RT-PCR检测表明,转基因拟南芥中AtNHX5基因的表达大幅提高。(2)对转基因纯合株系进行耐盐性分析显示,AtNHX5过量表达提高了植株在种子萌发和苗期的耐盐性。(3)转基因植株在盐处理下的干重、鲜重以及地上部分Na+、K+含量均高于野生型对照。在200mmol/L NaCl处理下,以转基因株系a1-4为例,其地上部分单株鲜重、单株干重、K+含量分别是野生型的1.27、1.54、1.16倍,较野生型显著升高。研究表明,过量表达AtNHX5基因促进了盐胁迫下转基因植株对K+的吸收,转基因拟南芥的耐盐性明显提高。     

中间锦鸡儿CiPUB22基因克隆与功能分析

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)耐旱、耐寒、耐盐碱,是西北干旱地区的重要固沙灌木,筛选其优良抗逆境基因,可以作为林草基因工程的基因源。该研究在中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫转录组文库中找到1条CiPUB22 (plant U box 22)基因的cDNA全长序列,CiPUB22基因包括1 260 bp开放阅读框,编码419个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,在脱水、盐和ABA处理1 h后CiPUB22基因表达量上升并达到最高水平,分别为对照表达量的12倍、35倍和7倍,干旱处理后12 d达到最高值,为对照的2.5倍,表明CiPUB22的转录水平受非生物胁迫诱导。构建CiPUB22基因的过表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,对转基因纯合体株系抗逆性分析发现,在150 mmol/L NaCl、1 μmol/L ABA和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系的萌发率均低于野生型,说明过表达CiPUB22基因降低了拟南芥在种子萌发过程中对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

Evidence of a role for tyrosine dephosphorylation in the control of postgermination arrest of development by abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana L

In the present paper evidence is presented indicating that tyrosine dephosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in postgermination arrest of Arabidopsis thaliana L. seed development mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). By using phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases, the sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of ABA on seed germination is enhanced. Consistent with this finding, we demonstrate that the ABA-responsive gene, RAB18, is hyperinduced in seeds imbibed in ABA plus PAO, compared with seeds imbibed only with ABA.     

中间锦鸡儿WRKY75基因对拟南芥耐受盐和ABA能力的影响

该研究从旱生灌木中间锦鸡儿中克隆得到1个CiWRKY75基因。序列分析显示,CiWRKY75开放阅读框长570bp,编码189个氨基酸,含有1个WRKYGQK基序和1个C2H2型锌指结构,属于第二类WRKY转录因子。亚细胞定位显示,CiWRKY75定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,CiWRKY75基因的表达受盐胁迫和ABA诱导。在拟南芥中过量表达CiWRKY75后,与野生型拟南芥相比,转基因株系种子的萌发率在盐胁迫下降低,并且对盐胁迫的耐受能力明显减弱;ABA处理下,2个转基因株系的种子萌发率(10.3%、9.6%)较野生型(25.9%)明显降低。研究表明,CiWRKY75是中间锦鸡儿对盐和ABA响应的重要调控因子。     

The isolation of abscisic acid (ABA) deficient mutants by selection of induced revertants in non-germinating gibberellin sensitive lines of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh.

Summary By selecting for germinating seeds in the progeny of mutagen-treated non-germinating gibberellin responsive dwarf mutants of the ga–1 locus in Arabidopsis thaliana, germinating lines (revertants) could be isolated. About half of the revertants were homozygous recessive for a gene (aba), which probably regulates the presence of abscisic acid (ABA). Arguments for the function of this gene were obtained from lines homozygous recessive for this locus only, obtained by selection from the F₂ progeny of revertant X wild-type crosses. These lines are characterized by a reduced seed dormancy, symptoms of withering, increased transpiration and a lowered ABA content in developing and ripe seeds and leaves.Abbreviations ABA Abscisic acid - GA₄₊₇ Mixture of gibberellin A₄ and A₇ - EMS Ethylmethanesulfonate - NG Non-germinating - G Germinating     

梾木种子低温层积过程中内源激素含量的动态变化特征

应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)研究了梾木种子低温层积过程中内源激素含量的动态变化,分析了内源激素与种子休眠与发芽的关系。结果表明:(1)梾木种子中IAA含量在层积处理初期剧烈降低,持续一段时间后又显著升高,但后期下降,且IAA/ABA也出现同样的变化;种子中ABA含量在层积处理前期较高,但随着处理时间的延长趋于下降;种子内GA1/3含量以及GA1/3/ABA均随层积处理时间的延长逐渐增大;种子内ZRs和iPAs含量的变化相对较为平稳,尽管有一定的波动,但整体呈渐趋增高趋势。(2)梾木种子发芽率及发芽势在未经层积处理以及处理时间少于90d的条件下均为0,但随着层积处理时间的延长二者明显上升,层积处理的时间长短对梾木种子萌发有显著影响。(3)相关分析表明,梾木种子内GA1/3含量与种子的发芽率、发芽势均呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.688、0.662;种子内GA1/3/ABA增大有利于种子休眠解除和萌发。     

Roles of the different components of magnesium chelatase in abscisic acid signal transduction

The H subunit of Mg-chelatase (CHLH) was shown to regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and the I subunit (CHLI) was also reported to modulate ABA signaling in guard cells. However, it remains essentially unknown whether and how the Mg-chelatase-catalyzed Mg-protoporphyrin IX-production differs from ABA signaling. Using a newly-developed surface plasmon resonance system, we showed that ABA binds to CHLH, but not to the other Mg-chelatase components/subunits CHLI, CHLD (D subunit) and GUN4. A new rtl1 mutant allele of the CHLH gene in Arabidopsis thaliana showed ABA-insensitive phenotypes in both stomatal movement and seed germination. Upregulation of CHLI1 resulted in ABA hypersensitivity in seed germination, while downregulation of CHLI conferred ABA insensitivity in stomatal response in Arabidopsis. We showed that CHLH and CHLI, but not CHLD, regulate stomatal sensitivity to ABA in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The overexpression lines of the CHLD gene showed wild-type ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Both the GUN4-RNA interference and overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed wild-type phenotypes in the major ABA responses. These findings provide clear evidence that the Mg-chelatase-catalyzed Mg-ProtoIX production is distinct from ABA signaling, giving information to understand the mechanism by which the two cellular processes differs at the molecular level.     

Mutational analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PP2CA2</Emphasis> involved in abscisic acid signal transduction

The homozygous T-DNA mutant of the PP2CA2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana was identified at DNA and RNA levels. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed expression of PP2CA2 was induced by NaCl and ABA. When grown in presence of increasing concentration of exogenous ABA the pp2ca2 mutant showed a significant loss of ABA sensitivity in terms of seed germination, efficiency of post-germination growth and root growth. In presence of all ABA and NaCl concentrations tested the germination percentage of wild-type seeds was lower than that of mutant ppca2 seeds. Furthermore, in the presence of exogenous ABA, the pp2ca2 seeds showed higher germination percentages than wild-type at different stages of development and the pp2ca2 seedlings showed a reduced inhibition of root growth compared with wild-type plants. The above results indicated that the pp2ca2 was an ABA-hyposensitive mutant.     

Cloning and expression of a sorghum gene with homology to maize vp1. Its potential involvement in pre-harvest sprouting resistance

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in sorghum is related to the lack of a normal dormancy level during seed development and maturation. Based on previous evidence that seed dormancy in maize is controlled by the vp1 gene, we used a PCR-based approach to isolate two Sorghum bicolor genomic and cDNA clones from two genotypes exhibiting different PHS behaviour and sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). The two 699 amino acid predicted protein sequences differ in two residues at positions 341 (Gly or Cys within the repression domain) and 448 (Pro or Ser) and show over 80, 70 and 60% homology to maize, rice and oat VP1 proteins respectively.Expression analysis of the sorghum vp1 gene in the two lines shows a slightly higher level of vp1 mRNA in the embryos susceptible to PHS than in those resistant to PHS during embryogenesis. However, timing of expression was different between these genotypes during this developmental process. Whereas for the former the main peak of expression was observed at 20 days after pollination (DAP), the peak in the latter was found at later developmental stages when seed maturation was almost complete.Under favourable germination conditions and in the presence of fluridone (an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis), sorghum vp1 mRNA showed to be consistently correlated with sensitivity to ABA but not with ABA content and dormancy.