胆碱脱氨酶光谱性质的研究

胆碱脱氢酶（ＣＤＨ）蛋白南部分内源荧光发射峰在３３５ｎｍ,并不受底物的影响,但底物可改变辅基ＦＡＤ部分的内源荧光光谱。应用ＦＴＩＲ技术研究了增溶ＣＤＨ的二级结构,其结果如下：５３．４％α螺旋,２４．５％β－片层,１３．９％３１０－螺旋及０．５％β回折。在ＣＤＨ处于非底物结合状态时,分子内部结构表现为α－螺旋以及β－片怪优势构象,呈现出球状蛋白样的空间结构特征,在与底物作用过程中,３１０－螺旋的比例     

胆碱脱氢酶的变性及其构象研究

增溶胆碱脱氢酶在较低的ＰＨ条件下易于失活，底物胆碱的存在有助于提高基ＰＨ稳定性。热变性酶蛋白分子中β结构所占比例上升，α螺旋结构比例下降，其中β结构的变化主要来自于β回折和３１０螺旋的贡献，底物对ＣＤＨ的热变性具有一定的保护作用。     

α－苦瓜子蛋白晶体结构中的次级相互作用的研究Ⅱ疏水相互作用的分析

α－苦瓜子蛋白结构模型中共有疏水残基１４１个,占践基总数的５７％。其中１２８个疏水残基有相互作用,占疏水残基的９１％。疏水残基之间的相互作用与其是否在α－螺旋或β片层内没有多大关系。本文着重分析了α－螺旋间和α螺旋与β结构之间的疏水相互作用;讨论了α５和大β片层中疏水残基与亲本残基的分布特点,这一特点对该蛋白分子最后折叠成特定的空间结构有重要影响。类似的情况在同源蛋白天花粉蛋白中也是存在的。     

α－苦瓜子蛋白晶体结构中的次级相互作用的研究Ⅱ疏水相互作用的分析

α－苦瓜子蛋白结构模型中共有疏水残基１４１个,占践基总数的５７％。其中１２８个疏水残基有相互作用,占疏水残基的９１％。疏水残基之间的相互作用与其是否在α－螺旋或β片层内没有多大关系。本文着重分析了α－螺旋间和α螺旋与β结构之间的疏水相互作用;讨论了α５和大β片层中疏水残基与亲本残基的分布特点,这一特点对该蛋白分子最后折叠成特定的空间结构有重要影响。类似的情况在同源蛋白天花粉蛋白中也是存在的。     

氧化HDL2在大肠肝窦状隙细胞内代谢

大鼠肝窦状隙细胞培养结果显示：氧化高密度脂蛋白２对异硫氰酸荧光素荧光标记ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２的细胞结合有竞争抑制作用,而ＨＤＬ２则无。细胞内ＦＩＴＣ－ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２的荧光强度和「＾３Ｈ『ＣＥ－ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２的的４５．５％和ｒＨＤＬ２的６１．４％。内吞ＦＳ主要存在于三氯醋酸沉淀部分,而放射强度主要存在于ＴＣＡ上清液部分。     

氧化HDL_2在大鼠肝窦状隙细胞内代谢

大鼠肝窦状隙细胞培养结果显示：氧化高密度脂蛋白２（ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２）对异硫氰酸荧光素（ＦＩＴＣ）荧光标记ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２的细胞结合有竞争抑制作用,而ＨＤＬ２则无。细胞内吞ＦＩＴＣ－ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２的荧光强度（ＦＳ）和［３Ｈ］ＣＥ－ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２（ｒ－ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２）的放射强度分别是内吞ＦＩＴＣ－ＨＤＬ２的４５．５％和ｒＨＤＬ２的６１．４％。内吞ＦＳ主要存在于三氯醋酸（ＴＣＡ）沉淀部分,而放射强度主要存在于ＴＣＡ上清液部分。细胞释放的ＦＳ和放射活性分别是内吞量的６７．７％和１０．９％,且主要存在于ＴＣＡ可沉淀部分。结果提示：（１）大鼠肝窦状隙细胞可能存在着ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ受体,该受体不同于ＨＤＬ受体。（２）ｏｘ－ＨＤＬ２在细胞内代谢方式与ＨＤＬ２相似,均没有经历溶酶体分解途径。在细胞内载脂蛋白与胆固醇酯（ＣＥ）组分经历一个解离过程。细胞截留大部分ＣＥ后,将载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）与剩余ＣＥ重组成脂蛋白并以逆向胞饮方式释放到胞外。（３）氧化修饰减弱ＨＤＬ２逆向转运胆固醇能力     

湖南尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素的圆二色性和化学修饰

用远紫外ＣＤ谱研究了湖南产尖吻蝮蛇毒的两个出血毒素（ＤａＨＴ－１、ＤａＨＴ－２）的溶液构象,计算得ＤａＨＴ－１的α螺旋、β折叠、无规卷曲的含量分别为３６．９％、３５．５％、２７．６％;ＤａＨＴ－２的α螺旋、β折叠、无规卷曲分别为２３．４％、３１．３％、４５．３％。随ｐＨ的增大或减小,峰位蓝移,酸性条件下的变化比碱性条件下的变化大。构象单元含量计算表明：α螺旋减少,无规卷曲增多,β折叠基本未变。温度和ｐＨ对ＣＤ谱的影响相似,５０℃时峰位蓝移,α螺旋减少,无规卷曲增多．ＥＤＴＡ对ＣＤ谱影响显著,０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＤＴＡ便导致两个出血毒素呈极度的无序状态。ＥＤＴＡ完全抑制,半胱氨酸部分抑制,胰蛋白酶不影响它们的出血活性。     

中华仓鼠二氢叶酸还原酶的酶学性质研究

测定中华仓鼠二氢叶酸还原酶（ＤＨＦＲ,Ｅ．Ｃ．１．５．１．３．）催化反应的各个动力学常数,对其反应机制进行了研究。测定了不同浓度脲溶液中酶与底物的解离常数Ｋｄ和表观米氏常数Ｋｍ,结果表明酶与底物二氢叶酸（ＤＨＦ）和还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（ＮＡＤＰＨ）的结合能力相差很小,都随脲浓度增加而减弱,而且一种底物的结合会削弱酶与另一底物的结合能力。研究了ＤＨＦＲ在脲变性过程中活力和构象的变化,结果表明低浓度脲可使稳态酶活力增强,此时酶的内源荧光发射光谱和ＣＤ谱变化很小;随脲浓度的增加,酶逐渐失活,同时荧光光谱的最大发射峰位红移,荧光强度和椭圆率也明显下降,说明酶活力的变化先于酶分子整体构象的变化,酶活性部位位于比酶分子整体更易受变性剂影响的有限区域,而且酶分子这种相对的和一定限度内的柔性是其表现生物活性所必需的     

商品果胶酶中endo－PG的分离纯化及其部分性质研究

以Ａ．ｎｉｇｅｒ来源的果胶酶为材料,经过ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－５０及ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００两步骤分离纯化得到电泳均一的ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ１及ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ２,其亚基分子量分别为３５ｋＤ及３７ｋＤ,含糖量为１１．２２％及８．３％,最大紫外吸收峰分别在２７４ｎｍ及２６９ｎｍ处,氨基酸组成分析结果表明Ｇｌｙ含量较高,Ｍｅｔ含量较低,不含Ｃｙｓ,并且酸性氨基酸含量高于碱性氨基酸,圆二色谱结果表明二级结构主要为α螺旋和β折叠,其中ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ１含α螺旋４５．１％,β折叠２４．９％;ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ２含α螺旋３９．６％,β折叠３６．５％。     

尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素DaHT—3的红外光谱测定

目的观察蛇毒出血毒素结构的变化对功能的影响。方法利用傅利叶变换红外光谱仪对尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素（ＤａＨＴ－３）在溶液中酰胺Ｉ带吸收光谱的研究,探测了此出血毒素在溶液中的自然构象和加入ＥＤＴＡ螯合剂除去金属离子后构象的变化。结果此出血毒素在水溶液中的自然构象分别是：α－螺旋为３１．８％、β－折叠为５６．１％、转角为１２．１％;而在去除金属离子情况下α－螺旋和β－折叠减少,转角和无规卷曲增加,即加入螯合剂后其α－螺旋、β－折叠、转角和无规卷曲分别变为１１％、２６．４％、４６．２％和１６．５％。由于结构的变化,它的出血活性和蛋白水解酶活性均被丧失。结论金属离子,特别是锌离子在维系蛇毒出血蛋白酶分子中的二级结构中起着很重要的作用。     

Human choline dehydrogenase: Medical promises and biochemical challenges

Human choline dehydrogenase (CHD) is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria primarily in liver and kidney and catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine. Its physiological role is to regulate the concentrations of choline and glycine betaine in the blood and cells. Choline is important for regulation of gene expression, the biosynthesis of lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids and for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; glycine betaine plays important roles as a primary intracellular osmoprotectant and as methyl donor for the biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine, a required step for the synthesis of the ubiquitous methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine. Recently, CHD has generated considerable medical attention due to its association with various human pathologies, including male infertility, homocysteinuria, breast cancer and metabolic syndrome. Despite the renewed interest, the biochemical characterization of the enzyme has lagged behind due to difficulties in the obtainment of purified, active and stable enzyme. This review article summarizes the medical relevance and the physiological roles of human CHD, highlights the biochemical knowledge on the enzyme, and provides an analysis based on the comparison of the protein sequence with that of bacterial choline oxidase, for which structural and biochemical information is available.     

Effect of ethyl choline mustard on choline dehydrogenase and other enzymes of choline metabolism

The effect of ethyl choline mustard (ECMA), and effective irreversible inhibitor of choline transport, was investigated on the enzymes of choline metabolism. ECMA at concentrations of 50 microM hardly affected choline acetyltransferase and caused only a 20% inhibition of choline kinase at a concentration of 1 mM. However, the mustard was an extremely effective inhibitor of choline dehydrogenase, producing 50% inhibition at concentrations of 6 microM. The inhibition was prevented by incubation in the presence of choline or by prior reaction of the mustard with thiosulphate. Separation of the components of the ECMA solution on TLC suggested that only the compound with an aziridine ring was an effective inhibitor of choline dehydrogenase. The inhibition was resistant to the washing out of excess unreacted mustard. The rate constant of inhibition was 395 M-1 X S-1. By the use of [3H]ECMA a single polypeptide in the enzyme preparation having a MW of 67,000 was labelled. The labelling was thiosulphate-sensitive and prevented by incubation with choline. It is concluded that ECMA is an irreversible inhibitor of choline dehydrogenase. It is at least as effective an inhibitor of choline dehydrogenase as of the choline transport system, although it does not appreciably inhibit choline acetyltransferase or choline kinase in the micromolar range.     

The Structural Specificity of Choline Transport into Cholinergic Nerve Terminals

Abstract: The accumulation of choline, homocholine, and 4-hydroxybutyl-trimethylammonium by rat brain synaptosomes was measured; the choline uptake mechanism transported homocholine but not hydroxybutyltrimethylammonium, which, in addition, did not block choline accumulation. In cats'superior cervical ganglia, preganglionic nerve stimulation increased the accumulation of homocholine, but not that of hydroxybutyltrimethylammonium. It is concluded that the substrate specificity of the choline transport mechanism is such that increasing the N-O atom distance by one methylene group retains affinity, but increasing this distance by two methylene groups does not.     

Stereospecificity of High-and Low-Affinity Transport of Choline Analogues into Rat Cortical Synaptosomes

The present experiments used methylcholines to examine the stereoselectivity of choline transport into rat synaptosomes. R(+)-alpha-methylcholine and S(+)-beta-methylcholine were significantly better inhibitors of the high-affinity choline transport system than were their enantiomers. Although both enantiomers of alpha- and of beta-methylcholine inhibited [3H]choline transport, only R(+)-alpha-methylcholine and S(+)-beta-methylcholine could be transported by the high-affinity choline uptake mechanism. Therefore, we conclude that the chiral requirements for recognition of and for transport by the high-affinity transporter are clearly different. In addition to high-affinity choline transport, Na(+)-independent low-affinity transport was measured. This process transported R(+)-alpha-methylcholine, but not S(-)-alpha-methylcholine; however, it showed no stereoselectivity for the enantiomers of beta-methylcholine. Thus, high- and low-affinity choline transport mechanisms exhibit distinct differences in their substrate selectivities. We suggest that the stereoselective properties of choline transport might present a unique opportunity to study choline uptake and metabolism.     

Synaptosomal "Membrane-Bound" Choline Acetyltransferase Is Most Sensitive to Inhibition by Choline Mustard

The objectives of the present study were to validate the presence of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated pools of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in rat brain synaptosomes, and to evaluate inhibition of these different forms of the enzyme by the nitrogen mustard analogue of choline, choline mustard aziridinium ion (ChM Az). The relative distribution of ChAT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was followed in subfractions of synaptosomes to establish whether ChAT activity associated with salt-washed presynaptic membranes represents membrane-bound protein rather than cytosolic enzyme trapped within undisrupted synaptosomes or revesiculated membrane fragments. The percentage of total synaptosomal ChAT activity (14%) recovered in the final membrane pellet always exceeded that of LDH (6%), lending support to the hypothesis that much of the ChAT associated with the membranes was a membrane bound form of the enzyme. Incubation of purified synaptosomes with ChM Az led to irreversible inhibition of ChAT activity; this loss of enzyme activity could not be accounted for by lysis of nerve terminals during incubation in the presence of the mustard analogue. Subfractionation of the ChM Az-treated nerve terminals revealed that the membrane-bound form of ChAT was inhibited to the greatest extent, followed by the ionically membrane-associated enzyme, with the activity of the water-solubilized enzyme not differing significantly from control. Preparation of the synaptosomal ChAT subfractions from untreated nerve terminals prior to incubation with varying concentrations of ChM Az or naphthylvinylpyridine revealed that under these conditions water-solubilized, ionically membrane-associated, and detergent-solubilized membrane-bound pools of ChAT were not differentially inhibited by either compound.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

胆碱脱氢酶的底物保护作用

胆碱脱氢酶（ＣＤＨ）是线粒体电子传递酶系的一个重要组成,它位于线粒体内膜。膜固有的ＣＤＨ与用去垢剂从线粒体上增溶下来的酶在性质上有一定差异,本文研究了温度、ＳＤＳ对增溶ＣＤＨ的失活作用,发现底物胆碱的存在有明显的保护作用,说明底物诱导ＣＤＨ产主构象变化．     

Determination of choline in phloem exudates of trees

Summary Choline, a necessary compound in an artificial diet for phloem-feeding aphids, was determined quantitatively in the phloem exudates of 16 tree species. The method used was a combination of choline oxidase action and oxygen determination with an oxygen electrode. Choline was found in all species, the concentration ranging between 36 and 5340 M.     

Radioactive Choline Uptake in the Isolated Rat Phrenic Nerve-Hemidiaphragm Preparation. A Biochemical and Autoradiographic Study

Abstract: When hemidiaphragms are stimulated via the phrenic nerve in the presence of 10 μM radioactive choline (Ch), the rate of radioactive Ch uptake in the end-plate-rich area (EPA) is greater than that in the endplate-poor muscle (M). Ch uptake in the EPA is temperature-dependent, with a Q₁₀ of 2.9 and an activation energy of 19.5 kcal/mol. It is inhibited in a Na⁺-depleted medium, in the absence of Ca²⁺, and by 10–20 μM hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) and it is not inhibited by α-bungarotoxin even when the muscle is completely paralyzed. In the absence of stimulation the rate of uptake in the EPA is slightly, but not significantly, greater than in M. Using autoradiography, we find an enhanced amount of isotope in the nerve terminals and their immediate vicinities compared with the muscle fibres, in both stimulated and unstimulated hemidiaphragms. There is no enhanced uptake of isotope into the nerve terminals in stimulated tissues in the presence of 26 μM HC-3. The uptake of isotope into the muscle is not altered by any of these treatments. There is a positive correlation between the initial rate of radioactive Ch uptake in the EPA and the amount of isotope in the nerve terminals (the mean corrected grain density above the nerve terminals). Without correcting for the large amount of diffusion that occurs, the ratio of the grain density above the synapses to that above the muscle fibres is 1.66 in tissue stimulated at 1 Hz, 1.04 in stimulated tissues in the presence of 26 μM HC-3, and 1.31 in unstimulated tissues. Thus the increase in the rate of radioactive Ch uptake in the EPA of diaphragms caused by stimulation is probably due to an enhanced uptake of isotope into the nerve terminals and not into the muscle fibres. This rate is directly proportional to the stimulation frequency (up to 2 Hz), and the slope of the line is equal to 0.84 pmol radioactive Ch/impulse/whole diaphragm.     

Internal standard method for the measurement of choline and acetylcholine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

An internal standard method has been developed for the determination of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and/or its metabolic precursor choline. This approach couples the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis with the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical detection at an enzyme-modified electrode. Indirect electrochemical detection is accomplished at a 25 microm platinum electrode modified by cross-linking the enzymes choline oxidase and acetylcholinesterase with glutaraldehyde. Although in this simple form of electrode fabrication there is a gradual loss of response from the electrochemical detector with time, accurate quantitation is achieved by the addition of butyrylcholine, which is also a substrate for acetylcholinesterase, as an internal standard. A linear response is achieved between 0 and 125 microM with a limit of detection of 2 microM (25 fmol). The utility of this method was demonstrated by monitoring the kinetics of choline uptake in synaptosomal preparations.