菠萝叶片依赖焦磷酸的磷酸果糖激酶的纯化及其特性

经硫酸铵分部,DEAE—纤维素、羟基磷灰石、Sephadex G—200及磷酸纤维素柱层析,从菠萝叶片分离得到电泳均一的依赖焦磷酸的磷酸果糖激酶(PFP)。SDS电泳图谱表明有一条分子量为62kD的主带和一条57 kD的弱带。Fru—2,6—P_2对酶的正反应活性有促进作用。动力学研究表明,Fru—2,6—P_2增加V_(max)及酶对底物Fru—6—P和Mg~(2+)的亲和性。     

玉米叶片依赖焦磷酸的磷酸果糖激酶两种分子型动力学特性的研究

从玉米叶片中部分纯化了依赖焦磷酸的磷酸果糖激酶(PPi-PFK),对果糖2,6-二磷酸具有很高的敏感性(K_a≈15nmol/L)。纯化过程中酶的生糖方向活性对酵解方向活性的比值逐渐增加。F2,6-P_2的参与使这一比值下降,并且解除高浓度PPi对酶FBP形成活性的抑制。 用胰蛋白酶限制酶解,90min使80％酶的酵解方向活性丧失而仍然保持几乎全部的酶的生糖方向活性。胰蛋白酶修饰的酶的动力学结果表明F6P饱和曲线呈明显S型而且V_(max)大大下降。在F2,6-P_2存在下修饰酶的K_m(F6P)值比天然酶约大4倍。 酶的生糖方向活性动力学特性的比较说明天然酶和胰蛋白酶修饰酶几乎具有相同的催化能力和底物(F6P)亲合力。 实验支持植物PPi-PFK存在两种可以相互转化的酶分子型的调节酶的活性和作用方向的模型。     

果糖-2,6-二磷酸对番茄果实PFP酶活化效应的巯基依赖性

在无二硫苏糖醇(DTT)存在下得到部份纯化的氧化型PFP酶,在广泛的pH范围内(pH6.0～9.0)失去其大部分对果糖2,6-二磷酸的敏感性。活化效应可藉与DTT保温得到恢复而不改变其最适pH值。在与DTT保温过程中,酶对果糖2,6-二磷酸的亲和力逐步增加。氧化型酶的K_a值(对果糖2,6-二磷酸)在酶与DTT保温(pH8)1h之后从1400nmol/L下降到约50nmol/L。 在DTT存在下纯化的酶(还原型)经低浓度5,5′-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)处理,在使酶活性迅速失活的同时引起酶对果糖2,6-二磷酸脱敏。这一过程可为DTT处理所回复。从小麦胚中纯化的硫氧还蛋白h在恢复酶活性和酶的果糖2,6-二磷酸敏感性的效应中表明,细胞内的氧化还原状态可能藉以改变酶对果糖2,6-二磷酸的亲和力而调节PFP酶的活性。     

PFP的研究进展

焦磷酸:果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶(PFP)可催化果糖-6-磷酸与果糖-1,6-二磷酸间的可逆转变.该酶广泛存在于各种高等植物及一些微生物体内.文章综述了90年代以来有关PFP的一些研究进展.包括:PFP的种类与亚基构成、活性中心、底物特异性、酶活性的调节及功能等.     

鸡肝果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域的初步晶体学研究

从鸡肝6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶分离的果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域(残基245～468)已在E.coli中获得高效表达,并经分离得到纯化,使用悬滴气相扩散法成功地培养出该果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域单晶.该酶晶体属于四方晶系,空间群为P4₁2₁2或P4₃2₁2,晶胞参数为:a=b=10.02nm,c=13.98nm,α=β=γ=90°.晶胞内每个结晶学不对称单位含有2个果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶分子.利用日本 Photon Factory同步辐射光源收集了分辨率为 0.32 nm的母体衍射据.     

鸡肝6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2-,6-二磷酸酯酶单克隆抗体制备及对酶活力影响

利用鸡肝-6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶(6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P₂ase)的单克隆抗体对其结构和功能进行了初步研究.用鸡肝6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P₂ase为抗原免疫Balb/C小鼠,最后获得7株单克隆抗体.其中6株抗体的抗原决定簇位于6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P₂ase的酯酶结构域部分,而另一株H₂的抗原决定簇则位于其激酶结构域部分.7株单克隆抗体都能引起鸡肝6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P₂ase的激酶活力提高2倍左右,而对酯酶活力的影响大致相同.它们激活该酶的酯酶活力至4倍左右,但却不影响分离的鸡肝果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域的酯酶活力.以上结果再次提示6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P₂ase双功能酶和分离的Fru-2,6-P₂ase结构域的酯酶处于2种不同的构象和活性状态.     

玉米果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶基因的结构与表达分析

通过RT-PCR,结合RACE技术,得到了玉米(Zea mays L.)果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶的全长cDNA克隆,命名为mF2KP.氨基酸序列同源性比较发现,mF2KP蛋白可以分为两个部分:C端包含高度保守的催化功能区,N端为植物中特有的多肽.将mF2KP基因中一段包含完整催化功能区的片段在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达,融合蛋白具有果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶活性.Northern杂交证明在种子活力不同的幼苗中,mF2KP的转录水平存在明显差异.种子活力越高,幼苗中mF2KP的转录水平越低.     

蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶果糖2，6－二磷酸和底物抑制的结合部位

在果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酶中果糖２,６—二磷酸可能与底物抑制的作用方式不同,因为蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶ｐＨ９．２的活性受到果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制,而不受高浓度底物的影响。Ｋ＋能增强果糖２,６—二磷酸对酶活性抑制,并能较大程度地解除过量底物的抑制。快反应流基修饰酶不再受较低浓度果糖２,６—二磷酸的抑制,但高浓度果糖２,６—二磷酸仍能抑制酶活性,其ＩＣ５０增大４０倍。修饰酶受底物抑制的阈值不变。为胰蛋白酶或枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酶受过量底物和果糖２,６—二磷酸抑制的行为也不相同。以上结果可能提示在蛇肌果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酸中存在既有别于ＡＭＰ,又有别于过量底物的结合部位。     

水稻焦磷酸:D-果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶α亚基的cDNA克隆及表达

F。。PZ（果糖一2,6一二磷酸）是真核生物中广泛存在的小分子代谢调节物,而PFP则是它的一个广泛存在于植物组织中的重要靶酶（Stilt1990）。该酶在80年代初被发现并为植物生化界所重视。它催化下列可逆反应：F。P＋PPi-Fl,。PZ＋Pi。此酶既可在酵解或生糖作用中催化形成净碳流（Hatzfeld等1989）,也可以与PFK或F;,6Pase形成循环催化PPi的产生和消除（Sung等1988）。许多植物的urn由a和P两种亚基组成（Botha等1988,Yan和Tao1984）。其中a亚基为调节亚基,与F。,。PZ对催化活性的调节有关;卢亚基为催化亚基,具有活性位…     

番茄果实中焦磷酸:D-果糖-6-磷酸 1-磷酸转移酶的两种酶型的分离纯化及其特性

用快速蛋白液相层析仪(FPLC)Mono Q柱(HR5/5)分离纯化成熟绿番茄果实中PFP的两种分子酶型及其特性。一种酶型为Q_1,是含两个β-亚基(60kD)的二聚体,比活为5μmol min~(-1) mg~(-1);另一种为Q_2,由四个α-亚基(66kD)和四个β-亚基(60kD)组成八聚体,比活为70.5μmol/min~(-1)·mg~(-1)。Q_1的分子量是120kD,Q_2的分子量介于500kD和530kD之间。用纯化的Q_2制备的抗血清专一地与Q_2起沉淀反应。PFP酶液贮存后,其Q_1/Q_2蛋白量比值增加明显,表明部分Q_2转化为Q_1。Q_1具有催化活力表明PFP的活性中心位于β-亚基。α-亚基可能借增强PFP酶对F2,6P_2的亲和力以提高酶的比活而起调节功能,但是Q_1的活力依赖于F2,6P_2的激活,表明β-亚基处也可能存在F_2,_6P_2的调节位点。Q_2含紧密结合的F2,6P_2分子,并表现出对F2,6P2_的不敏感性,基于此种现象,有必要重新认识PFP对F2,6P_2敏感性的内在实质。     

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate as a contaminant of commercially obtained fructose 6-phosphate: Effect on PPi:fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase

Fructose 6-phosphate from several commercial sources was shown to be contaminated with fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. This contaminant was identified by its activation of PP_i:fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase, extreme acid lability and behaviour on ion-exchange chromatography. The apparent kinetic properties of PP_i:fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase from castor bean endosperm were considerably altered when contaminated fructose 6-phosphate was used as a substrate. Varying levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the substrate may account for differences that have been observed in the properties of the above enzyme from several plant sources.     

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in yeast

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was identified in $\text{Saccharomyces cerevisiae}$ grown on glucose both by its property to be an acid-labile stimulator of 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase and by its ability to be quantitatively converted into fructose 6-phosphate under mild acid conditions. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was undetectable in cells grown on non-glucose sources. When glucose was added to the culture, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was rapidly synthesized, reaching within 1 min concentrations able to cause a profound inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and a great stimulation of 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase.     

谷氨酰胺：6-磷酸果糖酰胺基转移酶多克隆抗体的制备及应用

目的：采用原核表达系统表达和纯化重组谷氨酰胺：6-磷酸果糖酰胺基转移酶（GFAT）,制备GFAT多克隆抗体,并用以研究在糖尿病发生发展过程中GFAT的表达情况。方法：通过生物信息学分析其抗原性和属间同源性,选择需要的基因区域;利用RT-PCR扩增小鼠肝脏cDNA中GFAT基因片段,克隆到表达载体pET28b中;在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,并用镍离子螯合柱（Ni-NTA）纯化重组GFAT;用纯化的重组GFAT免疫BALB／c小鼠后得到多克隆抗体;用Western印迹检测正常小鼠、高血糖小鼠及胰岛素抵抗小鼠的组织GFAT的表达。结果：Western印迹分析表明,制备的GFAT抗体具有较高的特异性,可特异性识别重组GFAT和正常小鼠肝脏、肾脏、骨骼肌和肺组织的GFAT;与正常小鼠相比,高脂饲料诱导的胰岛素抵抗小鼠肌肉组织的GFAT表达升高约1．8倍,肝脏组织则略有升高;高血糖小鼠肌肉组织和肝脏组织的GFAT表达也略有上升,但无统计学差异。结论：利用原核表达及Ni-NTA纯化系统可制备小鼠GFAT多克隆抗体;正常小鼠骨骼肌GFAT表达较高;肌肉组织的GFAT表达在胰岛素抵抗小鼠显著性升高,而与小鼠血糖水平无明显相关性。     

Fructose 2, 6-Bisphosphate in Hypoglycemic Rat Brain

Abstract: Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has been studied during hypoglycemia induced by insulin administration (40 IU/kg). No changes in content of cerebral fructose 2,6-bisphosphate were found in mild hypoglycemia, but the level of this compound was markedly decreased in hypoglycemic coma and recovered after 30 min of glucose administration. To correlate a possible modification of the concentration of the metabolite with selective regional damage occurring during hypoglycemic coma, we have analyzed four cerebral areas (cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus). Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations were similar in the four areas analyzed; severe hypoglycemia decreased levels of the metabolite to the same extent in all the brain areas studied. The decrease in content of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was not always accompanied by a parallel decrease in ATP levels, a result suggesting that the low levels of the bisphosphorylated metabolite during hypoglycemic coma could be due to the decreased 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity, mainly as a consequence of the fall in concentration of its substrate (fructose 6-phosphate). These results suggest that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate could play a permissive role in cerebral tissue, maintaining activation of 6-phosphofructo-l-kinase and glycolysis.     

Fructose 6-phosphate metabolism in plants

The kinetic and regulatory properties of the ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase from various plant tissues are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the differences in properties between the plastid and cytosolic isozymes of this enzyme. A model for fructose 6-phosphate utilization in plants is presented which incorporates a role for the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase.     

Fructose induced deactivation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and its prevention by pyruvate: Implications in cataract prevention

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is an important lens enzyme diverting about 14% of the tissue glucose to the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. The main function of such a pronounced activity of the enzyme is to support reductive biosyntheses, as well as to maintain a reducing environment in the tissue so as to prevent oxy-radical induced damage and consequent cataract formation. Sugars are one of the well-known cataractogenic agents. Several reports suggest that the cataractogenic effect of the sugars in diabetes as well as in normal aging is initiated by the glycation of the proteins including the enzymes and subsequent formation of more complex and biologically inactive or harmful structures. In a diabetic lens the concentration of fructose exceeds significantly the concentration of glucose, suggesting that the contribution of fructosylation may be greater than that of glucosylation. These studies were undertaken to examine further the possibility that in addition to glycation, generation of oxygen free radicals by fructose and consequent oxidative modifications in certain enzymes may be an important participant in the cataractogenic process. This hypothesis was tested by using G6PDH. The enzyme was incubated with various levels of fructose (0–20 mM) and its activity determined as a function of time. This led to a significant loss of its activity, which was prevented by superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol and myoinositol. Most interestingly, pyruvate at levels between 0.2 and 1.0 mM also offered substantial protection. Hence, the results, while elucidating further the mechanism of enzyme deactivation by sugars such as fructose, also demonstrate the possibility of therapeutic prevention of cataracts by pyruvate and other such keto acids, in diabetes and other disabilities involving oxygen free radicals in the pathogenetic process.     

光/暗对玉米叶片果糖-6-磷酸激酶-2和果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶活力的影响

比较了照光和黑暗条件下玉米叶片果糖—6—磷酸激酶—2(PFK-2)和果糖—2,6—二磷酸酯酶(FBPase-2)的活力变化。当玉米植株从暗中转入光下后,其叶片PFK—2的活力随光照时间的延长而逐渐降低,而FBPase-2活力变化不明显;从光下转入暗后叶片PFK-2活力明显上升,FBPase-2活力仍无明显变化;其PFK-2/FBPase-2比值在光处理时下降,暗处理时上升。同时叶片中果糖—2,6—二磷酸的含量与PFK-2/FBPase-2活力比值的变化趋势一致。连续光照 20 h,PFK-2活力持续下降,表明PFK-2的光钝化现象与玉米植株的昼夜节律变化无关。     

蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶、果糖2，6－二磷酸、AMP的结合部位关系

腺苷－磷酸（ＡＭＰ）对４个快反应巯基被修饰的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶活性的抑制作用增强,而该修饰的酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制脱敏。ＡＭＰ对酶抑制为半部位反应,酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的脱敏则表现为全部位反应。经枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的Ｋｉ（ＡＭＰ）增大１０倍,但受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质不变。经胰蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的活性不再为ＡＭＰ抑制,但果糖２,６－二磷酸对该形式酶的抑制作用则明显增强,由于该酶失去受ＡＭＰ的抑制作用,因此ＡＭＰ促进果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质亦随之丧失。据此提出在蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶中果糖２,６－二磷酸不是结合在ＡＭＰ结合部位上的看法。