Zn、Cd及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca,Fe,Mn的影响

研究了溶液培养条件下,Cd,Zn及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca,Fe,Mn的影响,结果表明,小麦幼苗对Zn,Cd的吸收随溶液中Cd^2 ,Zn^2 浓度的升高而增加,Cd,Zn同时存在时与其单独作用时幼苗对它们的吸收不同,Zn影响幼苗对Cd的吸收,Cd对Zn的吸收起抑制作用,Ca,Mn的吸收随溶液中Cd^2 ,Zn2 浓度升高而呈下降趋势,在Cd单独处理组和Zn单独处理组中Fe的吸收随Cd2 ,Zn2 浓度升高而增加,但在Zn Cd处理组中,Fe的吸收则呈下降趋势,其效应试学与作物具体部位有关。     

镉胁迫对秋华柳根系活力及其Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe积累的影响

以秋华柳为试验材料,采用水培试验方式,设置CK(0 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₁(2 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₂(10 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₃(20 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₄(50 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)5种镉处理浓度,通过对秋华柳根系活力,叶、韧皮部、木质部和根部的镉含量,以及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 5种常规金属元素含量的测定,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫下秋华柳根系活力及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等金属元素含量的变化.结果表明:1)秋华柳根系活力随着镉处理浓度的增加而逐渐下降,当镉浓度≥10 mg·L^-1时,根系活力与对照相比显著下降.2)随着镉处理浓度的增加,秋华柳叶中Fe的积累受到显著抑制;韧皮部Mg、Mn、Fe的积累受到显著抑制;木质部Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等5种常规金属元素的积累无显著性差异;根部5种常规金属元素的吸收和积累受到显著抑制,表现出镉对其他金属元素积累的拮抗作用.其中,50 mg·L^-1的镉胁迫下,根部Zn的积累量降幅最大,受Cd的抑制最明显.3)各处理组Fe的转移系数与对照相比均无显著性差异;Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn的转移系数均高于对照,且在一定的镉处理水平上差异显著.4)镉胁迫下,秋华柳根部镉的积累量与Ca的积累量呈显著负相关,与其他4种常规金属元素的积累量呈极显著负相关,说明根部常规金属元素的变化可作为秋华柳受镉毒害程度的指示之一.     

重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液SOD活力的影响

研究了3种重金属离子(Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺)在96 h内对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)对肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾SOD活力在3种重金属离子作用下随取样时间变化显著(P＜0.0),Cu²⁺在实验浓度范围内(0.1～1 mg·L^-1),肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液的SOD活力随时间延长呈一峰值变化,Zn²⁺在10 mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏表现为显著抑制作用,Cd²⁺在0. mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏和鳃丝起显著抑制作用,0.2 mg·L^-1对鳃丝SOD活力无显著变化(P＞0.0),其他浓度Zn²⁺(＜10 mg·L^-1)、Cd²⁺(＜0.2 mg·L^-1)对各组织器官SOD活力的影响随时间延长均呈现先升高后下降的趋势.3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝、血液SOD活力的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应关系.其SOD活力大小顺序为肝胰脏＞鳃丝＞血液,3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾伤害大小顺序为Cd²⁺＞Cu²⁺＞Zn²⁺.     

镉胁迫下三个萝卜栽培种蛋白质变化的双向电泳比较研究

在0.5mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺处理时,小五缨(XWY)的发芽率下降至92%,并且随着Cd²⁺浓度的增加,发芽率逐渐降低,在1和5mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺浓度处理时,发芽率分别降至83%和67%。象牙白(XYB)则在5mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺浓度时,发芽率下降。卫青(WQ)在0.05mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺浓度时,发芽率已降至83%, 1和5mmol·L^-1时则下降至58%。幼苗生长也明显受Cd²⁺处理影响,在0.05mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺处理时, 3种栽培萝卜的幼苗生长均受到明显影响,并且随Cd²⁺浓度的增加,生长受抑加重。从发芽率和幼苗生长两种实验结果看,卫青对Cd²⁺最为敏感。双向电泳结果表明, Cd²⁺处理后3种栽培萝卜幼苗中蛋白质组分有明显变化。小五缨中, 0.1 mmol·L^-1Cd²⁺处理后,有5个蛋白质点消失, 15个新的蛋白质点被诱导产生。象牙白中, 2个蛋白质点消失, 1个蛋白质点含量减少, 13个新的蛋白质点被诱导产生。卫青中, 12个新的蛋白质点诱导产生,但没有发现蛋白质点消失现象。Cd²⁺处理后, 3种栽培萝卜中,蛋白质合成的变化与幼苗生长受抑存在明显相关性,这一实验结果对于探讨萝卜Cd²⁺害的生化机理是有重要意义的。     

缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)对海水中镉富集规律的研究

论文利用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法,研究在不同Cd²⁺浓度(0.005 mg·L^-1、0.025 mg·L^-1、0.05 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1)暴露下缢蛏对水体Cd²⁺的富集规律。结果表明,缢蛏对重金属Cd²⁺有一定的富集能力,其软体组织对Cd²⁺的富集量、富集速率随暴露剂量增加而升高,并在168 h的暴露时间内,体内Cd含量及其富集倍数(BCM)与暴露时间呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);缢蛏不同组织对Cd的富集能力(富集量、富集速率、富集倍数)存在显著差异,其消化腺、鳃和肌肉组织对Cd富集能力的大小表现为:消化腺>鳃>肌肉。与其他贝类对Cd的富集情况相比,缢蛏不是Cd的强净积累者。     

可口革囊星虫对Cd2+和Hg2+的富集及其影响

采用原子吸收、原子荧光等分析检测技术,探讨了Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺在可口革囊星虫中的富集规律及其对生长与主要营养成分的影响.结果表明: 在试验设定的胁迫浓度内,可口革囊星虫体壁肌肉对Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺的富集均随胁迫时间的延长而增加,最终达到饱和浓度;环境中Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺浓度越高,富集速度越快,达到饱和的时间越短,饱和浓度也越高.可口革囊星虫体质量增长随着重金属胁迫浓度的升高而减慢,且联合胁迫的影响程度大于单一胁迫.体壁肌肉蛋白质含量随重金属胁迫浓度的增加而升高,Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺分别在0.05和0.02 mg·L^-1胁迫浓度下达到最高,然后开始降低.联合胁迫也呈同样的规律,且影响程度更大.体壁肌肉脂肪含量随重金属胁迫浓度的增加而降低,联合胁迫下降低程度更大.     

镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生理生态的变化

用不同浓度Cd2 + 处理玉米种子 ,在室内常规培养 ,研究了种子萌发和幼苗生理生态的变化。结果表明 ,镉影响玉米种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。当Cd2 + 浓度高于 5 0mg·L-1时 ,显著抑制种子的发芽率 ;随Cd2 + 浓度的增加 ,根系长度和侧根数减小 ;在Cd2 + 浓度小于 5mg·L-1时 ,镉刺激苗高和根系及地上部干物质量增加 ,当Cd2 + 浓度超过相应浓度时 ,苗高和根系及地上部的生长量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而降低。镉胁迫下幼苗根系活力和叶绿素含量明显降低 ,根内丙二醛含量增加。镉影响玉米幼苗对矿质元素的吸收。根系和茎叶中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而增加 ,K、Zn的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而减少。     

铁镉互作对水稻脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用营养液培养方法,以‘沈农265’为供试品种,研究不同Fe(0、0.1、0.25、0.5 mmol Fe²⁺·L^-1 )、Cd(0、0.1、1.0 μmol Cd²⁺·L^-1)处理对水稻植株体内脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 单独供应Fe显著降低了水稻地上部和根系生物量,同时供应Cd后生物量不再下降;单独供应Cd降低了根系中丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量,而同时供应Fe时这种降低作用消失.Fe处理降低了水稻地上部和根系Cd含量,Cd处理也降低了Fe含量,两者表现出明显的相互抑制作用.高Cd(1.0 μmol·L^-1)和Fe互作,增加了水稻根系中MDA和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.表明在低Cd环境中为水稻提供一定数量的外源Fe能降低植株Cd含量;但高Cd胁迫将降低水稻对Fe的吸收,并导致植株体内产生脂质过氧化.     

硅对镉胁迫下香椿幼苗光合特性和离子吸收的影响

为探究硅对镉胁迫下香椿的缓解机制,以香椿幼苗为材料,采用水培法调查施加不同浓度硅(0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1)对镉(200μmol·L^-1)胁迫下香椿幼苗的生长指标、渗透平衡、离子吸收、光合特性、抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：镉胁迫显著抑制香椿幼苗的生长,降低其根系活力、离子含量、光合色素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r);而相对电导率、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著增加。与单独镉处理相比,施加硅后,香椿幼苗的生长指标、根系活力、铁(Fe²⁺)、锰(Mn²⁺)、锌(Zn²⁺)、铜(Cu²⁺)离子含量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及气体交换参数(除C_i)均显著提高,而镉离子(Cd²⁺)...     

养猪场养殖废水与化肥配施对小麦中微量元素含量和品质的影响

以淮河以南麦区大面积种植的春性小麦品种扬麦18为供试材料,研究了越冬期不同用量养猪处理废水（30、60、90和120 m³·hm^-2）和穗期施氮水平（0、30、60和90 kg·hm^-2）对小麦中微量元素含量和籽粒品质的影响.结果表明： 小麦地上部植株Ca、Mg和Fe含量随着生育期的推进先下降后上升,Cu、Zn和Mn含量则呈不断下降趋势.Ca、Mg、Cu和Zn含量除拔节期以外,均以施用处理废水120 m³·hm^-2并穗期施氮90 kg·hm^-2为最高;各生育期Fe和Mn含量均以施用处理废水120 m³·hm^-2并穗期施氮90 kg·hm^-2为最高.Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe和Mn含量在各生育期均随着处理废水施用量的增加而增加.在品质方面,施用处理废水90 m³·hm^-2并穗期施氮60 kg·hm^-2为最佳施肥模式.养猪处理废水通过厌氧无害化处理后与氮肥配施应用于小麦栽培,能促进小麦植株微量元素的提高并改善籽粒品质,整体而言,以越冬期施入60~120 m³·hm^-2处理废水、穗期配施氮肥90 kg·hm^-2为宜.     

Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of microsomal membranes from bovine aortic smooth muscle: effects of Sr2+ and Cd2+ on Ca2+ uptake and formation of the phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase

The effects of various divalent cations on the Ca2+ uptake by microsomes from bovine aortic smooth muscle were studied. High concentrations (1 mM) of Co2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+ inhibited neither the Ca2+ uptake by the microsomes nor the formation of the phosphorylated intermediate (E approximately P) of the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of the microsomes. The cadmium ion, however, inhibited both the Ca2+ uptake and the E approximately P formation by the microsomes. Dixon plot analysis indicated Cd2+ inhibited (Ki = 135 microM) the Ca2+ dependent E approximately P formation in a non-competitive manner. The inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was lessened by cysteine or dithiothreitol. The strontium ion inhibited the Ca2+ uptake competitively, while the E approximately P formation increased on the addition of Sr2+ at low Ca2+ concentrations. At a low Ca2+ concentration (1 microM), Sr2+ was taken up by the aortic microsomes in the presence of 1 mM ATP. It is thus suggested that Sr2+ replaces Ca2+ at the Ca2+ binding site on the ATPase.     

高浓度镉、锌及其复合作用对烟草抗氧化系统的影响

采用水培方法,研究高浓度镉(0.1 mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、锌(0.15 mmol·L^-1 Zn²⁺)及其复合作用(0.1 mmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺+0.15 mmol·L^-1Zn²⁺)对烟草种子的萌发率、幼苗叶片活性氧(ROS)水平、抗氧化物浓度、抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化程度的影响.结果表明: 单因子条件下,与对照相比,高浓度镉、锌处理烟草种子萌发率降低;叶片超氧自由基(O₂^-· )产生速率与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量升高;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗化血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高;谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及其与氧化型谷胱甘肽比值(GSH/GSSG)下降;丙二醛(MDA)含量升高.与镉、锌单因子处理相比,镉、锌复合处理的烟草种子萌发率显著升高;O₂^-· 产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量降低;CAT、APX、MDAR活性在处理末期升高.镉、锌胁迫对烟草可造成生理水平上的损伤,且毒性效应随着处理时间的延长而增强.镉、锌复合作用可缓解镉、锌单因子胁迫对烟草幼苗的毒害.     

Effect of K+ and H+ stress and role of Ca2+ in the regulation of intracellular K+ concentration in mung bean roots

The effects of external K⁺, H⁺ and Ca2⁺ concentrations on the intracellular K+ concentration, [K⁺]i, and the K⁺-ATPase activity in 2-day-old mung bean roots [ Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] were investigated. [K⁺]i, in mung bean roots was markedly decreased by external K⁺ or H⁺ stress and did not recover the initial value even after the stress was removed. This decrease in [K⁺]i, gradually disappeared with the addition of (Ca2⁺. Ca2⁺ may offset the harmful effects of ion stress. Ca2⁺ seems to have two effects on K+ transport; control of K⁺ permeability and activation of K⁺ uptake, although K⁺-ATPase activity was inhibited by Ca2⁺ concentrations higher than 10–4 M. We suggest that Ca2⁺ activates K⁺ uptake indirectly through the acidification of the cytoplasm.     

Excretion of ions (Cd2+, Li+, Na+ and Cl−) by Tamarix aphylla

Excretion of minerals by the NaCl-resistant and comparatively cadmium-resistant tree Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, was investigated. Cd²⁺ was excreted by plants exposed for 1–10 days to 9 or 45 μ M Cd²⁺ solutions. Excretion of this toxic ion increased considerably with time but was less than 5% of the quantities that had been accumulated in the shoots. Excretion of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ was positively correlated with NaCl concentration (1.5, 10, 50 m M ) of the medium. The Na⁺/Cl⁻ ratios of the excrete were positively correlated with the concentration of the treatment solution. Ca²⁺ excretion decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations of the solution. Excretion of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ was only little affected by NaCl. Excretion of Li⁺ occurred whenever this element was supplied in the uptake solution; daily excretion rates of Li⁺ increased with time. The ecological significance of excretion is discussed in relation to the low selectivity of the mechanism in T. aphylla .     

Cd2+ versus Ca2+-produced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: a proposed direct participation of respiratory complexes I and III

A comparison of Cd²⁺ and Ca²⁺ effects on in vitro rat liver mitochondria function and a further study of their interaction were conducted. Similarity and distinction in action of rotenone, oligomycin, N-ethylmaleimide, dithiothreitol, catalase, dibucaine, ruthenium red, cyclosporin A (CsA), and ADP on Cd²⁺ and/or Ca²⁺-induced mitochondrial dysfunction were revealed. We found that rotenone exerted a strong protective action both against Ca²⁺ and Cd²⁺-produced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP). In contrast to Ca²⁺, catalase and dibucaine did not influence on main Cd²⁺ effects. In NH₄NO₃ medium N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) at low concentrations increased markedly Cd²⁺-produced swelling of non-energized mitochondria, whereas it exhibited a partial reversal effect following energization. In sucrose medium low [NEM] did not change Cd²⁺-produced mitochondrial swelling. High [NEM] promoted synergistic increase of the Cd²⁺-produced swelling in NH₄NO₃ medium; all above effects were reversed (and prevented) by dithiothreitol, DTT. We shown also that when exogenous Ca²⁺ and P_i were simultaneously present in NH₄NO₃ medium, DTT reversed only partially Cd²⁺-produced swelling of succinate plus rotenone-energized mitochondria, while DTT recovery action was complete when either Ca²⁺ or P_i were separately administered to the Cd²⁺-treated mitochondria. Besides, DTT added following a low Cd²⁺ pulse in KCl medium containing exogenous Ca²⁺ induced a substantial enhancing of sustained Cd²⁺ stimulation of mitochondrial basal respiration and the stimulation was CsA-sensitive, while the activation promoted by low [Cd²⁺] alone was totally eliminated by DTT supplement. We observed the similar respiratory activation earlier when high concentrations of Cd²⁺ in the absence of added Ca²⁺ were used but it was completely CsA-insensitive. A possible involvement of respiratory chain components, namely complex I (P-site) and complex III (S-site) in Cd²⁺and/or Ca²⁺-produced MMP was discussed.     

改性粉煤灰对废水中镉的吸附作用

以工业固废粉煤灰(FA)为原料,将其与NaOH和Ca(OH)₂混合后,在250 ℃下焙烧1.5 h,制得改性粉煤灰(MFA).利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、全自动比表面积分析仪(BET)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)等技术分析MFA的理化性质.BET分析表明,MFA的比表面积比FA增大了20.6倍.SEM分析表明,FA表面玻璃相溶解,表面粗糙,具有多孔结构.FTIR分析表明,-OH官能团在Cd²⁺的吸附过程中具有重要作用.静态吸附试验研究表明,当MFA的投加量为0.2 g、Cd²⁺初始浓度为100 mg·L^-1、溶液pH为7、25 ℃下吸附90 min时,Cd²⁺的去除率达到97.3%;共存阳离子(K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺)均会抑制MFA对Cd²⁺的吸附,其中Ca²⁺的抑制作用最强.Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学方程能较好地描述Cd²⁺在MFA上的吸附行为,且最大吸附量为55.77 mg·g^-1.热力学研究表明,MFA对Cd²⁺的吸附是一个自发的吸热过程.MFA吸附能力优于FA,在废水处理方面有一定的应用前景.     

Transport interactions between cadmium and zinc in roots of bread and durum wheat seedlings

Field studies have shown that the addition of Zn to Cd-containing soils can help reduce accumulation of Cd in crop plants. To understand the mechanisms involved, this study used ¹⁰⁹Cd and ⁶⁵Zn to examine the transport interactions of Zn and Cd at the root cell plasma membrane of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ). Results showed that Cd²⁺ uptake was inhibited by Zn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ uptake was inhibited by Cd²⁺. Concentration-dependent uptake of both Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ consisted of a combination of linear binding by cell walls and saturable, Michaelis-Menten influx across the plasma membrane. Saturable influx data from experiments with and without 10 µm concentrations of the corresponding inhibiting ion were converted to double reciprocal plots. The results revealed a competitive interaction between Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺, confirming that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ share a common transport system at the root cell plasma membrane in both bread and durum wheat. The study suggests that breeding or agronomic strategies that aim to decrease Cd uptake or increase Zn uptake must take into account the potential accompanying change in transport of the competing ion.     

Effects of Cd2+ and EDTA on young sugar beets (Beta vulgaris). I. Cd2+ uptake and sugar accumulation

Sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris L. cv. Monohill) grown in a complete nutrient solution, were treated with Cd²⁺ (5 or 50 μ M ) and/or EDTA (10 or 100 μ M ) in different combinations. The Cd contents of five-week-old roots and shoots were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were measured enzymatically. The Cd²⁺ uptake in both roots and shoots shows a linear relationship to the concentration of free Cd²⁺ in the nutrient solution. This uptake is diminished in the presence of EDTA, suggesting that the Cd-EDTA complex is unable to penetrate the membranes. The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in both roots and shoots decrease with increasing uptake of free Cd²⁺. This may be a secondary effect caused by the inhibition of photosynthesis in the presence of Cd²⁺. EDTA reduces the inhibition of Cd²⁺ on sugar formation and accumulation. In the presence of EDTA alone the sugar content increases somewhat. EDTA slightly influences the dry weights of whole plants. The ratio roots:whole plants increases. Cd²⁺ (≤ 50 μ M ) increases the dry matter portion of roots by ca 30%, but not that of shoots.