慢病毒介导CDCA5敲低的三阴乳腺癌细胞的构建及鉴定

目的:利用RNA干扰技术与慢病毒感染体系构建稳定干涉细胞分裂周期相关蛋白5(CDCA5)基因的三阴乳腺癌细胞系,研究CDCA5在三阴乳腺癌细胞增殖过程中发挥的功能。方法:首先通过分子克隆技术构建稳定干涉CDCA5基因的慢病毒短发夹RNA(shRNA)质粒,并用PCR、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和深度测序技术进行验证;在此基础上,利用慢病毒感染体系将干涉质粒进行病毒包装、感染三阴乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231,通过SDS-PAGE、Western印迹检测MDA-MB-231细胞中CDCA5蛋白质的表达水平;通过细胞活力检测实验研究干涉CDCA5对三阴乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231细胞增殖能力的影响。结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳与DNA测序结果显示稳定干涉CDCA5载体构建成功;SDS-PAGE及Western印迹结果显示稳定干涉CDCA5质粒在MDA-MB-231中获得表达,并能够敲低CDCA5蛋白表达水平,稳定干涉CDCA5的三阴乳腺癌细胞系构建成功;细胞活力检测实验结果表明,与对照组相比,干涉CDCA5蛋白表达水平能有效抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖能力。结论:运用RNA干扰技术与慢病毒感染体系能够构建稳定干涉CDCA5的三阴乳腺癌细胞系,该细胞系的建立为进一步研究CDCA5在三阴乳腺癌发生、发展及转移过程中的作用及分子机制提供了重要的实验材料。     

慢病毒介导的靶向c-Met可诱导shRNA稳定乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞系的构建及生物活性鉴定

目的:探讨适当敲除c-Met后对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响。方法:设计3条针对c-Met基因不同位点的短发夹RNA(shRNA)片段,将其连接到TA载体上,瞬时转染MDA-MB-231细胞,采用RT-PCR、Western印迹检测c-Met mRNA及蛋白表达情况,挑选沉默效率最佳的shRNA。以scramble为阴性对照,MDA-MB-231细胞为空白对照,挑选沉默效率最佳的TA-shRNA,并将其与pSD400慢病毒载体连接,利用293T细胞进行慢病毒组装,收集病毒液并感染MDA-MB-231细胞,将嘌呤霉素与MDA-MB-231细胞共培养,筛选稳定表达shRNA的细胞株。利用多西环素对稳定细胞系进行诱导,Western印迹检测稳定细胞系c-Met蛋白的表达量,MTT法检测敲低c-Met对稳定细胞系增殖的影响。结果:测序结果表明模板序列与设计序列正确,并筛选出沉默效率最高的shRNA为shRNA1,慢病毒包装后筛选出稳定细胞株,适当敲除MDA-MB-231细胞c-Met基因后细胞的增殖明显低于对照组。结论:构建了针对c-Met基因可诱导shRNA的乳腺癌稳定细胞系,为探讨适当敲除c-Met基因后乳腺癌细胞对化疗、放疗敏感性检测奠定了基础。     

MicroRNA-221/222对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞阿霉素耐药性的影响

目的:探讨微小RNA-221/222(miR-221/222)对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/阿霉素(DOX)细胞DOX耐药性的影响。方法:采用脂质体法转染miR-221/222抑制物(miR-221/222 inhibitor)至MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞内(Inhibitor组),同时设立空白对照组和转染无关序列的阴性对照组,采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测MDA-MB-231细胞株及MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞株的miR-221/222表达水平及转染效率;CCK-8法检测转染48 h后MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞对DOX药物敏感性的变化;流式细胞术(FCM)检测转染MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞的细胞凋亡率;蛋白免疫印迹实验(WB)检测转染后MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞内促凋亡蛋白p53上调凋亡调控因子(PUMA),Bcl2蛋白修饰因子(BMF)以及细胞周期蛋白激酶抑制因子p27(p27Kip1)的表达情况。结果:MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞中的miR-221/222表达水平高于亲本MDA-MB-231细胞(P0.05);MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞转染miR-221/222 inhibitor 96 h后,miR-221/222的表达水平低于空白对照组和阴性对照组(P0.05);与空白对照组相比,MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞转染miR-221/222 inhibitor 48h后,DOX继续处理48 h后,细胞的凋亡率明显升高,且细胞内的促凋亡蛋白PUMA,BMF以及p27Kip1的表达均增加(P0.05);DOX对inhibitor组耐药细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)显著低于空白对照组细胞及阴性对照组(P0.05)。结论:miR-221/222能够增加MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞对DOX的耐药性,这可能与下调促凋亡蛋白的表达有关;降低miR-221/222水平可诱导MDA-MB-231/DOX凋亡,并且上调促凋亡蛋白的表达,从而部分逆转MDA-MB-231/DOX对DOX的耐药性。     

沉默FBI-1基因对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和凋亡的影响

本研究旨在观察短发夹状RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)介导的人类免疫缺陷病毒短转录诱导物连接因子1 (FBI-1)基因沉默对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和凋亡的影响。用qRT-PCR和Western blot分别检测FBI-1、Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved-Caspase3和Survivin的mRNA和/或蛋白的表达水平;采用shRNA干扰技术沉默MDA-MB-231细胞中FBI-1基因的表达;用CCK-8法以及克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;用裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测细胞的成瘤能力。结果显示,MDA-MB-231细胞的FBI-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平明显高于正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A;经shRNA靶向沉默FBI-1基因表达后,细胞增殖能力明显降低,细胞凋亡率显著增高,伴随Bcl-2和Survivin蛋白表达明显下调、Bax蛋白表达显著上调和Caspase 3活化,MDA-MB-231细胞的裸鼠皮下成瘤能力受抑制。以上结果提示,靶向沉默FBI-1基因表达可以抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞的裸鼠皮下成瘤能力。     

BSP基因RNA干扰对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231BO细胞生物学特性的影响

旨在研究RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)抑制骨唾液酸蛋白(bone sialoprotein,BSP)基因表达后对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231BO生物学特性的影响。应用pSilencer5.1-U6Retro构建针对BSP基因的siRNA逆转录病毒重组表达质粒,将重组质粒转染293细胞制备病毒悬液感染MDA-MB-231BO细胞,利用嘌呤霉素筛选抑制BSP表达的乳腺癌细胞。Western blotting检测细胞内BSP蛋白表达,采用MTT法和集落形成试验检测细胞的增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。结果显示,成功构建BSP基因RNAi稳定转染的231BO-BSP27细胞。231BO-BSP27细胞内BSP蛋白表达抑制率为69.3%,与对照组细胞相比,231BO-BSP27细胞的生长速率和克隆形成率明显降低;S期细胞数量明显减少,G0/G1期细胞增多。由此证实,逆转录病毒介导的RNAi能实现BSP基因稳定沉默,从而抑制MDA-MB-231BO细胞的生长和增殖。     

运用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除人源黏着斑蛋白基因

目的:建立CRISPR/Cas9n系统,用于敲除人源黏着斑蛋白(VCL)基因。方法:设计一个靶向人源VCL基因第3个外显子的单向导RNA(sgRNA),分别克隆表达载体后,通过慢病毒转入人MDA-MB-231细胞,通过PCR及Western印迹检测细胞株中VCL基因的敲除效果。结果:测序结果显示靶向VCL基因CRISPR/Cas9重组质粒构建成功;PCR产物测序结果表明本次设计的Cas9/sgRNA能够对VCL基因进行编辑敲除;Western印迹显示Cas9-VCL组的MDA-MB-231细胞内VCL表达水平较对照组显著降低。结论:通过CRISPR/Cas9系统获得了靶向VCL基因的重组质粒,构建的重组质粒能有效敲除VCL。     

Akt3稳定表达细胞株的建立及其对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响

目的 构建人蛋白激酶Bγ（Akt3）基因编码区序列（cDNA）的真核表达载体、建立其稳定表达细胞株并观察其对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响.方法 从流产胎儿脑组织中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法扩增Akt3 cDNA的全长序列后克隆入pEGFP-N2质粒中,构建成Akt3基因真核表达载体,然后转染入MDA-MB-231细胞中,新霉素筛选稳定转染细胞克隆,通过MTT实验,研究转染Akt3基因前后细胞增殖的变化.结果 重组载体经酶切鉴定和测序证实目的 基因正确无误.Western印迹检测结果显示AKT3融合蛋白在MDA-MB-231细胞中表达良好,而转染空载体及未转染细胞对照中未见有此融合蛋白质条带;MTT结果显示AKT3表达上调的稳定克隆组,其增殖活性显著高于空载体稳定转染细胞组及未转染亲代细胞组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,而后两者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 Akt3过表达可增强MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖.     

敲低CXCR4表达抑制胃癌细胞HGC27的增殖

目的:初步探索CXCR4与胃癌细胞HGC27增殖的关系。方法:构建携带CXCR4短发夹RNA(shRNA)的慢病毒载体质粒,并转染至293T细胞中,48 h后收集上清感染HGC27细胞,用Western印迹鉴定其干扰CXCR4蛋白表达的效果,采用CCK8实验检测敲低CXCR4表达对HGC27细胞增殖的影响。结果:双酶切鉴定和基因测序表明敲低CXCR4慢病毒载体质粒构建成功;慢病毒感染后有效抑制HGC27细胞中CXCR4蛋白水平,敲低CXCR4表达对HGC27细胞增殖有显著的抑制作用。结论:CXCR4参与了胃癌细胞HGC27的增殖,提示CXCR4有望成为一个新的胃癌治疗靶点。     

串联亲和标签LOX蛋白慢病毒表达载体的构建及在乳腺癌细胞中的表达

目的:为了研究赖氨酰氧化酶(Lysyl Oxidase,LOX)及其相互作用蛋白质在乳腺癌中的功能,构建带StrepⅡ/FLAG串联亲和标签的重组LOX蛋白慢病毒表达载体并在乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231中表达。方法:设计引物通过聚合酶链式反应获得带StrepⅡ/FLAG串联亲和标签的LOX蛋白(LOX-SF)的亲本质粒,双酶切后鉴定测序克隆至GV303表达载体,连同慢病毒包装质粒共同转染293T得到GV303/LOX-SF慢病毒,将其转染MDA-MB-231细胞,使用荧光定量PCR和蛋白质印迹实验对细胞中重组蛋白LOX-SF进行检测。结果:通过串联亲和纯化获得LOX-SF重组蛋白,使用标签抗体成功鉴定到LOX-SF重组蛋白在MDA-MB-231细胞内稳定表达。结论:GV303/LOX-SF的构建,使带StrepⅡ/FLAG融合标签的LOX蛋白在MDA-MB-231中成功表达及纯化,为筛选和研究LOX及其相互作用蛋白在乳腺癌细胞内的功能奠定了实验基础。     

RNA干扰对MDA-MB-231细胞中CaSR基因表达的影响

目的:运用RNA干扰技术,观察siRNA表达载体在乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231中对CaSR基因表达的影响。方法:构建靶向CaSR基因的RNA干扰表达载体,用脂质体转染乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,运用Real-Time荧光定量PCR,Westernblot技术分别从mRNA以及蛋白表达水平检测CaSR基因表达的变化。结果:所构建的质粒载体成功的在MDA-MB-231细胞中抑制了CaSR mRNA及其蛋白的表达。与对照组相比,psiRNA-CaSR载体对CaSR mRNA的抑制率达到65%,对CaSR蛋白抑制率约为70%。结论:实验证明所设计的shRNA片段可以有效地抑制CaSR基因的表达,为下一步研究工作奠定了基础。     

Influence of method of presentation on results of plant-host preference tests with two species of grasshopper

Leaf material of two Piper spp. (Piperaceae) was presented to two different generalist herbivores (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to determine whether method of leaf presentation in preference trials affects choice. For the grasshopper Leptomerinthoprora brevipennis, the method of presentation had no effect on preference ranking: more of Piper sancti-felicis was eaten than of P. arieianum, regardless of whether leaf material was presented as leaf disks, whole leaves supplemented with water, or whole leaves without water. In contrast, preference of the grasshopper Abracis flavolineata depended on presentation method. In that case, whole leaves of P. scancti-felicis supplemented with water were preferred over the same of P. arieianum, while dry weight consumption of leaf disks of P. arieianum was greater than that for disks of P. sancti-felicis. When presented with leaves not supplemented with water, A. flavolineata showed no significant preference for one plant species over another.

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Résumé Des feuilles provenant de deux espèces de Piper (Piperacae) ont été proposées à deux Orthoptères, Acrididae, herbivores généralistes, pour déterminer si la méthode de présentation des feuilles modifiait le choix. Pour Leptomerinthoprora brevipennis, la méthode de présentation est sans influence sur l'ordre de préférence; la consommation de Piper sancti-felicis est toujours supérieure à celle de P. arieianum, quelque soit le mode de présentation: disques de feuilles, feuilles entières humidifiées, ou feuilles entières sans addition d'eau. A l'opposé, l'ordre de préférence de Abracis flavolineata dépend du type de présentation; les feuilles entières humidifiées de P. sancti-felicis sont préférées à celles de P. arieianum proposées de la même façon, tandis que la consommation de disques secs de P. arieianum est plus importante que celle des disques secs de P. sancti-felicis. En présence de feuilles entières humidifiées, A. flavolineata ne manifeste aucune préférence.

     

Diversity of the Carbohydrate Composition of the Antigenic Polysaccharides of Proteobacteria of the Genera Pseudoalteromonasand Marinomonas

The sugar analysis of the glycans of the type strains of marine proteobacteria of the genera Pseudoalteromonasand Marinomonas—Pseudoalteromonas atlanticaIAM12927^T, P. aurantiaNCIMB 2033^T, P. citreaATCC 29719^T, P. elyakoviiKMM 162^T, P. espejianaATCC 29659^T, P. piscicidaNCIMB 645^T, P. tetraodonisIAM 14160^T, Marinomonas communisATCC 27118^T, and M. vagaATCC 27119^T—showed that they contain glucose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, rhamnose, mannose, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), uronic acids, colitose (3,6-dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose), and 6-deoxy-L-talose. The carbohydrate composition of the antigenic polysaccharides (PSs) of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Tand P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tdepended on the type and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the nutrient media. The molar proportion between rhamnose, glucose, and galactose (ca. 1 : 0.3 : 2) in the PS of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Twas almost the same in the media lacking carbohydrates or containing glucose or galactose at a concentration of 1 g/l. At the same time, the molar proportion between fucose, glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and glucosamine (ca. 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 0.5) in the PS of P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tdepended on the presence and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the medium. A high concentration of glucose in the medium (30 g/l) brought about a rise in the content of glucose in PSs (9-fold for the PS of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Tand 4.6-fold for the PS of P. espejianaATCC 29659^T) and led to a decrease in the content of other carbohydrates. The cultivation of these two strains at a lactose concentration of 30 g/l resulted in their PSs containing glucose and galactose in about equal proportions (ca. 1 : 1 in the case of P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tand ca. 2.1 : 1.7 in the case of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^T).     

Seasonal study of the fungal biota of the fur of dogs

During a one year period, 944 dogs from the Municipal kennel of Barcelona were examined to detect animals with suspected dermatophytosis. Only a few animals (1.8%) presented skin lesions but none of them had dermatophytosis. A representative number of dogs without visible skin lesions (n=172), selected at random, were used to carry out a seasonal study of the mycobiota of their fur. Fifteen isolates belonging to the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton were isolated from 14 of the 172 (8.1%) dogs without lesions. The identity of these fungi was Microsporum gypseum (6/15), Trichophyton terrestre (4/15), M. canis (2/15), M. cookei (2/15) and Trichophyton ajelloi (1/15) (one strain each of M. gypseum and T. ajelloi were isolated from one dog). Species of Penicillium (% prevalence=89.5%), Alternaria (86.6%), Cladosporium (84.9%), Aspergillus (77.3%), Scopulariopsis (65.7%) and Chrysosporium (64.5%) were the most prevalent. No significant differences in the fungal biota were observed with respect to age, gender, hair length or between mixed and pure breed dogs. A large number of isolates, including species belonging to the genera Beauveria, Chrysosporium, Malbranchea and Scopulariopsis, that macroscopically and/or microscopically resemble dermatophytes and may be mistaken for them, produced a red color change in Dermatophyte Test Medium. No significant seasonal difference was detected among the isolates belonging to the the most frequently encountered genera, with the exception of Scopulariopsis (higher in summer and autumn) and Chrysosporium (higher in summer). Species from other genera, with lower occurrence also presented significant differences in their seasonal distribution. Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium and Phoma spp. presented maximum prevalence peaks in spring, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Phoma and Rhizopus spp. in summer and Geotrichum and Mucor spp. in autumn. The Microsporum and Trichophyton species were more frequently isolated in summer.     

Comparison of the profiles of non-glycosylated triterpenoids from leaves of plants of selected species of genus Dioscorea

Remarkable qualitative and quantitative differences in non-glycosylated triterpenoid profiles of twelve Dioscorea spp. leaves were demonstrated with the use of GC–MS/FID analysis. The total content of tetracyclic triterpenoids and their esters ranged from 397 μg/g of dry leaf weight in D. bulbifera to 762 μg/g d.w. in D. discolor and 777 μg/g d.w. in D. alata. Three main phytosterols, i.e. campesterol (1), sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) were found in extracts from all analyzed species in total amount ranging from 316 μg/g in D. bulbifera to 676 μg/g of dry leaf weight in D. hispida, with either sitosterol (2) or stigmasterol (3) as predominant in the profile. Extracts from D. hispida and D. purpurea leaves were distinguished from the others by particularly high amount of campesterol (1). In the majority of the species, except for D. caucasica, other tetracyclic triterpenoids were found: cycloartanol (4), 24-methylenecycloartanol (5) and cycloeucalenol (6). Less common steroids, stigmastan-3-en-6β-ol (7) and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (8) were detected in D. japonica. The significant content (992 μg/g) of pentacyclic triterpenoids of ursane, oleanane, taraxastane and taraxerene (friedooleanane)-type carbon skeletons, i.e. α-amyrin (9), β-amyrin (10), taraxasterol (11) and taraxerol (12), respectively, was found in D. caucasica. The obtained results supplement the knowledge of biochemical diversity of Dioscorea genus.     

Effects of different batches of iodine on properties of I-hFSH and characteristics of radioligand-receptor assays

Radioiodination of highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) (4000 IU/mg) was performed every other week for 23 weeks using 2 mCi carrier free Na ¹²⁵I (Amersham Corp., 15 mCi/μg I₂) in the presence of lactoperoxidase. Incorporation of ¹²⁵I into hFSH was determined by the method of [7.]Biochem. J. 89, 114). Hormone binding was studied in vitro under steady-state conditions (16 h, 20°C) using different calf testis membrane preparations having similar receptor characteristics. Each ¹²⁵I-hFSH preparation was characterized for maximum bindability, specific activity of bindable radioligand as determined by self-displacement analysis, and by determination of K_a and R_t. Incorporation of ¹²⁵I into FSH was relatively constant over the large number of experiments (62.4 ± 6.4 μCi/μg; n = 23). By comparison, however, specific radioactivity of the receptor bindable fraction of ¹²⁵I-hFSH was related to the lot of ¹²⁵I utilized, and was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower and more variable (28.7 ± 10.5 μCi/μg). Maximum bindability of ¹²⁵I-hFSH was not correlated to specific activity (r = 0.06) but was negatively correlated to hFSH ¹²⁵I incorporation (r = −0.47; P ≤ 0.05). These observations demonstrate the need to assess the quality of each batch of radioligand before undertaking radioligand-receptor assays and suggest that differences in Na¹²⁵I lots affect specific radioactivity of the radioligand and its receptor binding characteristics.     

Estimation of genome sizes of hyperthermophiles

Genomes of various hyperthermophilic and extremely thermophilic prokaryotes were analyzed with respect to size, physical organization, and 16S rDNA copy number. Our results show that all the genomes are circular, and they are in the size range of 1.6–1.8 Mb for Pyrodictium abyssi, Methanococcus igneus, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Archaeoglobus lithotrophicus, and Archaeoglobus profundus (the two bacteria Fervidobacterium islandicum and Thermosipho africanus possess genomes of 1.5-Mb size). A systematic study of all validly described species of the order Sulfolobales revealed the existence of two classes of genome size for these archaea, correlating with phylogenetic analyses. The Metallosphaera–Acidianus group, plus Sulfolobus metallicus, have genomes of ca. 1.9 Mb; the other members of the order Sulfolobales group possess genomes >2.7 Mb. The special case of Stygiolobus azoricus is discussed. Received: August 10, 1997 / Accepted: January 1, 1998     

Stimulation by interferon of induction of differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells

F₁-ATPase was isolated from yeast $\text{S.}\text{cerevisiae}$. The constituent subunits 1 and 2 were purified by gel permeation chromatography, and their amino acid compositions determined. Both subunits have a similar composition except for $\text{1}\text{2}$ cystine, methionine, leucine, histidine, and tryptophan. When F₁ is treated for three hours with 5′-p-[³H]fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine in dimethylsulfoxide, 90% of the activity is lost. Disc gel electrophoresis of the modified complex showed that over 90% of the label was associated with subunit 2. A labelled peptide from a $\text{S.}\text{aureus}$ digest of subunit 2 was isolated and sequenced. It had the following amino acid sequence: His-Try¹-Asp-Val-Ala-Ser-Lys-Val-Gln-Glu, whereby Tyr¹ is the modified amino acid residue. This sequence shows homology to other sequences obtained from maize, beef heart, and $\text{E.}\text{coli}$ F₁-ATPases.     

Effect of temperature on the duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of sciomyzid flies, predators of the snail Lymnaea truncatula

The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.

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Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.

     

Pollen analysis of honeys from the northwest of Argentina: Province of Jujuy

The palynological characterisation of 157 honey samples from three northwest regions of Argentina (Prepuna, Yungas and Chaco) are presented to determine their botanical origin and species associations to be able to define their geographic origin. Samples were harvested during 2003–2011 and processed by means of melissopalynological conventional techniques. One-hundred and nine pollen types were identified. Representative pollen types with a frequency of occurrence greater than 50% in descending order of importance are: Salix humboldtiana, Allophylus edulis, Baccharis, Solanaceae, Eucalyptus, Schinus, Brassicaceae, Papilionoideae, Celtis, Scutia/Condalia-type and Parapiptadenia excelsa. The most important monofloral honeys are from the following: Salix humboldtiana, Scutia/Condalia-type, Allophylus edulis, Baccharis, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Gleditsia amorphoides, Myrtaceae, Sicyos, Ziziphus mistol, Schinopsis-type, Agonandra excelsa, Anadenathera colubrina, Mimosa, all of them native species, and among introduced species are Eucalyptus, Citrus and Tithonia. Three apicultural zones and their corresponding pollen association indicators were determined: Zone I, Prepuna: Arquita trichocarpa, Prosopis ferox, Schinus areira, Baccharis, Buddleja and Mutisieae; Zone II, Yungas: Myrtaceae, Parapiptadenia excelsa, Baccharis, Salix humboldtiana, Allophylus edulis, Scutia/Condalia-type and Zanthoxylum coco; Zone III, transitional area Yungas-Chaco: Prosopis, Salix humboldtiana, Schinus, Anadenanthera colubrina and Allophylus edulis.