一株高乙醇耐受的嗜热细菌Anoxybacillus sp. WP06的性质研究

厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)的菌株WP06是一株兼性厌氧的嗜热细菌, 能利用木糖、阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖等产生乙醇。不像绝大多数嗜热细菌, WP06菌株在高温下表现出极高的乙醇耐受力, 60oC时在8%的乙醇胁迫下才出现生长抑制现象, 15%的乙醇胁迫下仍能生长, 是目前已知的乙醇耐受力最高的嗜热细菌。WP06菌株突破了人们对高温下细菌耐受乙醇浓度的极限认识, 是研究高温下乙醇耐受机制的良好出发菌株。     

嗜热性乙醇发酵的研究进展

本文介绍了嗜热硫化氢梭菌,布氏嗜热厌氧细菌、乙醇嗜热厌氧杆菌,热纤梭菌等嗜热乙醇苗的生长特性以及嗜热性乙醇发酵过程中与终产物形成相关的酶学特性和代谢调控机理,最后讨论了几种提高乙醇产量的技术。     

一株高效降解木糖的耐酸、嗜热厌氧杆菌的生理特性及产物分析

【目的】分离高效降解木糖的嗜热厌氧杆菌菌株,用于发酵生产生物燃料乙醇,为后继的构建基因工程菌株及联合生物工艺提供材料。【方法】运用亨盖特厌氧操作技术从胜利油田油层采出液两年的富集样中分离到一株嗜热厌氧杆菌xyl-d。采用形态学观察、生理生化指标鉴定及基于16S rRNA的系统发育学分析确定其分类地位。【结果】菌株xyl-d为革兰氏阴性厌氧杆菌,菌体大小为(1.35-5.08)μm×(0.27-0.40)μm,单生、成对或成簇生长,芽胞圆形,端生。温度生长范围30-85℃(最适温度65℃);pH范围3.0-10.0(最适pH 7.5);NaCl浓度范围0%-4%(最适NaCl浓度2.0%)。发酵D-木糖的产物是乙醇、乙酸、CO2及少量的异丁醇、丙酸。菌株xyl-d的(G+C)mol%含量为45.6%,与热厌氧杆菌属模式菌株威吉利热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii)DSM10319T及嗜热乙醇杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)DSM2246T的16S rRNA序列相似性均为99.3%。菌株利用D-木糖产乙醇的最佳初始pH为8.5;少量酵母粉能刺激生长并显著提高发酵D-木糖的产醇率,使乙醇成为主要的发酵产物;培养基中乙醇浓度达到7%(V/V)时菌体生长受到抑制,最佳生长条件下D-木糖的降解率可达91.37%,最佳产醇条件下发酵1摩尔D-木糖可产生1.29摩尔的乙醇。【结论】菌株xyl-d是从特殊生境(油藏)中分离到的一株高效降解D-木糖的耐酸、嗜热的厌氧杆菌,其为半纤维素降解产乙醇的联合生物工艺提供了菌源。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素分解菌的分离、鉴定及其酶学特性

【目的】分离高效降解纤维素的嗜热厌氧菌,通过与嗜热产乙醇菌株联合培养的方式,为生产纤维素乙醇提供微生物资源。【方法】利用厌氧分离技术从降解纤维素的马粪富集物中分离到一株嗜热厌氧细菌HCp。采用形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、结合16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定该菌株的分类地位,利用DNS酶活分析方法测定此分离菌株的酶学性质。【结果】分离菌株HCp革兰氏染色阴性,直杆,细胞单个或成对出现,菌体大小为(0.35-0.50)μm×(2.42-6.40)μm,严格厌氧,形成芽胞,能运动,对新霉素有一定的抗性。此菌能利用滤纸纤维素、纤维素粉、微晶纤维素、脱脂棉和水稻秸秆、明胶等,还可以利用葡萄糖、纤维二糖、木糖、木聚糖、果糖、蔗糖、核糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、山梨糖、海藻糖、蜜二糖、甘露糖等。该菌株在pH6.5-8.5、温度35-70℃、盐浓度0%-1.0%范围内利用纤维素生长,最适pH为6.85,最适温度为60℃,最适NaCl浓度为0.2%,最佳生长条件下,在10 d内滤纸纤维素降解率可达90.40%。在HCp的纤维小体中,滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶的最适作用温度分别为70℃、70℃、70℃、60℃,并且羧甲基纤维素酶具有较高的热稳定性。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株HCp与Acetivibrio cellulolyticus、A.cellulosolvens相似性为97.5%。【结论】分离菌株HCp是从马粪富集物中分离到的一株嗜热厌氧细菌,该菌具有较强的降解纤维素能力,生长温度范围广,酶的热稳定性好,纤维素底物利用广泛等特性,为纤维素降解产乙醇提供了良好的材料。     

耐高温酿酒酵母的构建与高温耐受机制解析

旨在构建优良的高温耐受酿酒酵母菌株，并探究其高温耐受机制。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术在絮凝性工业酿酒酵母KF-7中敲除ASP3(编码L-天冬酰胺酶II)并进一步高表达CRZ1(编码具有锌指结构的转录因子Crz1p)，通过比较转录组解析重组菌株的高温耐受机制。结果显示，在44℃高温条件下，ASP3敲除菌株KAS11利用98.36 g/L葡萄糖产生43.68 g/L乙醇。在KAS11基础上高表达CRZ1后，菌株KASCR7发酵105.37 g/L葡萄糖产48.02 g/L乙醇。与KF-7相比，两个重组菌株的乙醇产量分别提升了4.77%和15.18%。比较转录组分析结果表明，在高温胁迫下，重组菌株的核糖体生物合成及翻译相关基因受到抑制，而热休克蛋白基因以及NAD⁺、NADH、嘌呤、甘油、脯氨酸等合成相关基因受到诱导，这些响应可能共同导致重组菌株的高温耐受性提升。研究结果可为构建高温耐受酿酒酵母菌株提供优良菌株资源和理论基础。     

产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌CGMCC 3963耐受特征及基于转录组学的耐受机制分析

【目的】地衣芽孢杆菌是茅台酒高温大曲中能产酱香风味物质的主要微生物,对酱香型白酒的酿造具有重要价值。而酱香型白酒的酿造环境具有高渗、高温、酸性、高乙醇胁迫等特征,研究产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌在环境胁迫下的耐受特征有利于认识酱香型白酒的酿造特征。【方法】以一株产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 3963)为研究对象,测定其耐渗、耐酸、耐乙醇特征,并从比较转录组学角度系统分析B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963的耐受机制。【结果】B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963在15%的KCl、15%的Na Cl、p H 4.0的酸性环境或6%乙醇浓度下的生长情况明显优于不产酱香的模式菌株B.licheniformis ATCC 14580。转录组比较分析显示B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963中一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。【结论】来源于酿造环境的B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐受能力强于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580,一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。编码脯氨酸和甜菜碱等溶质转运、离子外排、钾离子通道蛋白等基因的差异表达,使得高渗胁迫下B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963生长明显优于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580;编码II类热休克蛋白、乙醇脱氢酶、氧化应激、p H动态平衡等相关基因的差异表达,在提高菌株耐受酸性环境能力上起了重要作用;II类及III类热休克基因的高表达对B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐乙醇能力起了重要作用。     

甲苯胁迫下有机溶剂耐受菌Anoxybacillus flavithermus ssp．yunnanesis E13T膜脂肪酸的变化

摘要:【目的】探讨目前唯一具有有机溶剂耐受性的嗜热细菌新物种Anoxybacillus flavithermus ssp．yunnanesis E13T甲苯胁迫下膜脂肪酸的变化。【方法】在不同条件下培养菌株E13T,收集细胞,提取脂肪酸,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对脂肪酸进行定量测定分析。【结果】0.3% (V/V)甲苯胁迫下生长时,菌株E13T是在从延滞期进入初始生长的时刻显著上调饱和直链脂肪酸含量,然后随着菌体的生长,饱和直链脂肪酸的含量持续减少;在100%甲苯幸存实验中,菌株E13T的饱和直链脂肪酸的增加幅度更为显著。【结论】与常温下的有机溶剂耐受菌一样,A．flavithermus ssp．yunnanesis E13T也是通过调节细胞膜上的脂肪酸,促使细胞膜变硬以抵御甲苯毒性。但是它是通过调节饱和直链脂肪酸,而不是像常温下的有机溶剂耐受菌那样调节不饱和脂肪酸。     

一株油藏嗜热厌氧杆菌的分离、鉴定及代谢产物特征

[目的]了解油藏环境中细菌的生理生化特性及代谢产物.[方法]采用Hungate厌氧操作技术从胜利油田罗801区块油层采出水中分离到一株厌氧杆菌SC-2.采用生理生化鉴定结合16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定该菌株的系统发育地位,用气相色谱分析其代谢产物.[结果]菌株SC-2为严格厌氧的革兰氏阴性杆菌,菌体大小为0.38 um×1.7um-3.9um,单生、成对或成串生长,产端生芽孢.温度生长范围40℃-75℃(最适温度70℃);pH范围5.5-9.5(最适pH 6.5);NaCl浓度范围0%～5%(最适NaCl浓度0%).能够利用葡萄糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖、木糖等多种碳水化合物,发酵葡萄糖的产物是乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、H2、CO2及少量的乳酸.菌株SC-2的(G C)mol%含量为30.8%,与Thermoanaerobacter mathranii subsp.mathranii的16S rDNA序列相似性为99.85%.菌株利用葡萄糖产乙酸、乙醇的最佳初始pH为8.0;酵母粉能刺激生长并显著提高发酵葡萄糖的产酸、产醇率;培养基中添加4%(V/V)的乙醇能明显抑制菌体生长.[结论]菌株SC-2是从特殊生境(油层采出水)中分离到的一株嗜热、耐盐的厌氧菌,其发酵葡萄糖产生的代谢产物有利于改善油藏中的微环境.菌株SC-2与T.mathranii subsp.mathranii 11426T的最适pH和最大耐受NaCl浓度有所不同,且二者的(G C)mol%含量差异较大.     

苦豆子根瘤内生细菌分离及表型多样性分析

对分离自新疆苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)根瘤的60株内生细菌进行了108项表型性状的测定,包括唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH值生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶等.结果表明:新疆苦豆子根瘤内生细菌具有较强的抗逆性,具有较强的耐受高温和耐盐、碱能力.77%的菌株能在50℃条件下生长,43%的菌株能耐受6.0%的NaCl,73%的菌株能在pH为10的碱性环境下生长.聚类分析结果表明在Watson距离为0.26时可聚为11个表观群,代表菌株分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和气芽孢杆菌属(Aerobacillus sp.).     

嗜热厌氧菌乙醇耐受机制的研究进展

生物能源因其原料具有来源丰富、价格低廉和可再生的优点,作为可替代化石能源的潜在能源受到世界各国的高度重视。有些嗜热厌氧菌因为具有木质纤维素降解能力和高温发酵的成本优势,被视为生物质转化乙醇等能源物质的理想微生物而成为近年来研究的热点,但乙醇耐受性较低是限制嗜热厌氧菌在工业化生产中应用的主要因素之一。本文从以下三个方面介绍嗜热厌氧菌乙醇耐受机制的研究进展：（1）嗜热厌氧菌生产乙醇的代谢途径;（2）嗜热厌氧菌的乙醇耐受机制;（3）提高嗜热厌氧菌乙醇耐受性的方法。     

Ethanol and hydrogen production by two thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from Icelandic geothermal areas

Microbial fermentations are potential producers of sustainable energy carriers. In this study, ethanol and hydrogen production was studied by two thermophilic bacteria (strain AK15 and AK17) isolated from geothermal springs in Iceland. Strain AK15 was affiliated with Clostridium uzonii (98.8%), while AK17 was affiliated with Thermoanaerobacterium aciditolerans (99.2%) based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Both strains fermented a wide variety of sugar residues typically found in lignocellulosic materials, and some polysaccharides. In the batch cultivations, strain AK17 produced ethanol from glucose and xylose fermentations of up to 1.6 mol-EtOH/mol-glucose (80% of the theoretical maximum) and 1.1 mol-EtOH/mol-xylose (66%), respectively. The hydrogen yields by AK17 were up to 1.2 mol-H2/ mol-glucose (30% of the theoretical maximum) and 1.0 mol-H2/mol-xylose (30%). The strain AK15 produced hydrogen as the main fermentation product from glucose (up to 1.9 mol-H2/mol-glucose [48%]) and xylose (1.1 mol-H2/mol-xylose [33%]). The strain AK17 tolerated exogenously added ethanol up to 4% (v/v). The ethanol and hydrogen production performance from glucose by a co-culture of the strains AK15 and AK17 was studied in a continuous-flow bioreactor at 60 degrees C. Stable and continuous ethanol and hydrogen co-production was achieved with ethanol yield of 1.35 mol-EtOH/mol-glucose, and with the hydrogen production rate of 6.1 mmol/h/L (H2 yield of 0.80 mol-H2/mol-glucose). PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that the AK17 became the dominant bacterium in the bioreactor. In conclusion, strain AK17 is a promising strain for the co-production of ethanol and hydrogen with a wide substrate utilization spectrum, relatively high ethanol tolerance, and ethanol yields among the highest reported for thermoanaerobes.     

High ethanol tolerance of the thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producer Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1

The low ethanol tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, generally less than 2% (v/v) ethanol, is one of the main limiting factors for their potential use for second generation fuel ethanol production. In this work, the tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 to exogenously added ethanol was studied in a continuous immobilized reactor system at a growth temperature of 70°C. Ethanol tolerance was evaluated based on inhibition of fermentative performance e.g. inhibition of substrate conversion. At the highest ethanol concentration tested (8.3% v/v), the strain was able to convert 42% of the xylose initially present, indicating that this ethanol concentration is not the upper limit tolerated by the strain. Long-term strain adaptation to high ethanol concentrations (6–8.3%) resulted in an improvement of xylose conversion by 25% at an ethanol concentration of 5% v/v, which is the concentration required in practice for economically efficient product recovery. For all ethanol concentrations tested, relatively high and stable ethanol yields (0.40–0.42 g/g) were seen. The strain demonstrated a remarkable ethanol tolerance, which is the second highest displayed by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria known to the authors. This appears to be the first study of the ethanol tolerance of these microorganisms in a continuous immobilized reactor system.     

一株厌氧嗜热杆菌生长及发酵特性的初步研究

论文对筛选并鉴定为Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum菌株的生长、底物利用情况、产物生成以及酒精耐受性进行了研究。结果表明,该菌在以甘露糖、葡萄糖和木糖为碳源时生长较好,同时能够较好的利用木聚糖和木薯淀粉;最适底物浓度为15g/L;不同的葡萄糖:木糖比例对其生长无显著影响;能耐受的培养基最高初始酒精浓度为3%(V/V)。在5g/L的木聚糖、木糖和木薯淀粉培养基中发酵60h后,产物主要有乙醇、乳酸和乙酸,乙醇产量分别为0.824、0.867和0.916g/L。     

Effect of temperature on ethanol tolerance of a thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producer Thermoanaerobacter A10: modeling and simulation

The low ethanol tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria (<2%, v/v) is a major obstacle for their industrial exploitation for ethanol production. The ethanol tolerance of the thermophilic anaerobic ethanol-producing strain Thermoanaerobacter A10 was studied during batch tests of xylose fermentation at a temperature range of 50-70 degrees C with exogenously added ethanol up to approximately 6.4% (v/v). At the optimum growth temperature of 70 degrees C, the strain was able to tolerate 4.7% (v/v) ethanol, and growth was completely inhibited at 5.6% (v/v). A higher ethanol tolerance was found at lower temperatures. At 60 degrees C, the strain was able to tolerate at least 5.1% (v/v) ethanol. A generalized form of Monod kinetic equation proposed by Levenspiel was used to describe the ethanol (product) inhibition. The model predicted quite well the experimental data for the temperature interval 50-70 degrees C, and the maximum specific growth rate and the toxic power (n), which describes the order of ethanol inhibition at each temperature, were estimated. The toxic power (n) was 1.33 at 70 degrees C, and corresponding critical inhibitory product concentration (P(crit)) above which no microbial growth occurs was determined to be 5.4% (v/v). An analysis of toxic power (n) and P(crit) showed that the optimum temperature for combined microbial growth and ethanol tolerance was 60 degrees C. At this temperature, the toxic power (n), and P(crit) were 0.50, and 6.5% (v/v) ethanol, respectively. From a practical point of view, the model may be applied to compare the ethanol inhibition (ethanol tolerance) on microbial growth of different thermophilic anaerobic bacterial strains.     

gTME构建共发酵木糖和葡萄糖的重组酿酒酵母

利用全转录工程（gTME）方法将全局转录因子spt15随机突变并克隆表达, 构建突变库。将突变基因连接到表达载体 pYX212上, 醋酸锂法转化入不利用木糖的酿酒酵母YPH499中, 经特定的培养基初筛获得高效利用木糖并共发酵木糖和葡萄糖的酿酒酵母重组菌株。对获得的重组菌株进行了初步研究, 该菌株能够很好的利用木糖并共发酵木糖和葡萄糖。在30oC, 200 r/min, 发酵96 h时, 50 g/L木糖和葡萄糖的利用率为94.0%和98.9%, 乙醇产率为32.4%和31.6%, 原始菌株乙醇产率为44.3%; 当木糖和葡萄糖以质量比1:1混合发酵时, 木糖和葡萄糖利用率分别为91.7%和85.9%, 乙醇产率为26%。木糖醇的含量极低。     

gTME构建共发酵木糖和葡萄糖的重组酿酒酵母

利用全转录工程（gTME）方法将全局转录因子spt15随机突变并克隆表达, 构建突变库。将突变基因连接到表达载体 pYX212上, 醋酸锂法转化入不利用木糖的酿酒酵母YPH499中, 经特定的培养基初筛获得高效利用木糖并共发酵木糖和葡萄糖的酿酒酵母重组菌株。对获得的重组菌株进行了初步研究, 该菌株能够很好的利用木糖并共发酵木糖和葡萄糖。在30oC, 200 r/min, 发酵96 h时, 50 g/L木糖和葡萄糖的利用率为94.0%和98.9%, 乙醇产率为32.4%和31.6%, 原始菌株乙醇产率为44.3%; 当木糖和葡萄糖以质量比1:1混合发酵时, 木糖和葡萄糖利用率分别为91.7%和85.9%, 乙醇产率为26%。木糖醇的含量极低。     

High-throughput screening and characterization of xylose-utilizing, ethanol-tolerant thermophilic bacteria for bioethanol production

Aims: To develop a high‐throughput assay for screening xylose‐utilizing and ethanol‐tolerant thermophilic bacteria owing to their abilities to be the promising ethanologens. Methods and Results: Based on alcohol oxidase and peroxidase‐coupled enzymatic reaction, an assay was developed by the formation of the coloured quinonimine to monitor the oxidation of ethanol in the reaction and calculate the concentration of ethanol. This assay was performed in 96‐well microtitre plate in a high‐throughput and had a well‐linear detection range of ethanol from 0 up to 2·5 g l^?1 with high accuracy. The assay was then verified by screening soil samples from hot spring for xylose‐utilizing and ethanol production at 60°C. Three isolates LM14‐1, LM14‐5 and LM18‐4 with 3–5% (v/v) ethanol tolerance and around 0·29–0·38 g g^?1 ethanol yield from xylose were obtained. Phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis showed that the isolates clustered with members of the genus Bacillus or Geobacillus subgroup. Conclusions: The developed double enzyme‐coupled, high‐throughput screening system is effective to screen and isolate xylose‐utilizing, ethanol‐producing thermophilic bacteria for bioethanol production at the elevated temperature. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our research presented a novel high‐throughput method to screen thermophilic bacteria for producing ethanol from xylose. This screening method is also very useful to screen all kinds of ethanologens either from natural habitats or from mutant libraries, to improve bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks.     

Evaluation of continuous ethanol fermentation of dilute-acid corn stover hydrolysate using thermophilic anaerobic bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermoanaerobacter</Emphasis> BG1L1

Dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stover is potential feedstock of industrial interest for second generation fuel ethanol production. However, the toxicity of corn stover hydrolysate (PCS) has been a challenge for fermentation by recombinant xylose fermenting organisms. In this work, the thermophilic anaerobic bacterial strain Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 was assessed for its ability to ferment undetoxified PCS hydrolysate in a continuous immobilized reactor system at 70°C. The tested strain showed significant resistance to PCS, and substrate concentrations up to 15% total solids (TS) were fermented yielding ethanol of 0.39–0.42 g/g-sugars consumed. Xylose was nearly completely utilized (89–98%) for PCS up to 10% TS, whereas at 15% TS, xylose conversion was lowered to 67%. The reactor was operated continuously for 135 days, and no contamination was seen without the use of any agent for preventing bacterial infections. This study demonstrated that the use of immobilized thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for continuous ethanol fermentation could be promising in a commercial ethanol process in terms of system stability to process hardiness and reactor contamination. The tested microorganism has considerable potential to be a novel candidate for lignocellulose bioconversion into ethanol.