稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)滞育征候群中的飞行行为

１９９４－１９９６年对浙江省双季稻区稻水象甲（ＬｉｓｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＫｕｓｃｈｅｌ）飞行行为的研究表明，稻水象甲飞行扩散的行为特征是：（１）长时间的起飞准备和不高的起飞成功率，每晚的迁出率只有三分之一左右，（２）卵巢，飞行肌呈季节性消长而无局地飞行（ｔｒｉｖｉａｌｆｌｉｇｈｔ）；（３）飞行速度不高，飞行能力不强，且风力稍大便无法起飞，一般情况下不会形成远距离自然扩散，因此     

双季稻区稻水象甲一代成虫的滞育

对浙江省双季稻区稻水象甲（ＬｉｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＫｕｓｃｈｅｌ）夏季种群的研究表明,光照和温度可排除在一代成虫夏季滞育的诱导因子之外,而不同的食料条件是引发滞育的主导因素．在自然状态下,即使是强迫滞留,早稻田内的一代成虫也不转入正常发育,但取食稻秧能使新羽一代成虫和稻田内外处于生殖滞育状态的一代成虫的卵巢正常发育,并能解除已进入夏蛰的一代成虫的生殖滞育;同时,不论是新羽成虫还是夏蛰成虫,取食稻秧后卵巢和飞行肌同时发育;若这种食料条件能持续下去,则飞行肌消解而卵巢发育产卵．     

稻水象甲生物学特性及药效测定

对稻水象甲的生物学特性及几种杀虫剂对稻水象甲的防治药效进行了研究,结果表明：稻水象甲在宁德市1a发生2代,双早秧田（4月下旬至5月初）、本田（5月上旬至中旬）是越冬成虫防治关键时期,田间防治以5％氟虫腈1200倍液为佳。     

稻水象甲在新疆的潜在分布及适生性研究

【目的】通过精准开展稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生性研究,旨在为新疆地区该重大外来有害生物的科学防控提供指导。【方法】基于19个环境因子和64个稻水象甲在新疆及内地重要代表性发生地的最新地理分布点信息,采用MaxEnt模型与ArcGIS 10.2软件进行具体分析,预测稻水象甲在新疆的最新潜在分布区,并划分风险等级。【结果】稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生区域主要集中在北疆天山北坡和伊犁河谷一带,以及南疆阿克苏地区和克州的部分区域,其非适生区占新疆总面积的79.97%,低适生区占7.34%,适生区占10.84%,高适生区则仅占1.85%。【结论】稻水象甲在新疆继续扩散的趋势与危害风险依然较大,其中,年平均温(bio1)、等温性(bio3)、最湿季平均温(bio8)、最暖季的降雨量(bio18)和最热月的高温(bio5)是影响稻水象甲在新疆潜在扩散的主要环境因子。     

稻水象甲在浙江和福建省扩散的空间格局分析

应用地统计学方法和GIS技术分析了稻水象甲在浙江和福建省早稻上的空间分布和动态（1993-2001）。结果表明：稻水象甲主要分布于沿海一带,其空间分布格局在所有年份均表现为聚集分布,并且这种分布格局随时间发生变化。在1993年该虫入侵面积大约为392100公顷,在以后的几年中其面积随时间而持续增加,至2001年达最大,为2533900公顷。稻水象甲起初沿海岸线向南扩散,接着向北,现在该虫已入侵约26个县和190个乡镇。通常,该虫在南部的为害重于北部,玉环、乐清、温岭等地发生最重。稻水象甲主要沿公路和水路扩散,这表明该虫的传播为人类活动所致,因此其扩散速率可以通过对国家和地区间的交通货运进行严格的检疫而得到控制。     

稻水象甲成虫活动行为的日节律

为了摸清稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel成虫在稻田中的日活动行为节律, 采用室外单头隔离饲养的方法, 将成虫 行为分为移动、 取食、 离水静息、 触水静息和其他5个行为类型, 每30 min观察记录1次, 从2012年4月30日至5月4日连续观察5 d, 共获得7 200个行为数据。结果显示： 稻水象甲越冬成虫行为的日时间分配以离水静息行为最多（47.83%）, 移动行为最少（5.64%）, 各行为的时间分配存在极显著差异（P<0.001）。离水静息行为最高峰值在23:30 （72.67%）, 最低值在7:30 （14.67%）; 触水静息行 为最大峰值在7:30 （75.33%）, 19:00还有一个小高峰（37.33%）; 取食行为在15:00达到最高峰（26.67%）, 在21:00达到第2个高峰 值（18.00%）; 移动行为在22:00-9:00较少（0~4.00%）, 从9:30开始持续增加, 在17:00达到最高峰（20.00%）; 其他行为在 1.33~18.67%之间波动。离水静息、 移动、 取食和其他行为白天和黑夜存在极显著差异（P<0.001）, 但触水静息行为白天和黑夜无显著 不同（P=0.834）; 上午、 中午、 下午和晚上4个时间段之间各行为也有显著差异（P<0.001）。在空间上, 离水静息行为在叶片上最高 , 移动行为以水中最高, 取食行为仅发生在叶片上, 离水静息、 移动和取食在水稻不同部位存在极显著差异（P<0.001）。水中发生触 水静息、 移动和其他共3种行为, 以触水静息行为的日波动最大, 3种行为在各时刻之间有极显著差异（触水静息和移动： P<0.001; 其他： P=0.002）; 叶片上发生离水静息、 移动和取食3种行为, 以离水静息和取食行为的日波动较大且在各时刻间具有极显著的差异 （P<0.001）; 茎秆和瓶壁或封口纱布处主要发生离水静息和移动行为, 所占比例均不高, 但在瓶壁或封口纱布处的移动行为各时刻之 间有极显著差异（P=0.008）。水中和叶片上是行为发生的主要空间, 在水中行为的最高峰值（81.33%）与叶片上的最低值（12.00%）出 现时间相同, 为7:30, 一天中各时刻水中和叶片上的行为呈交错性变化。结果提示, 稻水象甲成虫活动行为受到时空变化的影响, 且 时间变化对其行为的影响较空间变化更为明显。     

滇中稻区稻水象甲的卵巢发育及防治

【目的】开展稻水象甲卵巢发育、扩散能力和防治药剂的筛选研究,为云南稻水象甲的防治提供依据。【方法】对成虫采用卵巢解剖法,确定卵巢的发育进度和产卵期;采用田间系统调查法和染色法明确扩散范围;采用浸叶法对常用杀虫剂进行室内筛选。【结果】2009年4月下旬至5月上旬秧苗期,稻水象甲Ⅱ级卵巢达100%,Ⅲ级卵巢的平均抱卵量为8粒·头~(-1),最大抱卵量为23粒·头~(-1)。秧田返栽田的幼虫、成虫虫口密度明显高于大田,秧田返栽田的幼虫虫量是大田的4.82倍,第一代成虫是大田的6.50倍。烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特对稻水象甲成虫防效在96.11%以上。【结论】滇中稻水象甲自然传播的范围小,随稻秧移栽是稻水象甲的主要传播方式,秧苗揭膜1周后至移栽前是化学防治的关键期,建议选用烯啶虫胺、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特在此期间开展田间防控。     

稻纵卷叶螟的起飞日龄观测

在室内条件下,通过自主设计的起飞观测装置,利用人工模拟的黄昏环境,研究了稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée 1⁶日龄未交配成虫的起飞行为,并分别对迁出种群以及本地繁殖种群的起飞、扩散行为与日龄和性别的关系进行了测试分析。结果表明:(1)生殖隔离条件下,不同日龄稻纵卷叶螟的起飞和扩散比例存在显著差异,以羽化后24 h内成虫的飞行频率最低,2日龄是迁出种群的起飞高峰期。(2)对于夏季北迁种群而言,在首次迁飞发生期,当具备适宜的光照、温度等适于起飞的环境条件时,雌虫的起飞迁飞频率高于雄虫。(3)稻纵卷叶螟的迁飞历期较长,雌蛾产卵前期可达7.6 d,即在羽化后较长一段时间内成虫均可保持远距离飞行的潜能。(4)本地繁殖种群的起飞数量明显低于迁出种群,但仍占有一定比例,表明迁飞是稻纵卷叶螟的遗传特性,田间各代均有一定比例的外迁个体,这种种性特征不会因室内继代饲养而完全丧失。     

稻水象的卵子发生—飞行共轭

１９９４－１９９６年对双季稻区稻水象甲发生消长和迁飞动态的系统研究表明,稻水象甲的飞行肌和卵巢发育随生活史的季节性变化出现兴衰交替,从而迁入迁出稻田和越冬场所,表现出典型的卵子发生－飞行共轭;春季越冬代成虫从越冬场所迁入早稻田后飞行肌消解而卵巢发育,繁殖形成一代致害种群。夏季一代成虫生殖滞育,飞行肌和脂肪体发达,绝大部分个体迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬;少量入秧田竿笔早稻收割时散落田内而晚稻插秧时尚未迁     

水稻生育期对稻水象甲成虫种群空间格局影响及抽样技术

[目的] 明确四川省西南浅丘稻区稻水象甲成虫种群在水稻不同生育期的空间格局及抽样技术，为获取准确稻水象甲虫情调查资料和制定有效的综合防控措施提供理论依据。[方法] 调整水稻播栽时间，错开2组试验田水稻的生育期，用聚集度指标法、回归模型法和频次卡方检验法分析稻水象甲成虫种群的空间格局及水稻生育期对空间聚集特性的影响，并对田间序贯抽样技术和抽样方法进行研究。[结果] 不同田块稻水象甲成虫平均密度为0.48~5.83头·丛^-1，分蘖期水稻田虫口密度显著高于抽穗期。稻水象甲成虫在不同水稻生育期稻田间呈负二项聚集分布，基本成分为个体群，个体间相互吸引，聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加。当种群密度较低时，其聚集由环境因素引起；种群密度较高时，其聚集为其自身的聚集习性与环境因素共同引起。双对角线抽样法是稻水象甲成虫田间抽样的最佳方法，当稻水象甲成虫防治指标为1头·丛^-1时，Iwao序贯抽样模型为T_1（n），T_0（n）=n±1.96√2.286n，结合Kuno序贯抽样模型建立了用于田间抽样的复序贯抽样图。[结论] 稻水象甲成虫在不同水稻生育期稻田间呈负二项聚集分布，分蘖期水稻田虫口密度显著高于抽穗期，双对角线抽样法是稻水象甲成虫田间抽样的最佳方法。     

稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)的卵子发生-飞行共轭

１９９４～１９９６年对双季稻区稻水象甲发生消长和迁飞动态的系统研究表明,稻水象甲的飞行肌和卵巢发育随生活史的季节性变化出现兴衰交替,从而迁入迁出稻田和越冬场所,表现出典型的卵子发生－飞行共轭：春季越冬代成虫从越冬场所迁入早稻田后飞行肌消解而卵巢发育,繁殖形成一代致害种群。夏季一代成虫生殖滞育,飞行肌和脂肪体发达,绝大部分个体迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬;少量落入秧田者和早稻收割时散落田内而晚稻插秧时尚未迁离的个体卵巢恢复发育,飞行肌消解而构成二代虫源。秋季二代成虫羽化后生殖滞育,迁飞上山越冬;１０月中旬后羽化的个体卵巢和飞行肌均不再发育而滞留田内外越冬。取食高质量食料时,一代夏蛰成虫飞行肌再生,新羽一代成虫则首先发育飞行肌,而后解除生殖滞育。     

Plant‐mediated interactions among above‐ground and below‐ground life stages of a root‐feeding weevil

1. Interactions among herbivores mediated by plant responses to herbivore injury may have large impacts on herbivore population densities. Responses may persist for weeks after injury and may affect not only the initial (inducing) herbivore, but also herbivores that are spatially or temporally separated from the initial attacker. 2. In many plant–insect interactions, multiple life stages of the insect may be associated with the same plant, and these various stages may interact indirectly with one another via induced responses. The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, a serious global pest of rice, is one such insect. A series of experiments were performed with root‐feeding larvae and leaf‐feeding adults of the RWW using three conventional rice varieties. 3. The first objective of this study was to test whether RWW adult feeding on rice leaves resulted in altered oviposition by subsequent adults. The hypothesis for the first objective was that RWW adult feeding would decrease plant suitability, resulting in reduced oviposition by subsequent adults. 4. The second objective was to test whether injury by RWW larvae to rice roots resulted in altered oviposition by subsequent adults. The hypothesis for the second objective was that below‐ground RWW larval feeding would decrease plant suitability of rice to above‐ground RWW adults, resulting in decreased oviposition. 5. Results provided inconsistent support for the first hypothesis, indicating that responses differed among combinations of variety and injury level. Conversely, consistent support for the second hypothesis was found, indicating that larval feeding on roots decreased suitability of rice plants for oviposition.     

Plant-mediated interactions between the rice water weevil and fall armyworm in rice

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate plant-mediated interactions between an above-ground and a below-ground herbivore when sharing a common host plant, rice (Oryza sativa L). Two common pests of rice were used: the rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, as the root herbivore, and the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) as the foliage-feeding herbivore. Rice water weevil larval performance was assessed by measuring larval density and average weight in response to different levels of defoliation by FAW larvae. The reciprocal experiment was done to evaluate FAW performance (growth rate) in response to RWW feeding. Severe defoliation by FAW decreased RWW densities by 32% and reduced larval weights by 48% compared to larvae on roots of non-defoliated plants. Effects in the converse experiments were not as strong. FAW growth rates were reduced 9–37% when feeding on rice leaves from plants damaged by RWW compared to larvae feed leaves from the no damage treatment. These reciprocal negative effects show that RWW and FAW are potential competitors when sharing a rice plant. Because RWW and FAW did not interact directly, competition was plant-mediated.     

RAPD-PCR characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from the rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus

B.E. Urtz and W.C. Rice. 1997. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was used to examine the genetic variability among Beauveria bassiana isolates from infected rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus , collected in south-western Louisiana. Most of the B. bassiana isolates tightly clustered into one or the other of two groups that diverged at the 65% similarity level. Three soil isolates also clustered within the two groups while one soil isolate did not tightly cluster (mean similarity = 65%) with any of the RWW isolates. The results suggest that certain genotypes of B. bassiana commonly infect RWW while others do not.     

Effects of defoliation on the resistance and tolerance of rice,Oryza sativa,to root injury by the rice water weevil,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus

Understanding plant‐mediated interactions in agricultural systems may facilitate the development of novel and improved management practices, which is important, as management of these insects is currently heavily reliant on insecticides. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Prodeniini), is a sporadic pest of rice fields in the southern USA. In southwestern Louisiana, this defoliating insect typically attacks rice early in the growth season, before fields are flooded. Defoliation by fall armyworm larvae may trigger increased expression of plant defenses, which may result in increased resistance to subsequent herbivores. The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Stenopelmini), enters rice fields as an adult both before and after flooding, but oviposition and larval infestation occur only after fields are flooded. RWW may be affected by changes in plant resistance caused by fall armyworm defoliation before flooding. The objectives of this study were to investigate the plant‐mediated effects of natural and artificial defoliation on population densities of RWW larvae after flooding and on the ability of rice plants to compensate for root injury by RWW larvae. In the 2015 season, fall armyworm defoliation before flooding resulted in reduced RWW densities after flooding. However, in 2016 no significant effects of fall armyworm defoliation on densities of RWW larvae were detected. Similarly, mechanical defoliation of rice before flooding did not affect RWW densities after flooding. Although lowest yields were observed in plots subjected to both root injury and defoliation, there was little evidence of a greater than additive reduction in yields from simultaneous injury. These results suggest a lack of plant‐mediated interactions among these two pests in rice in the southern USA.     

CryIIIA toxin gene expression in transgenic rice confers resistance to rice water weevil

The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, is the most widely distributed and destructive early season insect pest of rice, Oryza sativa L. worldwide. The rice plants were transformed with cryIIIA insecticidal gene as well as with the bar gene coding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase. CryIIIA gene under the control of a modified RCg2 promoter drives the insect-toxic gene expression in roots and/or leaves. The cryIIIA gene was transferred into O. sativa L. cv. Nakdong by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Stable integration of the transgene was confirmed in putative transformed rice by Southern blot analysis. The expression of the cryIIIA toxin gene in the roots of transgenic rice plants was verified by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Transgenic rice plants were also evaluated for resistance to natural infestations of the RWW under field conditions between 2007 and 2011. The transgenic Btt8R and Btt12R lines reduced the growth rate of RWW larvae and pupae populations compared with non-transgenic control plants by approximately 52 and 58 %, respectively. To further examine the efficacy of the RWW bioassay, we used pots and performed experiments in trays and under field conditions in 2012. The Btt12R line reduced the total populations of RWW larvae and pupae in trays and under field conditions by 56 and 45 %, respectively. The bioassay experiments conducted over 6 years, showed a significant reduction rate of RWW larvae and pupae populations demonstrating that the cryIIIA gene in transgenic rice confers resistance to RWW.     

Tethered flight activity of Nephotettix virescens (Hemiptera: cicadellidae) in the Philippines

The flight potential of Nephotettix virescens (Distant), the most important vector of rice tungro virus disease, was assessed using tethered flight techniques. Most individuals tested were not willing to fly in response to stimulation, or flew for very short times. A small proportion of leafhoppers flew for long periods and one female flew for almost 7 h, indicating the potential for long distance dispersal of insects and inoculum. Few individuals flew before four days of age and thereafter flight profiles were similar for insects aged between four and 12 days. Mature females were more flight willing when kept as adults in mixed groups with males than when caged separately. There was no consistent effect on flight performance when insects were reared on rice varieties with different levels of leafhopper resistance. The flight activity of N. virescens was greater when leafhoppers were reared on mature, compared with young, rice plants. Leafhoppers reared through one generation on tungro-diseased rice plants were less willing to fly than individuals maintained on healthy plants of the same age and variety, whereas those tested after a 24-h access period to tungro-diseased plants were more flight-willing. The results are discussed in relation to the spread of tungro and to management interventions for the control of the disease.     

稻水象甲卵的空间分布型及抽样技术研究

本文利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对稻水象甲LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel卵的空间分布型进行了测定 ,结果表明稻水象甲卵在田间呈聚集分布 ,且符合负二项分布 ,k值为 0 4 796。其种群聚集主要是由环境因子引起的。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了稻水象甲卵的田间理论抽样数公式 :N =1D2 1 784 6M + 0 2 4 2 5 。并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率模型 :X =1 5 787( -lnP0 ) 1 0 62 5。