DNA传感器及其免疫信号传导通路的研究新进展

DNA于哺乳动物细胞质中的存在是一个危险信号,提示机体内微生物感染的存在。近五年来的研究显示,细胞质DNA的传导机制是免疫系统产生免疫应答的分子基础。迄今为止已报道多种DNA传感器,其中STING是一个关键的衔接蛋白,参与大部分DNA信号传导途径。最近,c GAS-c GAMP第二信使通路、IFI16及其他传感器的发现为解析胞质DNA识别的分子机制提供了新见解。这些重要的发现有助于了解宿主防御系统,提高疫苗免疫原性,为感染性疾病的预防与治疗提供新思路。     

增强DNA疫苗免疫应答的新进展

DNA疫苗为编码抗原蛋白的真核表达载体,注入体内后在原位表达所编码的抗原并诱导免疫应答,在预防感染、治疗自身免疫性疾病、过敏性疾病和肿瘤等疫病中有着很好的应用前景。但与灭活疫苗相比,其免疫效价还比较低。有多种策略能够增强或调节DNA疫苗诱导的免疫应答,其中,作为外源基因载体的质粒的组成及插入的有关基因均可直接或间接地影响免疫反应的效果,在构建DNA疫苗质粒时,加入细胞因子、融合信号、泛素等基因以及ISS序列,另外还可以通过设计一些对抗原提成细胞有影响的分子共注射,以及加入转移分子,都可以明显增强DNA疫苗的免疫效果,从而有利于研制更有效的DNA疫苗。     

病原DNA识别及其诱导天然免疫调节机制研究进展

机体天然免疫系统拥有一系列可以探测和抵制微生物侵袭的机制.目前,关于病原RNA的细胞内识别机制有了较为深入的研究和相关报道,但细胞内病原DNA的识别和相应的天然免疫应答机制仍未完全被揭示.阐明上述机制有助于了解和治疗一系列微生物感染相关的疾病,包括病毒和细菌感染类疾病、病毒相关的肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等.近年来,细胞内多个充当"DNA传感器"的分子和干扰素调节分子被认为在细胞质DNA诱导宿主天然免疫反应过程中起着关键性调节作用.综述了对细胞内病原DNA的主要识别分子、信号通路以及相关的天然免疫调控机制.     

应用植物表达系统生产疫苗的研究概况

随着重组DNA技术、植物转基因技术和分子植物病毒学的迅猛发展,使得应用植物作为疫苗抗原的表达载体成为可能。本对应用转基因植物和基于植物的病毒载体两种植物表达系统生产疫苗抗原的研究概况进行了评述。     

阵列电化学生物传感器研究进展

阵列生物传感器技术作为一种高通量、快速、选择性高和集成化的分析技术,已在基因组学和蛋白质组学的研究和药物筛选、环境分析,食品分析,临床诊断等领域中得到广泛的应用.阵列生物传感器主要有阵列光学生物传感器和阵列电化学生物传感器.阵列电化学生物传感器是将生物分子识别物质如酶、抗原/抗体、DNA等固定在阵列电极上,以阵列中每根电极产生的电化学信号作为检测信号的电化学分析器件.阵列电化学生物传感器以灵敏度高、分析速度快、选择性好、易于微型化和集成化以及仪器价格低廉等特点受到了研究工作者的极大关注.本文简单介绍了阵列电化学生物传感器的原理和特点,重点评述了2005年以来阵列电化学生物传感器在单组份检测和多组份同时检测两方面的研究进展,简单讨论了阵列电化学生物传感器研究中存在的问题.     

疫苗

综述了重组DNA技术在疫苗的研究和发展上的应用。专题包括:(A)编码抗原决定簇的基因克隆,(i)抗原鉴定,(ii)抗原墓因的克隆,(iii)克隆DNA分子的特性,(iv)克隆DNA体外操作,和(V)衍生自抗原的合成肤的生产;(B)抗病原     

核酸疫苗--一种新型疫苗

核酸疫苗是指将含有编码某种抗原蛋白基因序列的质粒载体作为疫苗,直接导入动物细胞内,从而通过宿主细胞的转录系统合成抗原蛋白,诱导宿主产生对该抗原蛋白的免疫应答,达到免疫的目的.核酸疫苗又称为基因疫苗或裸DNA疫苗,这种免疫称为核酸免疫、基因免疫、DNA介导的免疫以及遗传免疫等.     

核酸疫苗佐剂的研究进展

免疫佐剂是一种免疫调节剂,可增强抗原的免疫原性、提高免疫效果。为增强疫苗的免疫原性,在病毒性疫苗、DNA疫苗、多肽疫苗的研制中通常需加入免疫佐剂。随着DNA疫苗研究的深入和扩展,推动了用于提高DNA疫苗免疫效果的免疫佐剂的研究。本文就常用佐剂的研究进展作一综述。     

泛素E3连接酶接头蛋白SPOP和MDM2在DNA损伤修复中的作用

DNA损伤修复是维持细胞基因组稳定性和完整性的基础,越来越多的研究发现,E3泛素连接酶在DNA损伤修复中起着重要的作用。该文将介绍DNA损伤修复的机制、DNA损伤修复与疾病的关系、及E3泛素连接酶接头蛋白MDM2和SPOP在DNA损伤修复中的作用。重点围绕DNA损伤修复的两条通路:E3泛素连接酶接头蛋白SPOP与ATM/ATR信号通路以及MDM2/p53信号通路对DNA修复的分子机制进行总结,以期为DNA损伤修复提供新思路。     

电场驱动微悬臂生物传感器及对DNA 的快速、高灵敏度检测

微悬臂列阵传感器在生物检测方面具有快速、痕量和非标记的特性. 我们以镀金并在其上固定了 DNA 探针的微悬臂为正极,在靶杂交液槽内引入另一电极作为负极,构成电场驱动微悬臂 DNA 生物传感器. 对该传感器系统施加静电场,驱动 DNA 分子朝正极迁移,使溶液中的 DNA 分子富集在微悬臂上,促进 DNA 分子的杂交. 结果表明： a. DNA 在微悬臂上的杂交时间仅需 3 min,加快了微悬臂生物传感器对 DNA 分子的检测速度; b. 提高了微悬臂生物传感器的灵敏度,可以检测到皮克级的 DNA 分子.     

Toll-like receptor adaptor molecules enhance DNA-raised adaptive immune responses against influenza and tumors through activation of innate immunity

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial components and trigger the signaling cascade that activates the innate and adaptive immunity. TLR adaptor molecules play a central role in this cascade; thus, we hypothesized that overexpression of TLR adaptor molecules could mimic infection without any microbial components. Dual-promoter plasmids that carry an antigen and a TLR adaptor molecule such as the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing beta interferon (TRIF) or myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) were constructed and administered to mice to determine if these molecules can act as an adjuvant. A DNA vaccine incorporated with the MyD88 genetic adjuvant enhanced antigen-specific humoral immune responses, whereas that with the TRIF genetic adjuvant enhanced cellular immune responses. Incorporating the TRIF genetic adjuvant in a DNA vaccine targeting the influenza HA antigen or the tumor-associated antigen E7 conferred superior protection. These results indicate that TLR adaptor molecules can bridge innate and adaptive immunity and potentiate the effects of DNA vaccines against virus infection and tumors.     

猪瘟DNA疫苗研究进展

自1990年DNA疫苗问世以来,已有许多研究者构建了不同类型的DNA疫苗。这些载体能诱发机体产生不同程度的特异性体液免疫和(或)细胞免疫。研究者们也在猪瘟DNA疫苗研究方面做出了很多努力并取得了一定的成果。以下从猪瘟DNA疫苗的构建和评价、佐剂在猪瘟DNA疫苗中的应用、猪瘟DNA疫苗与其他疫苗的联合应用以及目前猪瘟DNA疫苗存在的问题和解决途径等方面做了比较全面的阐述。     

Increased Generation of HIV-1 gp120-Reactive CD8+ T Cells by a DNA Vaccine Construct Encoding the Chemokine CCL3

DNA vaccines based on subunits from pathogens have several advantages over other vaccine strategies. DNA vaccines can easily be modified, they show good safety profiles, are stable and inexpensive to produce, and the immune response can be focused to the antigen of interest. However, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines which is generally quite low needs to be improved. Electroporation and co-delivery of genetically encoded immune adjuvants are two strategies aiming at increasing the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Here, we have examined whether targeting to antigen-presenting cells (APC) could increase the immune response to surface envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120 from Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). To target APC, we utilized a homodimeric vaccine format denoted vaccibody, which enables covalent fusion of gp120 to molecules that can target APC. Two molecules were tested for their efficiency as targeting units: the antibody-derived single chain Fragment variable (scFv) specific for the major histocompatilibility complex (MHC) class II I-E molecules, and the CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3). The vaccines were delivered as DNA into muscle of mice with or without electroporation. Targeting of gp120 to MHC class II molecules induced antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 and that persisted for more than a year after one single immunization with electroporation. Targeting by CCL3 significantly increased the number of HIV-1 gp120-reactive CD8⁺ T cells compared to non-targeted vaccines and gp120 delivered alone in the absence of electroporation. The data suggest that chemokines are promising molecular adjuvants because small amounts can attract immune cells and promote immune responses without advanced equipment such as electroporation.     

Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency through linkage of antigen gene to ER chaperone molecules,ER-60, tapasin,and calnexin

DNA vaccines have emerged as an attractive approach for generating antigen-specific immunotherapy. Strategies that enhance antigen presentation may potentially be used to enhance DNA vaccine potency. Previous experiments showed that chimeric DNA vaccines utilizing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone molecules, such as Calreticulin (CRT), linked to an antigen were capable of generating antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune responses in vaccinated mice. In this study, we tested DNA vaccines encoding the ER chaperone molecules ER-60, tapasin (Tap), or calnexin (Cal), linked to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7 for their abilities to generate E7-specific T cell-mediated immune responses and antitumor effects in vaccinated mice. Our results demonstrated that vaccination with DNA encoding any of these chaperone molecules linked to E7 led to a significant increase in the frequency of E7-specific CD8⁺ T cell precursors and generated stronger antitumor effects against an E7-expressing tumor in vaccinated mice compared to vaccination with wild-type E7 DNA. Our data suggest that DNA vaccines employing these ER chaperone molecules linked to antigen may enhance antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune responses, resulting in a significantly more potent DNA vaccine.     

从DNA疫苗到耐受疫苗:全新的适应症和抑炎前景

DNA疫苗技术从1990年代发现到至今,已经创造成功了4个临床兽用疫苗或产品,并仍然有数十个产品正在临床验证的不同阶段。通过不断提高DNA质粒进入体细胞的效率,DNA疫苗将具有更强的免疫应答效率,从而使得DNA疫苗走向更多和更广泛的临床应用。DNA疫苗不仅可以增强机体免疫系统的应答反应,利用其与蛋白质疫苗共免疫的方式也可以产生特异性的免疫耐受反应用于抑制免疫反应。基于DNA疫苗的诱导免疫耐受的疫苗技术开辟了全新的过敏性疾病和自主免疫疾病的干预领域,具有重要的临床潜力和应用前景。     

结核杆菌抗原85A与小鼠白细胞介素21共表达DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫效应研究

目的:利用真核表达质粒pRSC,构建结核杆菌抗原85A(Ag85A)与小鼠白细胞介素21(mIL21)共表达重组体pRSC-mIL21-Ag85A,为研究新型结核杆菌DNA疫苗提供新的策略。方法:从质粒pcDNA3.1-mIL21中经PCR扩增出mIL21基因,并插入质粒pRSC中构成pRSC-mIL21;再从pIRES-Ag85A质粒中经PCR扩增出Ag85A基因,构建于pRSC-mIL21重组质粒上,成为共表达DNA疫苗pRSC-mIL21-Ag85A。结果:经酶切、基因测序证实,该疫苗构建正确并能成功表达目的基因。共表达DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后,CTL活性、特异性淋巴细胞增殖水平及小鼠血清特异性抗体均呈有意义的提高。结论:结核杆菌Ag85A与mIL21共表达DNA疫苗能诱导小鼠免疫反应,为进一步研究DNA疫苗抗结核杆菌攻击的免疫防护效应奠定了基础。     

The Chemotherapeutic Agent DMXAA as a Unique IRF3-Dependent Type-2 Vaccine Adjuvant

5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a potent type I interferon (IFN) inducer, was evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent in mouse cancer models and proved to be well tolerated in human cancer clinical trials. Despite its multiple biological functions, DMXAA has not been fully characterized for the potential application as a vaccine adjuvant. In this report, we show that DMXAA does act as an adjuvant due to its unique property as a soluble innate immune activator. Using OVA as a model antigen, DMXAA was demonstrated to improve on the antigen specific immune responses and induce a preferential Th2 (Type-2) response. The adjuvant effect was directly dependent on the IRF3-mediated production of type-I-interferon, but not IL-33. DMXAA could also enhance the immunogenicity of influenza split vaccine which led to significant increase in protective responses against live influenza virus challenge in mice compared to split vaccine alone. We propose that DMXAA can be used as an adjuvant that targets a specific innate immune signaling pathway via IRF3 for potential applications including vaccines against influenza which requires a high safety profile.     

细菌菌蜕作为新颖药物递送体系的研究进展

细菌菌蜕是革兰氏阴性菌被噬菌体PhiX174的裂解基因E裂解后形成的完整细菌空壳.由于它具有完整的细菌表面抗原结构,所以它能直接作为疫苗使用.利用基因工程手段,可以非常便利地将外源抗原蛋白插入菌蜕的内膜、外膜或周质等多个部位,构建重组菌蜕多价疫苗.目前,菌蜕作为新颖的药物递送体系也开始受到关注.利用菌蜕可以递送DNA和蛋白质疫苗以及其他药物,能较好地产生免疫反应和治疗作用.     

质粒骨架的CpG修饰对DNA疫苗免疫原性的影响

目的：探讨不同类型的CpG对DNA疫苗免疫应答的影响。方法：将3种不同类型的CpG通过骨架改造的方式引入核酸疫苗的质粒载体骨架中作为内源性佐剂,以LacZ为模式抗原,对其免疫小鼠后特异性抗体水平、细胞免疫水平和细胞因子水平进行比较和分析。结果：3种不同类型的CpG序列在体内能够不同程度地增强免疫小鼠的特异性抗体水平和细胞免疫水平,并且不同类型的CpG序列可能具有不同的免疫调节作用。结论：作为内源性佐剂,CpG免疫刺激DNA序列可不同程度地提高模式抗原特异性的免疫反应,可根据不同抗原的特点加以利用。