小鼠雌性生殖系统电穿孔与微泡增强超声波转EGFP基因的研究(简报)

非病毒载体转基因法,如注射裸DNA或脂质体转染,不产生细胞毒性,但除了肌肉组织外其他组织的转导效率均不高。电脉冲可使细胞膜产生临时的微孔允许一些分子通过,因此应用此方法可将药物或基因转入动物组织。电穿孔常用于培养的细胞转基因,理论上,低强度、长脉冲,或高强度、短脉冲有利于电转导,选择适合的参数是电转导的关键。本实验比较了不同电压和脉冲时间对小鼠卵巢在体转入绿色荧光蛋白基因的效果,确定了最适的电转导参数,为卵巢疾病的药物、基因治疗和研究卵泡发育中的基因调控提供了实验手段。超声波是临床常用的诊断方法,对人体无害…     

利用TAT多肽增强腺病毒对细胞感染效率的研究

蛋白转导多肽本身或携带生物大分子能以一种不明机制的方式高效地穿过真核细胞质膜并且几乎没有组织选择性。这为生物药物研究、基因治疗等领域带来了新的希望。最近有研究表明:来源于HIV-1的TAT蛋白的蛋白转导结构域多肽可以显著地提高重组腺病毒感染细胞和实验动物的效率。在对。HeLa且和Vero-E62种具有不同病毒易感性的细胞进行重组腺病毒感染实验时发现TAT多肽可以明显地提高重组腺病毒对HeLa细胞的感染及在细胞中外源报道基因的表达,但是对Vero-E6细胞却没有效果,表明TAT多肽增强重组腺病毒的感染与靶细胞类型有关,而并不像转导现象那样没有组织差异。这为蛋白转导技术在病毒载体中的应用提供了参考,但其中涉及的蛋白转导的机制有待进一步实验研究。     

杆状病毒介导的哺乳动物细胞基因转移及其影响因素

杆状病毒作为优良的哺乳动物细胞基因转移载体已在基因治疗、疫苗开发、药物筛选以及基因调控研究等方面发挥巨大作用。但杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞的嗜性不够广泛、转导效率和转基因表达水平偏低,以及表达持续时间短暂等问题制约其进一步发展,因此如何突破这个制约的瓶颈成为学者们新的关注焦点。针对以上问题,围绕杆状病毒介导哺乳动物细胞基因转移的各种影响因素进行综述。     

微处理器控制的双向脉冲刺激仪

用电脉冲波刺激神经或肌肉等组织并研究细胞或组织的功能,是一种常用的电生理学方法。用单向脉冲波刺激易使组织产生极化作用,影响实验和研究的正常进行和正确性。因此,采用双向脉冲波以避免组织细胞的极化损伤。目前,随着微电子计数机应用的发展,借助于先进的电子技术,进一步研究生物体的规律,已被广大生物科学工作者重视。微处理器控制的双向脉冲刺激仪就是以最小的系统来控制和处理脉冲信号的产生和     

纳米基因载体在植物遗传转化中的应用

纳米基因载体已成功地应用于生物医学领域并显示了优越的转染效率、良好的生物相容性和有效的基因保护作用。近年来,纳米颗粒作为基因载体在植物转导中的应用潜力越来越受到关注,也为植物遗传工程提供了新的可能性。在阐述纳米载体的特性、在植物细胞中的转导机制及转导优势的基础上,重点讨论了纳米载体在植物转基因中的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。     

不同电转仪的电转参数、质粒用量和拓扑结构对猪胎儿成纤维细胞转染效率的影响

为获得猪胎儿成纤维细胞(porcine fetal fibroblasts, PFFs)最佳的电转染效率,本研究利用荧光激活细胞分选技术(fluorescence activated cell sorting, FACS)辅助优化NEPA 21和Nucleofector? 2b两种电转仪电转染PFFs细胞的参数,比较不同质粒用量和拓扑结构在ECM^? 830、NEPA 21和Nucleofector? 2b中的转染效率。结果显示：NEPA 21电转PFFs的最佳穿孔参数为脉冲电压200 V,脉冲长度3 ms,脉冲间隔50 ms,脉冲次数3次,脉冲电压衰减幅度10%;Nucleofector? 2b在U-023的转染参数下达到最高转染效率。ECM^? 830和Nucleofector? 2b的最适质粒用量都为10 μg,而NEPA 21为8 μg;超螺旋质粒比线性化质粒的转染效率更高,且3种仪器中Nucleofector? 2b转染效果最佳。本研究综合考虑电转仪、电转参数、质粒用量和拓扑结构的影响因素以优化PFFs的电转条件,为高效制备转基因猪及基因编辑猪的研究奠定基础。     

阳离子胶体金标记活细胞阴离子位点的双光子荧光成像及其应用

使用阳离子胶体金标记中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO-K1)的阴离子位点,并采用双光子荧光显微成像和荧光寿命成像技术记录活细胞的阴离子场分布.阳离子胶体金是纳米量级金微粒与多聚L-赖氨酸的结合物,金纳米微粒在超短激光脉冲的照射下可以产生高度局域化的光热效应.当飞秒激光脉冲聚焦在细胞膜上标记的金纳米微粒时会产生这种纳米尺度的微光热效应,并在不影响细胞活性的前提下暂时提高细胞膜的通透性.基于这种效应,使用聚焦的飞秒激光脉冲三维扫描照射CHO-K1细胞,将分子质量为10ku的荧光探针大分子异硫氰酸荧光素葡聚糖(fluorescein isothioeyanate-dextran, FITC-D)递送到CHO-K1细胞的内部,并用双光子荧光图像记录其递送的过程.使用流式细胞仪分析不同实验条件下FITC-D的转导率和细胞死亡率的关系.     

应用离心方法提高杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞转导实验效率

重组杆状病毒作为一种对哺乳动物细胞的新型基因转移载体已获得了日益广泛的应用。为进一步提高转导实验的效率,本研究利用已构建的带有CMV启动子-增强型绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)表达盒的重组杆状病毒BacV-CMV-EGFPA,在CV-1细胞中探索了应用离心方法提高转导实验效率的可行性。结果显示离心方法可显著提高单位时间内重组杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞的转导效率,同时不会对靶细胞造成损伤。通过对离心时间、离心后孵育时间、病毒上清的稀释缓冲液的进一步摸索优化,结果显示病毒上清以PBS为稀释缓冲环境室温600g水平离心1h即可获得高水平的转导效率,优于在PBS环境中27℃孵育8h的效果。该方法可在获得高转导效率的同时显著缩短实验时间,具有快捷、高效、低损伤的特点,可作为一种常规操作方法用于日常实验。本研究进一步应用该方法对多种不同来源和类型的哺乳动物细胞株进行基因转导,结果显示该方法可适用于多数不同种属和组织来源的哺乳动物细胞,其中对贴壁细胞的效果最为显著。     

人肾素转基因小鼠的建立

为研究人肾素基因在体内的功能和建立其药物干预实验的动物模型,采用显微注射法,将纯化的人肾素基因导入小鼠受精卵,再培育成转基因小鼠.通过DIG DNA印迹和PCR分析,进行转基因整合检测.在出生的13只子代鼠中,得到一只转基因阳性鼠.整合率为7.7%,有效率0.3%,转基因已稳定传代.RT-PCR显示转基因阳性鼠的肾、心和肺组织中有肾素基因表达,而在肝脏与骨骼肌中则未检测到.阳性鼠血浆肾素活性较对照鼠明显升高,而肾与心脏组织的肾素活性则无明显变化.人肾素转基因小鼠可用于研究循环或组织的RAS中肾素基因的功能及有关其药物抑制实验.     

利用Cre/LoxP系统删除转基因山羊体内的选择标记基因

在制备转基因家畜过程中的一个关键步骤是使用选择标记基因 (Selectable marker genes,SMGs) 将转基因整合细胞从大量的正常细胞中筛选出来,这导致了SMGs整合入家畜的基因组内持续传递给后代。SMGs已被证明能够显著影响基因组内整合位点处的基因调控,也增加了对转基因动物安全评价的复杂性。为了确定转基因山羊制备过程中SMGs的删除时机和删除方法,在体细胞克隆前后两个时段内,利用Cre/loxP系统删除SMGs的可行性,同时比较了蛋白转导和质粒共转染两种Cre导入方式的删除效率。结果表明：尽管在首次对山羊成纤维细胞进行遗传修饰后即可进行SMGs删除,但两次遗传修饰导致细胞严重老化,无法用于后续的体细胞克隆羊制备。在转基因山羊的成体细胞中删除SMGs不存在上述问题,成功率高,缺点是试验周期长、耗资增大。Cre表达质粒瞬时转染能够删除SMGs,但有超过30%的无SMGs细胞克隆中整合有质粒序列。TAT-CRE蛋白质转导方法可以避免引入的新外源基因,SMGs删除率达到43.9%~72.8%,是一种较佳的SMGs删除手段。     

Comparison of non-viral transfection methods in melanoma cell primary cultures

Melanoma primary cultures were transiently transfected via electroporation and lipofection for comparison. Transfection efficiency was superior with electroporation (58+/-9%) as compared to lipofection (23+/-9%) as determined by enhanced green fluorescent plasmid (EGFP) transfection. Secretion of IL-2 persisted for up to 3 weeks after electroporation. The increase in sensitivity against immunologic effector cells by transfection with IL-2 was not significant. Our results show the feasibility of a gene transfer into primary human melanoma cells, different from retroviral transduction.     

Efficient removal of LoxP-flanked genes by electroporation of Cre-recombinase mRNA

Introduction of Cre-recombinase in target cells is currently achieved by transfection of plasmid DNA or by viral-mediated transduction. However, efficiency of non-viral DNA transfection is often low in many cell types, and the use of viral vectors for transduction implies a more complex and laborious manipulation associated with safety issues. We have developed a non-viral non-DNA technique for rapid and highly efficient excision of LoxP-flanked DNA sequences based on electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding Cre-recombinase. A K562-DSRed[EGFP] cell line was developed in order to measure Cre-mediated recombination by flow cytometric analysis. These cells have a stable integrated DSRed reporter gene flanked by two LoxP sites, and an EGFP reporter gene, which could only be transcribed when the coding sequence for DSRed was removed. The presented data show recombination efficiencies, as measured by appearance of EGFP-fluorescence, of up to 85% in Cre-recombinase mRNA-electroporated K562-DSRed[EGFP] cells. In conclusion, mRNA electroporation of Cre-recombinase is a powerful, safe, and clinically applicable alternative to current technologies used for excision of stably integrated LoxP-flanked DNA sequences.     

中华按蚊电转化显微注射技术平台的构建及其在基因瞬时过表达中的应用

【目的】构建在中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis 中的电转化显微注射技术平台,并利用该技术平台实现活体基因瞬时过表达对其进行验证,为开展系统的基因功能研究奠定基础。【方法】以CUY21EDIT Ⅱ电转仪为主体构建中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;使用同源重组法构建 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 基因的瞬时过表达质粒,在中华按蚊化蛹3 h时注射该质粒进入蛹体,随即使用电转仪对注射后的蛹进行电击,待注射个体发育至化蛹39 h时,利用体视荧光显微镜观察蛹体表皮着色和发光情况,并通过荧光定量PCR检测 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 的表达。【结果】构建了用于显微注射的 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40和 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A-EGFP-SV 40过表达载体。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40注射组中华按蚊在化蛹39 h时约87.5%的个体成活并正常黑化,这其中约92.7%的个体的表皮检测到明显的绿色荧光,注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-EGFP-SV 40并进行电击的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体则没有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,注射组中发光个体的 EGFP 基因明显高表达。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT-T 2 A-EGFP-SV 40注射组的蛹在化蛹39 h时有80.4%个体存活,这其中92.2%的个体相对于注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体黑化明显受阻,且有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,报告基因 Bm-iAANAT 和 EGFP 的表达明显提高。【结论】成功构建了在中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;通过此技术平台能够便捷、快速和高效地实现报告基因在活蛹中的瞬时过表达,并产生了目的表型。这为中华按蚊功能基因组研究奠定了基础。     

EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建表达增强绿色荧光蛋白（enhancedgreenfluorescentprotein,EGFP）的EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体并对其表达进行鉴定。方法从pEGFP—N3质粒上切下EGFP片段,连接到pBABE载体,构建EGFP—pBABE重组质粒;将该重组质粒转染到Fr67细胞后,荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达;收集逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌SiHa细胞后荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达。结果成功构建EGFP—pBABE重组质粒。该质粒转染PT67细胞24h后,荧光显微镜下可观察到EGFP的表达;用该重组质粒包装的逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌SiHa细胞36h后,在荧光显微镜下可观察到明显的EGFP表达。结论成功构建表达EGFP的EGFP—pBABE逆转录病毒载体,为进一步利用该载体制备逆转录病毒并观测逆转录病毒感染细胞的效率奠定了良好的实验基础。     

In Vitro Targeted Gene Electrotransfer to Endothelial Cells with Plasmid DNA Containing Human Endothelin-1 Promoter

Development of recombinant DNA technologies has allowed us to create new delivery systems that target specific cell types and that can be used in gene therapy. One of these targets is vascular endothelium because of its important role in tumor angiogenesis. For tumor endothelium-specific targeting, we prepared plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein under the control of human endothelin-1 promoter (pENDO-EGFP), which is specific for endothelial cells. First we determined gene electrotransfer parameters for improved transfection of endothelial cells evaluating different osmolarity of electroporation buffer, voltages of applied electric pulses, and addition of fetal bovine serum immediately after electroporation to the cells for improved transfection and survival. Transfection efficacy of pENDO-EGFP in different endothelial and nonendothelial cell lines was determined next. Gene electrotransfer efficacy was evaluated using three different methods: fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence microplate reader, and flow cytometry. Our results showed that transfection efficacy was higher when cells were prepared in hypoosmolar compared to isoosmolar electroporation buffer. Furthermore, immediate addition of fetal bovine serum to the cells after pulsing also improved gene electrotransfer into target cells. We proved expression of EGFP under the control of human endothelin-1 promoter in endothelial cells, which was also significantly higher compared to nonendothelial cells. Taken together, we successfully constructed pENDO-EGFP, which was specifically expressed in endothelial cells using improved gene electrotransfer parameters.     

EGFP基因在中国明对虾原代培养细胞中的导入和表达

本文以我国重要水产养殖动物中国明对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）贴壁培养和悬浮培养的血细胞、植块培养的类淋巴器官（Oka器官）细胞和卵巢细胞为材料,通过磷酸钙共沉淀法、脂质体介导的转染（脂染）和电穿孔法等多种方法进行了导入EGFP基因的实验。结果表明,通过脂染可以成功地将质粒DNA导入悬浮培养的血细胞、植块培养的Oka器官细胞和卵巢细胞,并使报告基因EGFP得到表达。     

Two-wavelength fluorescence assay for DNA repair

A simple and reliable quantitative assay for measuring cellular DNA repair capacity has been developed. It is based on the host cell reactivation of the UV-irradiated plasmid pEGFP carrying the marker gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). As a reference we used the plasmid pEYFP carrying the gene for a red-shifted fluorescent protein (EYFP). Both proteins can be excited by visible light with a maximum at 488 nm, but EGFP emits with a maximum at 509 nm, while EYFP emits with a maximum at 527 nm. This makes it possible to monitor the expression of the two genes simultaneously by measuring the fluorescence at two wavelengths. HEK293 cells were cotransfected with a mixture of UV-irradiated pEGFP and undamaged pEYFP. At different time intervals after transfection the fluorescence of EGFP was determined relative to the fluorescence of EYFP to compensate for any differences in the transfection efficiency or other experimental variables. It was used to calculate the number of UV lesions in DNA and hence the repair capacity of the host cells. It was found that HEK293 cells were able to repair approximately 1.4 UV lesions per 1000 nucleotides DNA for 12 h on the average.     

Direct injection of foreign DNA into mouse testis as a possible in vivo gene transfer system via epididymal spermatozoa.

We have attempted to transfect testicular spermatozoa with plasmid DNA by direct injection into testes to obtain transgenic animals [this technique was thus termed "testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT)"]. When injected males were mated with superovulated females 2 and 3 days after injection, (i) high efficiencies (more than 50%) of gene transmission were achieved in the mid-gestational F0 fetuses, (ii) the copy number of plasmid DNA in the fetuses was estimated to be less than 1 copy per diploid cell, and (iii) overt gene expression was not found in these fetuses. These findings suggest the possibility that plasmid DNA introduced into a testis is rapidly transported to the epididymis and then incorporated by epididymal spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of TMGT by introducing trypan blue (TB) or Hoechst 33342 directly into testis. We found that TB is transported to the ducts of the caput epididymis via rete testis within 1 min after testis injection, and TB reached the corpus and cauda epididymis within 2-4 days after injection. Staining of spermatozoa isolated from any portion of epididymis was observed 4 days after injection of a solution containing Hoechst 33342. Injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression vector/liposome complex into testis resulted in transfection of epithelial cells of epididymal ducts facing the lumen, although the transfection efficiency appeared to be low. In vivo electroporation toward the caput epididymis immediately after injection of EGFP expression vector into a testis greatly improved the uptake of foreign DNA by the epididymal epithelial cells. PCR analysis using spermatozoa isolated from corpus and cauda epididymis 4 days after injection of a DNA/liposome complex into testis revealed exogenous DNA in these spermatozoa even after treatment with DNase I. These findings indicate that exogenous DNA introduced into tesits is rapidly transported to epididymal ducts via the rete testis and efferent ducts, and then incorporated by epithelial cells of epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa.     

Comparison of lipid-mediated and adenoviral gene transfer in human monocyte-derived macrophages and COS-7 cells

Lipid-mediated transfection was compared to adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in COS-7 cells as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). For this purpose, we monitored enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression by fluorescence microscopy and quantified gene transfer by competitive PCR. Transfection of COS-7 cells with a novel lipid formulation for DNA transfer was highly effective in COS-7 cells. On average, 30% of the cells were fluorescent 48 h after transfection. In HMDM, the same formulation resulted in the expression of EGFP in less than 0.5% of cells. We measured plasmid DNA by quantitative PCR in lipid-transfected macrophages and found that each macrophage contained on average 2 fg of plasmid DNA 24 h after transfection, that is, more than 400 molecules of plasmid DNA entered each cell. Despite the high level of reporter DNA in lipid transfected cells, expression of the fluorescent protein was suppressed in more than 99.5% of the macrophages. We also used adenoviral gene transfer to introduce the foreign DNA into both COS-7 cells and HMDM. Even though the multiplicity of infection was less than 30, expression of EGFP was observed in nearly all COS-7 cells and in more than 80% of HMDM 48 h after transfection. Despite major advances in the field of lipid-mediated transfection of HMDM, the lipid formulations that are available commercially cannot compete with the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer.