恒河猴正常子宫及妊娠后期胎儿的MRI研究

目的研究恒河猴正常子宫及妊娠后期胎儿的MRI表现。方法对3只未妊娠和3只妊娠135d的恒河猴分别进行磁共振成像（MRI）扫描,观察子宫及胎儿的影像学特点。结果未妊娠恒河猴的子宫T1WI冠状位呈椭圆形,子宫体各层呈中等信号,矢状位呈葫芦形。在T2WI上,冠状位显示宫体可见2～3层不同的信号带,在矢状位子宫体肌层的信号高于子宫颈,信号的移行区是体颈的交界处。妊娠恒河猴的子宫肌层变薄,胎盘及胎儿的脑、脊柱、肝、肺等结构显示清楚。结论MRI能很好地显示恒河猴子宫的形态、胎儿各部分的结构。对人畸形胎儿的产前诊断有一定的参考价值。     

磁共振成像应用于检测胎盘植入介入治疗

为了探讨磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)在胎盘植入介入治疗中的诊断作用和为临床治疗提供依据,本研究选取30例于2012年6月至2015年12月间在我院进行介入治疗的胎盘植入患者作为研究对象,根据病理诊断标准,分析患者胎盘植入介入治疗前后的MRI检查结果。结果显示,粘连性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为77.5%和90.2%,植入性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为75.5%和87.7%,穿透性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为85%和100%。最好的预测胎盘植入的MRI特征是在T2W磁共振成像(T2W-MRI)序列上存在暗色的胎盘内条带。介入治疗1年后复查时,发现患者子宫恢复为正常大小,宫腔内的胎盘组织基本消失,宫壁与植入胎盘融合、宫腔内膜线和子宫结合带的信号完整。综上结果,说明MRI可作为检测胎盘植入可靠性和可重复性的工具,并且能够显示胎盘植入部位及子宫肌层受侵程度,可用于评价胎盘植入介入治疗的疗效。     

高强度聚焦超声治疗子宫腺肌病的免疫学状态改变及影像学评估研究

摘要 目的：探讨高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗子宫腺肌病（AM）的免疫学状态改变及影像学评估。方法：选择2020年12月-2021年12月于石家庄市人民医院收治的186例AM患者,HIFU消融术治疗前后行血清补体C3、C4、辅助性T细胞17与调节性T细胞比值（Th17/Treg）检测和磁共振成像（MRI）检查。比较AM患者治疗前后超声特征以及MRI测量参数、血清补体C3、C4、Th17/Treg水平的差异;采用Spearman相关性分析治疗后血清补体C3、C4、Th17/Treg水平与消融率、无灌注区MRI参数的相关性。结果：AM患者HIFU治疗前超声显示子宫壁肌层回声不均匀,肌层血流信号丰富,病灶血运丰富;MRI表现为子宫不均一性体积增大,子宫壁明显增厚,与子宫结合带分界不清,信号不均匀,动态增强扫描病灶表现为不均匀强化,强化程度均略低于附近的正常子宫内肌层。AM患者HIFU治疗后VAS评分显著低于治疗前（P<0.05）;超声显示子宫肌层回声不均匀,肌层血运明显减少,MRI显示子宫壁增厚程度减轻,信号不均匀,增强扫描表现为中央无强化的灌注区,周边结节状或不规则形强化即为残余病灶,消融率为90%左右。HIFU治疗后血清补体C3、C4水平、残余病灶ADC值、MSI值显著升高（P<0.05）,而HIFU治疗后Th17/Treg、无灌注区ADC值、MSI值显著下降（P<0.05）。HIFU治疗后血清补体C3、C4水平与消融率、无灌注区ADC值以及MSI值存在显著负相关（P<0.05）,而Th17/Treg与消融率、无灌注区ADC值以及MSI值存在显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论：HIFU治疗AM患者后的免疫学状态改变以及MRI评估有助于预测AM患者的预后,并指导临床医师对AM患者后续治疗方案的选择提供客观真实的依据。     

肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨螺旋CT和MRI对肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。方法:回顾性分析12例肾嗜酸性细胞瘤的CT和/或MRI表现。结果:CT检查12例,平扫8例病灶呈均匀软组织密度影,3例呈不均匀软组织密度影,1例瘤体周边有环状钙化。增强后病灶轻中度强化,6例见星状瘢痕。MRI检查3例,2例T1WI呈等低信号、T2WI呈高信号;1例T1WI呈等信号、T2WI等低信号。结论:多数肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的影像学表现具有一定特征性。CT结合MRI特别是动态扫描有助于术前做出正确的诊断。     

腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学诊断

目的:分析腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学表现以提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析10例经手术病理证实的腱鞘巨细胞瘤的X线平片及MRI表现,其中10例行X线平片检查,8例行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:X线平片显示局部稍高密度软组织肿块影,邻近骨质未见明显异常或轻度侵蚀破坏。MRI表现为相应部位软组织肿块影,T1WI多呈较低信号,内可见条片状更低信号影,增强后强化明显;T2WI呈高低混杂信号影;病灶与邻近肌腱关系密切,其中一例包绕指屈肌腱蔓状生长;局部骨皮质可受侵。结论:腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性。     

超声影像学对胎盘植入程度的危险度评价及与胎盘植入程度的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨超声影像学对胎盘植入程度的危险度进行评价及与胎盘植入程度的相关性。方法：回顾性分析2017年7月-2020年7月期间于我院住院治疗的胎盘植入患者60例。分析分娩前超声影像学特点,按照胎盘位置及厚度、胎盘后低回声带是否消失、膀胱线是否连续、胎盘陷窝性状、胎盘基底部血流信号、宫颈形态是否完整、宫颈是否存在血窦,以及剖宫产史等项目,每项评0-2分,计算总分值。计算不同类型胎盘植入患者超声评分量表的临界值,并比较各类型患者术中出血量及子宫切除率。结果：60例患者中粘连型38例、植入型13例、穿透型9例。 粘连型出血量低于重型（P＜0.01）,在重型患者中,植入型与穿透型术中出血量无差异（P=0.360）。粘连型患者均未切除子宫。粘连型与重型子宫切除率相比有差异（P＜0.01）,重型高于粘连型。其中植入型子宫切除率低于穿透型（P＜0.01）。粘连型超声评分低于重型（P＜0.01）。重型患者中,植入型超声评分又低于穿透型（P＜0.01）。受试者工作特性曲线显示：当AUC为90.5 %、评分≥2.5 时,敏感度为 92.3 %,特异度为73.7 %,粘连型和植入型的最佳临界值为3分;当AUC为73.5 %、评分≥9.5分时,敏感度为55.6 %,特异度为76.9 %,因此确定植入和穿透型的界值为10分;当AUC为78.0 %、评分≥2.5 时,敏感度为72.7 %,特异度为88.2 %,是否出现产后出血的最佳临界值为3分。结论：超声影像学可评估胎盘植入的程度,并预测术中出血及子宫切除的风险。以评分 3分为界,用以预测粘连和重型胎盘植入、产后出血的发生。以评分≥10分为界,用以预测植入型和穿透型胎盘植入。其中,评分≥10分时,穿透型植入可能性大。     

头颈部木村病的CT、MRI影像学表现

目的:探讨头颈部木村病的CT、MRI的影像学表现。方法:对6例经手术或活检病理证实的头颈部木村病的CT及MRI影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果:本组6例以中青年男性患者多见,病灶位于耳周2例、颊面部1例、颌下区1例,腮腺区1例、头皮下1例,均表现为无痛性肿块。3例CT表现为单侧或双侧、单发或多发等或略高密度软组织肿块,密度均或不均,边缘清楚或局部欠清,伴邻近皮下组织受累;增强扫描病灶表现为不同程度强化。3例MRI表现为对比邻近肌肉信号,病灶在T1WI上为等、稍高信号,在T2WI上为高信号,大部分病灶中等至明显强化。本组6例病变均伴有周围多发淋巴结肿大及实验室检查外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多,可伴病侧局部皮下脂肪层萎缩。结论:头颈部木村病的CT、MRI影像表现有一定特征性,结合临床病史及实验室检查,可提高木村病的诊断准确率。     

产前超声征象评分联合肌酸激酶对前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断价值分析

目的:探讨肌酸激酶(CK)联合产前超声征象评分对前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断价值。方法:选取2017年1月到2017年12月期间在我院行剖宫产分娩的106例前置胎盘患者,根据有无胎盘植入分为植入组(46例)和未植入组(60例),另选取同期在我院行剖宫产分娩的健康产妇60例作为对照组。比较植入组和未植入组的产后出血、新生儿1 min Apgar评分、子宫全切或次全切除。比较三组研究对象的产前超声征象评分和血清CK水平。以临床手术和(或)病理结果为金标准,分析CK、产前超声征象评分单独检测及二者联合对前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断价值。结果:植入组有产后出血、新生儿1 min Apgar评分≤7分、有子宫全切或次全切除的发生率均高于未植入组(P0.05)。植入组的产前超声征象评分和血清CK水平高于未植入组和对照组(P0.05),未植入组和对照组的产前超声征象评分和血清CK水平比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。产前超声征象评分联合CK的敏感度高于产前超声征象评分、CK单独检测(P0.05),产前超声征象评分、CK及产前超声征象评分联合CK对前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:CK与产前超声征象评分联合检测对前置胎盘合并胎盘植入具有较高的诊断价值。     

肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的影像学诊断

目的：探讨螺旋CT和MRI对肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析12例肾嗜酸性细胞瘤的CT和／或MRI表现。结果：CT检查12例,平扫8例病灶呈均匀软组织密度影,3例呈不均匀软组织密度影,1例瘤体周边有环状钙化。增强后病灶轻中度强化,6例见星状瘢痕。MRI检查3例,2例T1WI呈等低信号、T2WI呈高信号;1例T1wI呈等信号、T2WI等低信号。结论：多数肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的影像学表现具有一定特征性。CT结合MRI特别是动态扫描有助于术前做出正确的诊断。     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的不典型CT、MRI征象分析

目的:分析4例胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(P-NENs)的不典型CT、MRI影像学特征,以提高对其诊断水平.方法:对4例经手术病理证实的P-NENs的不典型CT和(或)MRI表现进行回顾性分析.结果:4例胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤患者均进行CT平扫及增强检查,平扫病变相对于正常胰腺呈等密度1例,稍低密度3例,其中1例瘤内见钙化;CT增强扫描4例均为轻～中度增强,静脉期较动脉期增强幅度稍减低,所有患者各期增强幅度均未超过胰腺实质,其中1例可见延迟期不完整包膜强化,包膜密度略高于周围胰腺.3例患者行MRI平扫、DWI及增强检查,2例肿瘤相对正常胰腺呈长T1、稍长T2信号,较均匀,1例T1WI呈不均匀稍低信号,T2WI呈较高与稍低混杂信号,CT所显示之病变内钙化T1、T2均呈较低信号.DWI序列3例病变均呈较明显高信号.增强扫描3例病变均呈轻到中度强化,2例强化较均匀,1例强化不均匀,强化幅度均未超过正常胰腺.2例MRI可见有部分包膜环形强化,略高于周围胰腺实质.结论:明显增强以及包膜强化被认为是P-NENs的典型影像学表现,但其影像学表现多样,认识其多样性及不典型影像学征象,可以提高对其诊断准确率.     

Accuracy of Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of placenta accreta and to define the most relevant specific ultrasound and MRI features that may predict placental invasion.

Material and Methods

This study was approved by the institutional review board of the French College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients referred for suspected placenta accreta to two university hospitals from 01/2001 to 05/2012. Our study population included 42 pregnant women who had been investigated by both ultrasonography and MRI. Ultrasound images and MRI were blindly reassessed for each case by 2 raters in order to score features that predict abnormal placental invasion.

Results

Sensitivity in the diagnosis of placenta accreta was 100% with ultrasound and 76.9% for MRI (P = 0.03). Specificity was 37.5% with ultrasonography and 50% for MRI (P = 0.6). The features of greatest sensitivity on ultrasonography were intraplacental lacunae and loss of the normal retroplacental clear space. Increased vascularization in the uterine serosa-bladder wall interface and vascularization perpendicular to the uterine wall had the best positive predictive value (92%). At MRI, uterine bulging had the best positive predictive value (85%) and its combination with the presence of dark intraplacental bands on T2-weighted images improved the predictive value to 90%.

Conclusion

Ultrasound imaging is the mainstay of screening for placenta accreta. MRI appears to be complementary to ultrasonography, especially when there are few ultrasound signs.     

Placenta Percreta and the Urologist

Placenta percreta, the rarest and most severe form of placenta accreta, can involve the urinary bladder. Because of its propensity for severe hemorrhage, it is a potentially life-threatening condition. Although commonly discovered at the time of delivery, antenatal diagnosis may be achieved with ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or cystoscopy. Every attempt should be made to minimize potential for blood loss by avoiding removal of the placenta at the time of delivery and either performing a hysterectomy or using methotrexate therapy to ablate the residual placenta in the postpartum period. If hemorrhage does occur during delivery, immediate surgical removal of the uterus should be considered and, depending on the severity of the hemorrhage and the depth of invasion of the placenta into the bladder, excision and/or reconstruction of the bladder may be necessary.Key words: Placenta percreta, Placenta accreta, Bladder invasionMajor obstetric hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.¹ In rare cases, life-threatening hemorrhage in pregnant women may result from abnormal invasion of the bladder by the placenta. Retained placental membranes and tissues are responsible for 5% to 10% of postpartum hemorrhages. Normally, a layer of decidua separates the placental villi and the myometrium (the inner layer of the uterus) at the site of placental implantation. When the placenta directly adheres to the myometrium without the presence of an intervening decidua, this condition is known as placenta accreta, which is one cause of retained placental tissue.Placenta accreta is classified according to its degree of invasion into the myometrium (Figure 1): placenta accreta vera, placenta increta, and placenta percreta. Placenta accreta vera is a term used to denote a placenta with villi that adhere to the superficial myometrium. Placenta increta occurs when the villi adhere to the body of the myometrium, but not through its full thickness. Placenta percreta occurs when the villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium and may invade neighboring organs such as the bladder or the rectum. Although the exact cause of placenta accreta is unknown, it is associated with several clinical situations such as previous cesarean delivery, placenta previa, grand multiparity, previous uterine curettage, and previously treated Asherman syndrome, which is a condition characterized by the presence of scars within the uterine cavity.²Open in a separate windowFigure 1Placenta accreta is classified according to the degree of invasion into the myometrium.

Table 1

Classification of Placenta Accreta by Degree of Invasion

Proteolytic activity of first trimester human placenta: localization of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast

In human placentation, events of implantation and early blastocyst development are mediated by fetal trophoblastic cells which penetrate into the maternal endometrium and myometrium. Although highly regulated in its biological behavior, trophoblast simulates a malignant neoplasm by virtue of invading the uterine wall and uterine spiral arteries and by embolizing throughout the systemic circulation. This process is at least in part dependant on the regulated production of proteolytic enzymes to degrade extracellular matrix. The most abundant extracellular protein is connective tissue type (interstitial) collagen. The uterine remodeling during the establishment of the embryo requires collagenase which catalyzes the initial step in the breakdown of collagen. This study demonstrates the presence of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast of first trimester placenta using immunocytochemical methods on light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Intracytoplasmic staining for interstitial collagenase was present in cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast covering the chorionic villi as well as in extravillous intermediate trophoblast invading spiral arteries in the placental bed. Furthermore, outgrowth cultures of chorionic villi were studied with the immunogold method. Gold labelling was associated with the cell surface of trophoblastic cells as well as with fibrillary collagen like proteins of newly synthesized extracellular matrix. We speculate that interstitial collagenase plays a role in the degradation of uterine collagen within the developing human placenta.     

Proteolytic activity of first trimester human placenta: localization of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast

Summary In human placentation, events of implantation and early blastocyst development are mediated by fetal trophoblastic cells which penetrate into the maternal endometrium and myometrium. Although highly regulated in its biological behavior, trophoblast simulates a malignant neoplasm by virtue of invading the uterine wall and uterine spiral arteries and by embolizing throughout the systemic circulation. This process is at least in part dependant on the regulated production of proteolytic enzymes to degrade extracellular matrix. The most abundant extracellular protein is connective tissue type (interstitial) collagen. The uterine remodeling during the establishment of the embryo requires collagenase which catalyzes the intial step in the breakdown of collagen. This study demonstrates the presence of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast of first trimester placenta using immunocytochemical methods on light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Intracytoplasmic staining for interstitial collagenase was present in cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast covering the chorionic villi as well as in extravillous intermediate trophoblast invading spiral arteries in the placental bed. Furthermore, outgrowth cultures of chorionic villi were studied with the immunogold method. Gold labelling was associated with the cell surface of trophoblastic cells as well as with fibrillary collagen like proteins of newly synthesized extracellular matrix. We speculate that interstitial collagenase plays a role in the degradation of uterine collagen within the developing human placenta.     

Synthesis of 'decidualization-associated protein' in tissues of the rat uterus and placenta during pregnancy.

The synthesis of a soluble protein (referred to as 'decidualization-associated protein', DAP), has been examined in uterine and placental tissues of rats during pregnancy by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of [3H]leucine-labelled soluble proteins. No synthesis of the protein was detected in non-implantation regions of the uterus. In implantation site tissue, no synthesis was detected on Days 6 or 7 of pregnancy. Only slight synthesis was present in the endometrium on Day 8, but synthesis rose rapidly from Days 9 to 12 in both the endometrium and myometrium although differences in the rates of increase were observed. Synthesis fell from Day 12 to 14 in both tissues. Synthesis by the myometrium was entirely localized in the mesometrial region, which contains the metrial gland. After Day 12, when the endometrium is represented by the chorioallantoic placenta, synthesis was examined in the labyrinthine and the decidua basalis/basal zone placenta tissues. No synthesis of 'DAP' was detected in the labyrinthine placenta from Day 16 of pregnancy. Synthesis observed in the decidua basalis/basal zone placenta fell dramatically from Day 14 to 20. The pattern of synthesis of 'DAP' during pregnancy suggests a role in the establishment of the chorioallantoic placenta and metrial gland in the rat.     

产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断效能研究

摘要 目的：探究产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断效能。方法：2019年11月-2021年12月于我院收治的产前超声诊断为前置胎盘的孕妇共计62例,其中44例超声诊断合并了胎盘植入的孕妇。所有孕妇产前均进行经腹灰阶检查、经腹彩色超声检查和二者联合检查胎盘植入性疾病,通过分析胎盘植入性疾病筛查结果,评价产前超声经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的筛查效能。结果：（1）通过灰阶超声诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为73.42 %,特异度为86.54 %;（2）通过彩色超声诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为76.89%,特异度为89.07 %;（3）经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数诊断检出胎盘植入的灵敏度为87.79 %,特异度为90.36 %;（4）经腹灰阶检查、经腹彩色超声检查和二者联合检查对胎盘植入性疾病筛查阳性率分别为56.45 %、62.90 %和67.74 %,二者联合检查对产前胎盘植入性疾病筛查阳性率显著高于经腹灰阶检查和经腹彩色超声检查（P<0.05）。（5）二者联合检查的敏感度为72.26 %,特异度为90.54 %,阳性比为95.55 %,诊断比值比为78.89 %。结论：产前经腹灰阶联合彩色血流超声多参数对胎盘植入性疾病的诊断有较高的灵敏度和特异度,值得临床推广应用。     

Characterization and expression of uterine and placental alkaline phosphatases in the mouse.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is rapidly induced in the uterine subepithelial stroma after a natural or artificial decidual stimulus. During gestation ALP-specific activity peaked at Day 7 to 8 (Day 1 is day of detection of the copulation plug) followed by a rapid decline to control levels by Day 9. This elevation in enzyme activity was preceded by an 8-fold induction of a 2.6 kilobase (kb) mRNA. This mRNA was not preferentially localized to implantation sites. ALP activity was detected in the placenta at Day 9 and reached maximum specific activity at Day 19. The placental ALP was also encoded by a 2.6 kb mRNA. Uterine and placental ALPs were inhibited to the same extent by levamisole, L-tryptophan and homoarginine. The calculated Ki values for these inhibitors were not statistically different between the uterine and placental forms. Km values towards the substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate, however, were statistically different between the uterine and placental forms. Both uterine and placental ALPs were stimulated 3-4-fold by addition of 2 mM-Mg2+. Electrophoretic mobilities on SDS polyacrylamide gel, where the enzyme migrated as a single band, were the same. The uterine form, however, could be distinguished from the placental isoenzyme by separation on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels; the uterine form had a single zone of activity which migrated with an intermediate mobility between the two zones of activity detected for the placental enzyme. These differences in mobility could be ascribed to the sialic acid content of the enzyme because treatment with neuraminidase resulted in the uterine and placental forms migrating with comparable but slower mobilities in non-denaturing gels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)