纳米银的抗菌特性及对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用

【目的】利用革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌和真菌的模式菌株分析纳米银的抗菌特性,并评价纳米银对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【方法】利用生物法合成的纳米银,以微量肉汤法测定3种标准菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并计算MBC/MIC比值。用系列浓度的纳米银处理3株标准菌株后经平板计数法绘制时间-杀菌曲线。采用菌落平板计数法测定了纳米银对3种标准菌株的"抗生素后效应"(post-antibiotic effect,PAE),最后在生物安全II级实验室测定纳米银对临床分离的多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【结果】用生物法合成了粒径5–30 nm的纳米银,zeta电位为–19.5 m V。该纳米银制剂对3种标准菌株的时间-杀菌曲线均表现为时间依赖型抗菌作用。纳米银对大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌"抗生素后效应"随着浓度增加而增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显"抗生素后效应"。纳米银对3种标准菌株的MIC值和MBC值均在1.00–4.00μg/m L之间;对3株人源性多重耐药菌MIC值在6.00–26.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在1.00–32.00μg/m L之间;对14株动物源性多重耐药菌MIC值在4.00–10.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在8.00–16.00μg/m L之间。纳米银对所有测试菌株的MBC/MIC值均小于2。【结论】纳米银是一种时间依赖型的抗菌剂,有不同程度的"抗生素后效应",对人源和动物源性多重耐药菌有杀菌作用。     

细菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的诱导型异源表达

【目的】实现地衣芽孢杆菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效异源表达,并研究该重组酶的酶学性质。【方法】克隆巨大芽孢杆菌木糖异构酶基因的启动子区域及其调控蛋白,构建一个大肠杆菌/芽孢杆菌穿梭型诱导表达质粒,使用该诱导型启动子介导麦芽糖淀粉酶编码基因,实现其在枯草芽孢杆菌中的功能表达。对重组枯草芽孢杆菌的诱导条件进行优化,提高麦芽糖淀粉酶的产量。【结果】获得了诱导表达麦芽糖淀粉酶基因的重组枯草芽孢杆菌菌株。最适诱导温度为45°C,最适诱导剂添加浓度为1%,最适添加诱导剂时间为接种培养9 h后。重组酶蛋白分子量大小为67 k D,对该酶的酶学性质研究发现,以可溶性淀粉为底物,反应生成麦芽糖和葡萄糖,其中麦芽糖含量为60.42%。重组酶最适作用温度为45°C,最适作用p H为6.5,Ca2+、Co2+、EDTA对该重组麦芽糖淀粉酶具有激活作用。【结论】通过木糖诱导表达系统可以实现麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效诱导型表达,酶活最高可达296.64 U/m L发酵液,在工业上有着较好的应用前景。     

暹罗芽孢杆菌高产γ-聚谷氨酸的发酵条件优化

【背景】γ-聚谷氨酸（poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA）产生菌多为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）、地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）等,而暹罗芽孢杆菌（Bacillus siamensis）相关研究较少。【目的】研究暹罗芽孢杆菌产γ-PGA的液体发酵条件。【方法】以自行分离的暹罗芽孢杆菌CAU83为出发菌株进行液体发酵,通过单因素试验和正交试验法研究了碳氮源、前体物质、发酵温度及pH对菌株生产γ-PGA的影响。【结果】经摇瓶优化,γ-PGA的最适碳源、氮源和前体物质分别为乳糖30g/L、酵母提取物5g/L和L-谷氨酸钠60 g/L,最适培养条件为发酵温度37℃和pH 7.0,γ-PGA产量由8.4 g/L提升至30.1 g/L,比优化前提高了260%。经分批补料发酵,60 h时γ-PGA产量最高为59.5 g/L,比摇瓶提高了98%,产率为0.99 g/（L·h）。所产γ-PGA分子量为3.8×10⁶ Da,聚合度较高。【结论】...     

枯草芽孢杆菌β-糖苷酶的克隆表达、体外定向进化及结构模拟

摘要:【目的】从枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA中扩增出bglC基因并在大肠杆菌中表达,分析表达产物的酶学性质并进行结构模拟,为进一步研究其生理功能及结构解析奠定基础。【方法】将bglC基因克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中表达,通过定向进化获取水解效率提高的突变株,经Ni-NTA镍离子层析柱纯化后,测定野生枯草芽孢杆菌β-糖苷酶与突变酶的性质。利用CD光谱,非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及三维结构建模,分析野生酶与突变酶的高级结构。【结果】野生酶的比活力为9.7 U/mg,最适催化温度为60℃,最适pH值是7.0。经过突变和筛选,我们得到一个突变体BS-GLY_M1(A242T/T385A/S425L),其比活力达到17.1 U/mg,最适温度为55 ℃,最适pH值是7.0,在55 ℃下的半衰期为3.5 h,比野生酶增加2 h。突变酶对4-硝基苯基-β-半乳糖苷、乳糖和熊果苷的催化效率(Km/Kcat)有所提高。酶在天然条件下以二聚体、四聚体状态存在,推测它以二聚体为基本功能单位。结构模拟结果表明突变后酶的三维结构有轻微地变化,这可能是酶热稳定性和催化效率提高的原因。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌β-糖苷酶可以在大肠杆菌中高效表达并可以通过定向进化提高其水解效率。     

两株内生芽孢杆菌对盐胁迫下大豆幼苗超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性影响

【背景】盐胁迫环境严重影响大豆幼苗生长,内生菌可提高作物的抗逆性。【目的】探究接种内生枯草芽孢杆菌127和解蛋白芽孢杆菌133对盐胁迫下大豆幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的影响。【方法】以“徐豆20”为实验材料,采用盆栽实验法,设置对照组、盐胁迫组和盐胁迫接菌组,在人工气候培养条件下,用不同NaCl浓度(50、100、150、200、250和300 mmol/L)处理大豆幼苗,并接种不同OD600值(OD0.33、OD0.50和OD0.75)的菌悬液。【结果】培养14 d,接种枯草芽孢杆菌127的菌悬液OD0.33和OD0.75分别在盐浓度300 mmol/L和100 mmol/L时,SOD活性均为1.04 U/g-FW;接种解蛋白芽孢杆菌133的菌悬液OD0.50在盐浓度300 mmol/L胁迫下POD活性最高为7 820 U/(g·min),对大豆幼苗修复效果较显著。培养28 d,接种枯草芽孢杆菌127的菌悬液OD0.50,在150 mmol/L时SOD活性最高(0.88 U/g-FW);接...     

反硝化除磷菌筛选及其特性研究

【目的】研究反硝化除磷菌特性。【方法】通过微生物筛选和生物学特性研究方法,从对虾养殖池塘中筛选出多株可在有氧条件下同时具有反硝化除磷功能的菌种。【结果】菌株LY-1可在18 h内将初始量为10 mg/L的亚硝酸盐氮降低至0.04 mg/L,PO43?-P降低至0.05 mg/L。在DO浓度为5.0?5.9 mg/L时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%。试验选取具有反硝化除磷功能的枯草芽孢杆菌为阳性对照菌,大肠杆菌为阴性对照菌,比较研究了菌株LY-1在不同pH、温度、盐度、PO43?-P浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度时反硝化除磷的强弱,在pH为5?9范围时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮去除率近99%,PO43?-P去除率86%;温度为30°C时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%;盐度为5‰?15‰、PO43?-P浓度为10 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮浓度为20 mg/L时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮和PO43?-P去除率均可达99%。【结论】菌株LY-1反硝化除磷性能显著高于对照菌(P<0.05)。通过菌株LY-1形态学观察、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

一株真菌拮抗细菌Z21的筛选与鉴定及其发酵条件优化

【背景】芽孢杆菌属的许多细菌具有抗逆性强、安全等特点,一直以来都是开发新型活性物质的研究热点。【目的】筛选对食品腐败真菌有抑制作用的细菌,将其开发为天然食品防腐剂。【方法】采用平板分离法、平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法从空气、竹子内生细菌中筛选真菌拮抗菌,通过形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析等方法对其进行鉴定,利用正交试验确定其最优生长条件。【结果】筛选到一株对6种常见霉菌均有较强抑制作用的细菌Z21。Z21与甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmethylotrophicus strain CBMB205~T)的相似性最高,且形态特征和生理生化特征与CBMB205~T菌株基本相符。Z21最佳发酵培养基配方和培养条件分别为:葡萄糖20.0 g/L、NaNO_3 20.0 g/L、MgSO_4 3.0 g/L,培养温度为32°C,培养时间为48 h。【结论】Z21为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus),对黑曲霉、康氏木霉、绿色木霉、少根根霉、易脆毛霉、赭绿青霉的生长具有较强的抑制作用且抑菌效果稳定,为广谱真菌拮抗菌。     

枯草芽孢杆菌氧化还原感应全局调控因子Rex对乙偶姻合成的影响

【背景】枯草芽孢杆菌体内含有一种可响应胞内氧化还原水平的因子,称之为氧化还原感应全局调控因子Rex (由基因ydiH编码)。Rex可通过感知辅酶NADH/NAD+水平的变化来调节胞内氧化还原平衡。【目的】研究Rex对枯草芽孢杆菌乙偶姻合成和辅因子代谢的相关性。【方法】利用比较转录组挖掘乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇可逆转化过程中显著差异的基因,并通过Cre/lox基因敲除技术敲除ydiH、acuA (乙酰AcsA)和acoC (二氢脂酰胺乙酰转移酶)。随后,利用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)技术分析敲除菌株中乙偶姻相关基因的转录水平。【结果】通过发酵实验发现,敲除ydiH会在一定程度上抑制菌体的生长速率,但发酵前期乙偶姻单位细胞产量和底物转化率都得到了显著提高;敲除acuA和acoC后,对乙偶姻合成、菌体生长和糖耗速率均影响不大;敲除ydiH后,与乙偶姻合成相关基因alsR (alsSD的正转录调控因子)、alsS (α-乙酰乳酸合成酶)、alsD (α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶)和bdhA (2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶)的转录水平显著上调。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌氧化还原感应全局调控因子Rex通过抑制与乙偶姻相关基因的转录水平影响乙偶姻合成。本研究首次报道了枯草芽孢杆菌中Rex和乙偶姻合成的相关性,为探索Rex如何通过调控相关基因的转录来影响胞内氧化还原稳态奠定了基础,也为提高枯草芽孢杆菌工业化生产强度和底物转化率提供了借鉴。     

化学机械法棉秆制浆废液的生物转化条件及转化物的安全性

摘要:【目的】系统研究棉秆制浆废液用于培养具有生物防治功能的枯草芽孢杆菌的适宜条件和转化液的安全性。【方法】以初始pH值、温度、曝气量和接种量作为单因素,通过实验优化培养条件,并以大鼠和大耳兔作为测试动物,对转化液的安全性进行分析。【结果】结果表明,APMP棉秆制浆废液培养枯草芽孢杆菌的最适条件为:初始pH7.0,温度30℃,曝气量16 L/h,接种量0.8 g/L,反应器内加入填料,装填率为30%,在此培养条件下菌株的活芽孢数为6.27×109 CFU/mL,废液COD 转化率达70.4%。生物转化后,转化液的成分含量与转化前相比均有不同程度的下降。经4种毒性试验检测表明,未发现转化液的生物致病性。【结论】APMP 棉秆制浆废液可为枯草芽孢杆菌的生长和代谢提供必要的营养,可用于生物转化,且转化液为无刺激性、无毒性物质。     

一株深海热液口嗜热芽孢杆菌SY27F代谢产物活性的研究

【目的】对一株来源于深海热液口嗜热芽孢杆菌的次生代谢产物进行抑菌活性和抗肿瘤活性的初步研究。【方法】采用纸片法和微量肉汤稀释法检测嗜热芽孢杆菌SY27F次生代谢产物的抑菌活性,采用CCK-8法测定其次生代谢产物的抗肿瘤活性。【结果】抑菌实验表明,嗜热芽孢杆菌代谢产物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌作用,其最低抑菌浓度分别为1.56 mg/mL和3.13 mg/mL;细胞实验表明,其代谢产物对肿瘤细胞A549、HepG2、HeLa、MCF-7均有一定的抑制作用,其半致死浓度分别为0.390、0.451、0.704、1.105 mg/mL;与人肝肿瘤细胞(HepG2)相比,其对人正常肝细胞(L02)表现出良好的生物相容性。【结论】嗜热芽孢杆菌SY27F次生代谢产物具有一定的抑菌和抗肿瘤活性,可为寻找新型抑菌抗肿瘤活性物质提供优质资源。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.