New field of insect science: Research on the use of insect properties

In recent years, research on “insect properties” has been attracting much attention for industrial applications of insect technology. This is a new field of research that attempts to analyze specific physiological properties of insects to develop technology for helping humankind. The term “insect properties” has been used to refer to “specific biological functions of insects” since around 1986, and it is now widely accepted in Japan. From 1996, the National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (NISES) promoted “Research for utilization of insect properties” as a “Center of Excellence (COE)” project funded by the Science and Technology Agency. At this point, a new research field called “Research for utilization of insect properties” was initiated, and this led to the recognition of this field by the academic community. In the 21st century, remarkable results, including the development of transgenic silkworms and the full decoding of the silkworm genome, have been achieved. It is expected that this advanced technology will be a powerful tool for progress of research on the use of insect properties. This review presents an overview of the current state of research on use of insect properties as a new technology.     

芒属植物资源研究、利用现状和开发前景北大核心CSCD

对芒属17种植物的自然资源状况,从分类学、遗传育种学和生理学等方面研究的进行了综述,梳理了芒属植物资源利用现状,并展望了芒属植物的应用前景和产业价值。同时指出,对芒属类群的研究深度和应用程度极不均衡,对适应于极端环境的地区特有类群开发利用不够。为全面促进芒属植物资源开发利用,助力芒属新品种的研发和推广,倡议加强极端环境下芒属种质资源研发,实现更广阔的应用前景。     

微生物酶数据库的发展与应用

可数据化是现代生命科学研究,尤其是合成生物学的一项关键特性。酶作为生命体内催化生化反应的关键分子,其数据化对推动生命科学的基础研究和实际应用都有重要意义。当下商品化的酶大都来源于微生物,建立微生物酶资源数据库不仅可以为酶的分类提供标准参考,还可以指导新型催化元件的挖掘、改造与从头设计。本综述对国际上已有的酶资源数据库建设与发展作了简要介绍,并对基于数据库的微生物酶资源利用作出展望。     

甲酸生物利用的研究进展

利用微生物细胞工厂实现高效的原料利用和目标物质合成是合成生物学的重要研究方向之一。传统工业微生物主要以糖基类原料作为发酵底物,而发掘更为廉价的碳资源并实现其高效利用,值得探究。甲酸是重要的有机一碳资源,亦是基本有机化工原料之一,广泛应用于农药、皮革、染料、医药和橡胶等工业。近年来受产业需求波动的影响,甲酸生产面临产能过剩的困境,亟待发展新的转化路径来拓展和延伸相关产业链,而生物路线是重要方向之一。然而,天然的甲酸利用微生物普遍存在生长缓慢、甲酸代谢效率低以及分子工具匮乏造成遗传改造困难等问题,亟待改造和优化;而人工构建甲酸利用微生物的研究尚处于起始阶段,存在极大的发展空间,值得关注。文中对近年来甲酸生物利用的研究进展进行了梳理和总结,并对今后的研究重点和方向提出建议。     

Application of magnetic nanoparticles in smart enzyme immobilization

Immobilization of enzymes enhances their properties for efficient utilization in industrial processes. Magnetic nanoparticles, due to their high surface area, large surface-to-volume ratio and easy separation under external magnetic fields, are highly valued. Significant progress has been made to develop new catalytic systems that are immobilized onto magnetic nanocarriers. This review provides an overview of recent developments in enzyme immobilization and stabilization protocols using this technology. The current applications of immobilized enzymes based on magnetic nanoparticles are summarized and future growth prospects are discussed. Recommendations are also given for areas of future research.     

新古尼异虫草的化学成分、药理作用及开发应用研究进展

新古尼异虫草能提高机体免疫力、促进睡眠、增强记忆力和镇痛等作用,具有重要开发和利用价值。在系统总结近年来新古尼异虫草化学成分和药理作用等研究的基础上,指出新古尼异虫草的应用现状与开发方向,探讨虫草新资源的开发和产业化问题,为新古尼异虫草的资源利用以及虫草产业的发展提供参考。     

我国生态工业园认识和实践中的误区：隐喻的使用

近几年随着我国生态工业园的蓬勃发展,不可避免地出现了一些认识和实践中的误区,这些问题将会影响我国循环经济工作的健康开展.生态工业园在理论层面中的一个基本属性就是其概念的隐喻性,而我国的学术界和实践界都或多或少地忽视了这个问题,将研究和实践带入了一个不必要的误区.提出了工业系统与自然系统之间的双向隐喻现象,并深入分析了隐喻在科学研究中的作用和限制;总结了我国生态工业园相关的隐喻性概念及其泛化现象,进而分析了其产生的深层原因,并提出了改进建议;以工业共生不稳定现象的研究为案例初步说明了如何在产业生态学的研究中合理地使用隐喻性概念.     

三七生物资源研究与利用进展

三七为五加科人参属植物,因其在抗血栓、抗高血压、保肝、活血化瘀等方面具有显著疗效而闻名中外,是我国独具特色的生物资源,具有十分广阔的产业化前景。本文从三七的植物化学与药理学、基因组学研究和遗传改良等方面综述了目前的研究现状,分析了三七生物资源利用过程中存在的问题,浅谈了未来的研究与利用展望。     

产业生态系统新型定量研究方法综述

产业生态系统研究已成为当今学术界、产业界的研究重点和热点,对于充分利用资源、减轻环境压力、改造升级传统产业都具有不可估量的科学指导意义。目前,国内外对产业生态系统的研究定性较多,包括概念,特点,建设原则和经营理念的描述,而定量较少。然而,产业生态系统在发展当中也出现了大量的实际问题,急需加强对其定量研究,从而发现、提高和改进产业生态系统的结构及效率,增强可持续性。从近些年生态学的先进理论成果入手探讨了定量研究产业生态系统的一些方法——能值、(火用)、生态足迹和生态信息的方法。对这些方法的理论基础、发展历程、实践应用和适用特点依次进行了详细的梳理和归纳,并基于3个基本原则(生态维度和经济维度的整合,系统长期的恢复力,系统的广度和强度性质)对各个方法进行了综合比较分析,旨在为产业生态系统研究提供方向和理论指导。     

Relevance of microbial coculture fermentations in biotechnology

The purpose of this article is to review coculture fermentations in industrial biotechnology. Examples for the advantageous utilization of cocultures instead of single cultivations include the production of bulk chemicals, enzymes, food additives, antimicrobial substances and microbial fuel cells. Coculture fermentations may result in increased yield, improved control of product qualities and the possibility of utilizing cheaper substrates. Cocultivation of different micro‐organisms may also help to identify and develop new biotechnological substances. The relevance of coculture fermentations and the potential of improving existing processes as well as the production of new chemical compounds in industrial biotechnology are pointed out here by means of more than 35 examples.     

铁线莲属植物分类学及园艺学研究进展

从分类地位、引种育种、繁殖栽培和资源开发等方面,对铁线莲属植物的研究现状进行了较为系统的综述,并对其野生资源的合理利用和保护提出了一些建议,为今后进一步的研究工作提供参考。今后我国应在保护种质资源的基础上,加强铁线莲新品种的培育,尽快实现产业化生产。     

Industrial Waste Reuse and By‐product Synergy Optimization

By‐product synergy is a growing practice worldwide. It consists in the maximization of resources utilization with the replacement of raw materials by by‐products as inputs for industrial processes. In order to support decision making in such strategic projects, appropriate tools must be developed. This article presents the results of a research project, which includes the development of a multiobjective mathematical programming model for the optimization of by‐product flows, synergy configurations, and investment decisions in eco‐industrial networks. This model is evaluated using data related to the Kalundborg industrial symbiosis (IS) in order to illustrate its utilization, as well as to assess, in a retrospective manner, the behavior of the companies involved with respect to both economic and environmental benefits of synergies. The experiments also illustrate the influence of the municipality on synergy implementation and how a scenario‐based approach can be used to anticipate raw material price increase. The results are generally coherent with the actual timing of synergy initializations. Further, the considerable effect of water price on the length of investments’ payback period illustrates the impact of policies and regulations on IS.     

破囊壶菌利用工农业废弃物生产脂肪酸的研究进展

破囊壶菌因具有高产脂肪酸的特性而受到广泛关注,然而传统的培养方式需要的原料成本很高,很大程度上阻碍了破囊壶菌的工业化进程,因此,寻找可被破囊壶菌高效利用、来源广泛并且廉价易得的生产原料成为该领域的研究重点。本文以破囊壶菌及其生产脂肪酸为切入点,综述了近年来破囊壶菌利用工农业废弃物生产脂肪酸的研究现状,总结并提出了其发展前景,以期对今后的研究有所启发。     

基于GIS的产业生态学研究述评

产业生态学由于缺少关于空间分析的工具,使得研究结果因缺乏空间维度信息而影响对管理效率和精准度的支持。基于GIS的产业生态学相关研究已成为产业生态学研究的一个新的方向。为总结已有的研究成果并展望未来的研究方向,运用文献计量及对比分析的手段,系统分析了国内外基于GIS的产业生态学的相关研究进展,得出以下结论:当前基于GIS的产业生态研究主要集中在物质代谢、产业共生和生命周期评价3个方面,将GIS技术引入到物质代谢研究中,可以更好的展示物质代谢的时空分布格局,为物质代谢研究提供了一种新的方法;基于GIS技术,不仅可以更加高效地挖掘潜在的产业共生机会,还可应用于生态产业园的规划管理如企业的选址、空间布局等以及废弃物的回收再利用方面;将GIS与LCA耦合在一起,可以很好地补充、完善和管理传统数据,有助于探索产品、活动或工艺的环境影响的空间特性以及进行土地利用相关的环境影响评价。另外,国内外研究的侧重点也不尽相同。在物质代谢研究中,国内研究较少,仅在城市尺度上进行了基础设施的物质代谢及其存量分析,国外在国家、城市尺度上研究了铜、锌等金属的物质代谢情况;在产业共生研究中,国内侧重于生态产业园的研究,而国外侧重于城市尺度的产业共生机会识别的研究;在LCA的研究中,国内开展了基于GIS的生命周期评价数据库和产品材料信息管理系统的研究,而国外侧重于进行区域化的生命周期评价、进行土地利用影响类型的相关评价以及污染物的追踪,国内在该方面尚处于起步阶段。国内外在研究方法上存在共性,都是基于GIS的空间分析方法、缓冲区分析方法以及数据库技术等。未来将GIS作为一个平台,面向产业转型展开产业生态学综合理论方法的研究,可以为产业的可持续性管理提供有效支持。     

木糖高效生物转化的新出路

木糖的高效利用是影响木质纤维资源生物炼制经济效益的关键因素之一,也是构建其工业化生产体系的必要前提,但是木糖生物转化面临着重要的技术瓶颈,必须寻求新的思路。基于对木糖利用的现状及产业发展的综合分析,提出了木糖高效发酵制取木糖酸的新出路,论述了本领域首要的科学和技术问题是发酵抑制物的控制与消除;针对抑制物的问题,提出了细胞生理生化、代谢流分析及分子生物学的多层次和多尺度解析的研究方法;在此基础上,基于系统论的观点提出了菌种选育、原料预处理、抑制物控制与脱除、木糖酸高效发酵的技术集成的研究思路。     

工业微生物：创新与突破专刊序言(2021)

工业微生物及其产品广泛用于工业、农业、医药等诸多领域,相关产业在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。高效的菌株是提高生产效率的核心,而先进发酵技术和仪器平台对充分开发菌株代谢潜能也很重要。近年来,工业微生物领域的研究取得了快速进展,人工智能、高效基因组编辑技术和合成生物学技术逐渐广泛使用,相关产业应用也在不断扩展。为进一步促进工业微生物在生物制造等领域的应用,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专刊,从微生物菌株的多样性和生理代谢、菌株改造技术、发酵过程优化和放大,高通量微液滴培养装备开发以及工业微生物应用等方面,分别阐述目前的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业微生物及生物制造等产业的发展奠定基础。     

萤火虫的研究、保护及开发利用进展

萤火虫是萤科和凹眼萤科昆虫的统称,既是科学研究的良好材料,也具有巨大的产业潜力。本文从分类学(包括分类现状和分子系统学研究进展)、生物学(包括生活史、分布、天敌、视蛋白、人工光照的影响、生物指示作用、体内共生菌等)、行为学(包括发光、求偶、交配、取食、防御、报警、拟态、叠背、成虫后多次蜕皮等)等方面全面梳理了国内外萤火虫基础研究的进展,分析了萤火虫的消亡原因(环境污染、旅游影响、科普欠缺、生物入侵及其它等)、保护情况并提出了保护萤火虫的若干措施建议,系统地阐述了当前国内外萤火虫开发利用的现状,最后从萤火虫的科学研究、资源保护、人工养殖、产业发展等方面提出了建议,以期推动萤火虫的研究和资源开发工作。     

互花米草纤维与造纸污泥混合制作污泥纤维板

利用长纤维与造纸污泥混合制作纤维板,以互花米草秸秆、纺织长纤维和废纸浆与造纸污泥混合制浆,经抄纸板机复合热压成型得到工业污泥纤维板材,并分析不同纤维板材的性能差异。结果表明:基于"生物钢筋+水泥"模型,互花米草秸秆纤维与造纸污泥复合成的纤维板材在硬挺度、耐破度、密度和吸水性能上均具有明显优势。此工艺为综合利用造纸污泥等工业废弃污泥提供了可借鉴的工艺技术,并为综合利用秸秆纤维提供了相关参考。     

Exploring industrial and natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the bio-based economy from biomass: the case of bioethanol

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the preferred microorganism for the production of bioethanol from biomass. Industrial strain development for first-generation ethanol from sugar cane and corn mostly relies on the historical know-how from high gravity beer brewing and alcohol distilleries. However, the recent design of yeast platforms for the production of second–generation biofuels and green chemicals from lignocellulose exposes yeast to different environments and stress challenges. The industrial need for increased productivity, wider substrate range utilization, and the production of novel compounds leads to renewed interest in further extending the use of current industrial strains by exploiting the immense, and still unknown, potential of natural yeast strains. This review describes key metabolic engineering strategies tailored to develop efficient industrial and novel natural yeast strains towards bioethanol production from biomass. Furthermore, it shapes how proof-of-concept studies, often advanced in academic settings on natural yeast, can be upgraded to meet the requirements for industrial applications. Academic and industrial research should continue to cooperate on both improving existing industrial strains and developing novel phenotypes by exploring the vast biodiversity available in nature on the road to establish yeast biorefineries where a range of biomass substrates are converted into valuable compounds.     

The Green Design Apprenticeship

In order to convey the results of our industrial ecology research to broader audiences, the Green Design Institute research group at Carnegie Mellon University offers the Green Design Apprenticeship for local high school students. The Green Design Apprenticeship introduces participants to industrial ecology concepts and how they intersect with engineering. The content of the program has evolved to include the topics of life cycle assessment, energy and water resources, transportation, and the built environment. The program has resulted in exposing a new generation of scholars to industrial ecology and has also benefited the research of graduate students involved with the program. The process of developing the instructional materials for younger, novice students based on complex industrial ecology research was a challenging task requiring thoughtful and iterative planning. Through the development and delivery of the program, we have experienced awareness of where our own research fits into the larger industrial ecology scope, have improved our communication of complex industrial ecology concepts into simple terms, and have gained valuable insight for engaging students in our teaching.