转座子Tn916对固氮螺菌Azospirillum brasilense的接合诱变及氨分 …

以携带质粒ｐＡＭ１２０（Ａｐ＾ｒ,Ｔｃ＾ｒ／Ｔｎ９１６）的大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ＣＧ１２０）为供体菌株,与受体菌巴西固氮螺菌采用膜接合法进行接合转移,在选择平板上得到具较高频率的接合子（１０＾－５／每个供体菌,选择四环素抗性）。从８４６株四环素抗性接合子中进一步用奈氏法筛选得到氨分泌突变株３株。在无氮培养基上,其氨分泌量可达７．５￣１４．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。用乙炔还原法分析氨分泌突变株在不同浓度氮源     

嗜水气单胞菌若干毒力因子同时缺失的突变株的构建及特性分析

以携带质粒pAM12 0 (Tcr Tn916 )的大肠杆菌CG12 0株为供体菌 ,采用滤膜接合法与受体菌嗜水气单胞菌J_1株 (cfzr)进行接合转移 ,在含Tc和cfz选择平板上进行筛选。共获接合转移菌落 380 0个 ,其接合频率为 3× 10 - 5(按供体细胞计算 )。任取 38个接合子 ,提取基因组DNA ,以嗜水气单胞菌特异性 16SrDNA引物进行PCR扩增 ,所有接合子均阳性。为证明Tn916确实插入基因组 ,以四环素基因 (tet)引物进行PCR扩增 ,结果所有抗性接合子均扩增出一条特异条带。与亲本J_1株相比 ,所有接合子的主要毒力因子如蛋白酶、溶血素、DNA酶和淀粉酶等均不表达 ,对小鼠失去致病力 ,其LD50 大于 10 9CFU。接合子连传 10次后 ,四环素抗性消失 ,但毒力未恢复 ,说明通过转座子Tn916的插入可获得稳定的无毒嗜水气单胞菌突变株。Tn916引起嗜水气单胞菌毒力性状改变的机制有待研究 ,推测可能与该菌染色体上存在Tn916的热点或毒力岛有关。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌萘啶酸抗性菌株的选育和信号标签突变株的构建

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)是重要的猪呼吸道病原菌,给世界养猪业造成严重的经济损失.信号标签突变(STM)技术是在宿主动物体内鉴定病原菌毒力因子的高通量方法.通过体外传代选育出APP血清1型和3型萘啶酸抗性菌株,再以萘啶酸抗性菌株为受体菌,以携带mini-Tn10的标签质粒(pLOF/TAG1-48)的E.coli CC118 λ pir或S17-1λpir为供体菌,在或不在E.coli DH5α(pRK2073)的辅助下,进行三亲本或两亲本接合,通过抗性筛选、PCR和Southern杂交鉴定转座突变株.结果表明:体外萘啶酸加压传代很容易选育出萘啶酸抗性APP菌株,该抗性的产生与DNA促旋酶A亚基基因gyrA的突变有关.在APP与E. coli接合实验中,两亲本接合比三亲本接合操作更简单,效率也较高;APP不同菌株在接合和转座效率上存在很大差异,血清1型菌株高于血清3型菌株,3型标准菌株高于地方分离株JL03-R.本研究为APP STM突变体库的构建与毒力基因的鉴定奠定了基础.     

固氮螺菌氢代谢与固氮作用的关系III．转座子Tn5诱变的 Azospirillum brasilense 吸氢活性缺陷株的筛选

以携带有自杀性质粒pR64：：Tn5的大肠杆菌(E．Coil RL29)为供体菌株,与受体菌巴西固氮螺菌W251-10(Azospirillura brasilense W251-10)进行杂交,在选择性平板上测得卡那霉素抗性菌落与受体菌菌落之比为5．0x 10-7。受体菌W251-10的卡那霉素抗性自发突变频率小于1.14×10-9。经气相色谱仪分析测得一株丧失吸氢酶(Hydrogen Uptake Hydrogenase)活性的突变株(编号为 Azospin llum brasilense WG15),同时发现其固氮酶(Nitrogenase)话性也已丧失。 DNA分子点杂交结果表明,所获得的突变株WGl5的总DNA中存在有’n5的序列,而w251—10呈阴性结果,从而证实了WGl5吸氢活性的丧失是由于Tn5在DNA中的插入引起的,同时也揭示了巴西固氯螺菌的吸氢酶基因(缸p)和固氮基因(nr,) 在遗传学上有着连锁的关系。     

血清7型胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxⅡC-/apxⅠA+基因缺失重组菌株的构建与鉴定

通过接合转移和SacB负向筛选方法,成功构建了一株apxⅡC缺失的血清7型胸膜肺炎放线杆菌重组菌株。首先构建重组转移质粒pEHA1。将pEHA1转化供体菌大肠杆菌(E.coliβ2155),并将其与野生型APP血清7型亲本菌混合培养约5h,然后涂到含氯霉素抗性的培养基培养,挑取阳性克隆,接种到无抗性液体培养基,培养后涂于含有蔗糖的的固体培养基,培养一定时间后挑取蔗糖抗性的克隆,即可得到目的突变株。通过PCR、遗传稳定性、外毒素分泌、重组位点序列分析证明重组菌构建成功。通过对重组菌生物学特性进行初步研究,表明突变株生长能力未受影响,对小鼠毒力显著降低。该突变株构建体系的建立为猪传染性胸膜肺炎减毒活疫苗的开发及对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌新基因的功能研究奠定了良好基础。     

强力霉素抗性基因目标供体菌、受体菌和接合子的筛选及鉴定

目的为进一步研究环境中病原微生物目标供体菌强力霉素抗性基因(Dox)水平传播机制奠定基础。方法以强力霉素抗性基因为筛选指标,通过药敏试验从7个菌株中筛选出遗传型分别为Dox~RX~S的候选供体菌和Dox~SX~R的候选受体菌(X代表不是强力霉素的抗生素),将供、受体菌共培养后筛选出遗传型为Dox~RX~R的接合子。分别测定X对目标供体菌、Dox对目标受体菌的最小抑菌浓度。对目标供、受体菌从形态学、生理生化、分子生物学和BIOLOG方面进行鉴定。结果研究的7个病原菌均为多重耐药,最多能耐受15种抗生素,对链霉素、萘啶酮酸和磺胺二甲嘧啶的耐药率最高(100%),对庆大霉素、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率最低(0%)。目标供体菌、受体菌和接合子Con-Ⅱ基因型分别为Dox~RKan~S、Dox~SKan~R和Dox~RKan~R。Kan对目标供体菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.310 0μg/mL,Dox对目标受体菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.048 8μg/mL。目标供体菌(Dox~RKan~S)鉴定为Escherichia coli O157:H7(E.coli O157:H7),目标受体菌TR-M30-1(Dox~SKan~R)鉴定为产酸克雷伯菌。结论目标供体菌为E.coli O157:H7(Dox~RKan~S),目标受体菌为TR-M30-1(Dox~SKan~R),接合子为Con-Ⅱ(Dox~RKan~R)。     

Tn5—Mob转座系统对紫云英根瘤菌SR72的诱变和诱动作用

通过接合作用将携带有转座子 Tn5—Mob 的“自杀”性载体质粒 pSUP5011引入紫云英根瘤菌 SR72,得到卡那霉素抗性(Km~r)菌落的频率为6.99×10~(-6),测得受体菌的 Km~r 自发突变频率<10~(-8)。从对1071个 Km~r 突变体进行的植物砂培结瘤试验中筛选出结瘤不固氮(Nod~ ,Fix~-)突变株17个,不结瘤(Nod~-)突变株4个。另外,还从近3000个 Km~r 突变体中选出腺苷营养缺陷型突变株3个。通过 Tn5探针进行的菌落原位杂交试验证明:这21个共生固氮突变株中均含有 Tn5序列,进一步通过接合作用将协助质粒 RP4—4(Tc~r)引入 Nod~ ,Fix~ 突变株,获得了含有 Tn5—Mob 和 RP4—4的新突变株 SR72ZR(Km~r,Tc~r),但试图通过它们的协同作用将SR72中的大质粒诱动转移到根癌农杆菌 A136的试验未获成功.     

肺炎克氏杆菌的nifA基因产物在巴西固氮螺菌中的功效

通过三亲本杂交将质粒pCK3{携带改变了启动子的肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneuma-niae)nifA 基因]引入巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62菌株中,由此获得的转移接合子巴西固氮螺菌Yu62-4菌株在6．0 mmol/L以上NH+4浓度下,能表现出微弱的固氮酶活性(相当于无NH+4时活性的0．3-0．5％),而野生型Yu62则全部丧失固氮酶活性。固氯酶的丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和铁蛋白的免疫杂交实验表明,转移接合子Yu62-4在高NH+4(50mmol／L)下,虽有铁蛋白合成,但合成量比无NH+4时少得多,而且有一部分铁蛋白未被共价修饰;野生型菌株Yu62在此NH+4浓度下无铁蛋白合成。实验结果表明：外源(来自肺炎克氏杆菌)的基因产物在巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中不能有效地解除NH+4对该菌固氮酶合成的阻遏作用。本文分析了出现这种现象的原因。     

华癸中生根瘤菌共生质粒的定向标记、消除与结瘤功能的鉴定

采用Tn5-mob-sacB转座子对华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)菌株7653R的共生质粒进行定向标记,获得该质粒标记菌株7653RT14.利用sacB基因对蔗糖的敏感性,对标记质粒进行消除实验,获得7653R的共生质粒消除突变株7653R-1.测得Tn5-mob-sacB转座频率高于10-5.突变株的培养特征与出发菌株基本一致.采用琼脂管法对7653RT14和7653R-1进行回接实验,结果显示7653RT14能正常结瘤固氮,表明Tn5的插入并未影响其共生能力,但失去共生质粒的7653R-1则为不结瘤或只结个别小瘤.稳定性实验结果表明供试菌株的标记质粒在本实验条件下是稳定的,可以作为共生质粒转移的供体菌.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 draTG基因及其下游区域的定位诱变分析*

用卡那霉素盒(Kmr-cassette)插入法,对巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的draTG基因及其下游区域进行了诱变,并获得相应的突变株。研究表明：draT变突株的固氨酶活性不再受铵抑制,而draG突变株在有铵时则丧失固氮酶活性,但当铵耗尽后却不能像野生型菌株那样恢复活性。draTG下游区域突变株YZ4(突变位点距draG约2kb)在无氮及限铵条件下,其固氮酶活性比野生型菌株的高,但其nifH-lacZ转录融合子的表达并不受影响,说明该区域可能有参与固氮酶活性水平调控的基因。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.