谷子种质资源表型及SSR遗传多样性分析

本研究对国内外124份谷子种质资源进行表型及SSR遗传多样性分析。表型性状分析表明,幼苗叶姿、穗颈2个质量性状变异较丰富;单株秆重、单株生物产量、单穗重3个数量性状变异系数较大,遗传多样性指数较高,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。表型性状聚类采用Ward法,在遗传距离7. 0处分为6大类群,各类群性状差异明显。SSR遗传多样性分析表明,52对引物在124份材料中共扩增特异性条带52条,平均遗传相似系数0. 834,变化范围为0. 615~0. 962。聚类分析表明,遗传相似系数为0. 746时,124份材料被分为4大类群,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群均来自中国河北;第Ⅲ类群来自哈萨克斯坦;第Ⅳ类群占参试材料的87. 90%,没有明显的地理聚类特征。但遗传相似系数为0. 843、0. 870时,进一步可分9个亚群、7个亚亚群,材料又基本按地区聚为一类。表型性状及SSR聚类分析均存在明显的地理聚类特征,结合表型性状鉴定出12份适宜新疆种植的谷子优异种质。     

海南部分荔枝种质资源亲缘关系的SSR分析

利用SSR标记对22份荔枝材料进行了亲缘关系分析,从32对引物中筛选出22对多态性引物用于荔枝SSR扩增,共扩增到52条带,其中多态性条带49条,多态性百分率为94.23%。多态性条带经POPGENE32软件统计分析表明,22个位点的平均有效等位基因频率（Ne）、平均基因杂合度（H）、平均Shannon遗传多样性指数（H_i′）分别为1.364 3、0.296 0、0.417 0。通过NTSYS聚类结果显示,在相似系数为0.51处,供试材料被聚为两大类,第一类包括13份材料,又可分为两个亚类,第二类包括9份材料。     

宁夏60份粳稻种质资源遗传多样性分析

试验用SSR分子标记对60份宁夏粳稻种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。103对SSR引物表现多态性的有58对,共扩增出212条多态性条带,等位变异范围为2～9,平均每对引物3.7个;多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.032～0.788,平均为0.403;高多态性位点主要发生在3号、6号和11号染色体上,而无多态性或低多态性位点主要发生在1号和10号染色体上;成对供试材料的遗传相似系数GS值变幅为0.642～0.958,平均为0.790,单个供试材料的平均GS值变幅为0.710～0.816,平均为0.781,亲缘关系较近;UPGMA聚类表明,在遗传相似系数约0.785处,供试材料可被分为11类,大部分材料被聚在一类中。     

蓖麻品种遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

利用SRAP技术对81份蓖麻品种材料亲缘关系进行了分析,实验选用20对SRAP引物组合,在81份蓖麻材料中共扩增出263条带,多态性条带计214条,多态性条带比率（PPB）为81.37%,遗传相似系数变幅范围在0.32558～0.92973,显示了蓖麻品种的遗传多样性较丰富。从分子聚类结果分析表明,在相异系数0.43为阈值时,可将81份蓖麻材料分为4个类群L1-1、L1-2、L1-3和L1-4;若在相异系数0.287为阈值时,又可将L1-4大类群分为两个亚类群L2-1和L2-2。从聚类图得知,聚在同一亚类群的蓖麻品种大多数所处的地域相近或者是由同一育种单位所选育,其类内的品种基因型遗传相似系数较高,类间的品种遗传差异相对较大,该分子聚类树状图可为蓖麻栽培种种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系在育种的利用上提供科学依据。     

基于SSR标记的陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传多样性分析

丰富的遗传变异对于提高作物的环境适应性和遗传改良进度至关重要。为了解我国早熟陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性,本研究利用136对SSR引物对186份陆地棉材料(96份早熟陆地棉材料和90份中、晚熟陆地棉材料)进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到等位基因变异355个,平均2.61个。在早熟棉材料中,有134对多态性SSR引物扩增出341个条带,平均2.54个;中、晚熟材料中有133对多态性SSR引物,扩增出345个条带,平均2.59个。早熟棉材料的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H')分别为0.684、3.994和1.361;中、晚熟棉材料的PIC、Ne、H'分别为0.668、3.852和1.343。早熟棉材料和中、晚熟棉材料的Jaccard相似性系数分别在0.349~0.935和0.270~0.907之间,平均为0.635、0.666。遗传相似性系数总体平均值接近,但早熟棉变化范围较中、晚熟棉小。用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类可将186份材料分成2个类群。总体上来看,供试材料遗传相似性系数较高,说明我国陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传基础狭窄。本研究结果为早熟棉育种亲本选配,早熟棉种质创新提供依据。     

节瓜自交系遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对36份节瓜自交系进行遗传多样性分析。从100条ISSR引物中筛选出14条多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物,对36份节瓜材料基因组DNA进行扩增,共扩增出76条清晰稳定的条带,其中多态性条带45条,多态性比例为59.21%。36份材料间遗传相似系数在0.57~0.96之间,表明材料间遗传多样性较为狭窄。聚类分析结果显示,以遗传相似系数0.76为阈值时,可将36份节瓜自交系材料聚为3类,分类结果与供试材料的地理来源较为吻合。基于聚类分析结果,可为今后节瓜的新品种选育、遗传改良以及分子遗传连锁图谱构建的杂交亲本选择提供科学依据。     

乌塌菜种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR技术对48份乌塌菜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。从60条随机引物中筛选出稳定性强、条带清晰且多态性丰富的9条引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出103条谱带,平均每个引物扩增出11.4条带,其中多态性带85条,多态性位点百分率为82.68%。不同乌塌菜种质间遗传相似系数变幅为0.59~0.97,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性。利用UPGMA聚类分析,ISSR标记能将48份乌塌菜品种完全区分开,48份乌塌菜种质被划分为4个类群,聚类结果与叶片颜色相关,为乌塌菜品种资源的研究利用提供参考。     

基于ISSR标记的中国芋种质资源遗传多样性分析

本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术,对国家种质武汉水生蔬菜资源圃收集并保存的来自全国各地的72份芋种质资源进行遗传多样性检测。研究结果表明,13条ISSR引物在72份芋种质资源中共扩增出109条带,其中85条带具有多态性,平均多态性位点比率为78.51%;不同芋种质资源间遗传相似系数的变幅为0.56~1,说明ISSR标记能够揭示芋种质资源之间较高的遗传多样性;在遗传系数0.725处,72份芋种质资源被聚为3大类,为进一步研究芋种质资源分类、起源、保存和利用奠定了基础。     

新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性分析及DNA指纹图谱构建

利用SCoT分子标记对新疆枸杞种质资源进行遗传多样性分析和DNA指纹图谱构建,为杂交育种和种质鉴定提供理论依据。结果显示:9条SCoT引物扩增出条带256条,其中219条为多态性条带,多态性比率达85.62%,多态性信息含量(PIC)值变化范围在0.77~0.91之间,平均值为0.85,观测等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)的平均值分别为1.8562、1.4350、0.2611、0.3989,聚类分析表明,遗传相似系数变化范围在0.5938~0.8398之间,在遗传相似系数为0.66和0.71处,可将30份材料分别分为2大类和4个亚类,主坐标分析结果和聚类结果基本一致,同时利用5条多态性SCoT引物构建了30份材料的DNA指纹图谱。新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性水平较高,且SCoT分子标记适于新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性分析和DNA指纹图谱构建,该研究结果为新疆枸杞种质资源评价、鉴定和新品种选育奠定了基础。     

贵州桃种质资源遗传多样性的SCoT分析

应用SCoT分子标记技术对71份贵州桃种质进行遗传多样性分析,以期从分子水平上揭示其遗传多样性及资源间的遗传关系,为科学保存与利用贵州桃种质资源提供依据。结果表明:(1)16条引物共检测出192个位点,其中多态性位点数156个,多态性比例为81.25%,平均每条引物扩增位点为12个;供试材料Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)为0.265 0±0.186 1,Shannon’s信息指数(I)为0.400 3±0.254 3,遗传相似系数变幅为0.400 0~0.852 5。(2)UPGMA聚类分析显示,在相似系数0.65处可将71份桃资源分成6类,其中2份白花桃资源、2份血桃资源、2份青桃资源分别为同名异物。研究认为贵州桃种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性,采用该分子标记技术区分了同名异物的桃资源。     

红掌品种亲缘关系SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记,从100对引物组合中筛选出 26对多态性高、条带清晰的SRAP引物,对33个红掌品种进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果如下：（1）26对引物共扩增出366条条带,其中有314条多态性条带,多态性比率为85.79%。引物组合产生的条带数在9～23之间,平均每对引物组合扩增出14.1条和12.1条多态性条带。（2）根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,33份材料的遗传相似系数在0.55～0.94之间,在遗传相似系数0.786处可将33个红掌品种分为5个类群。结果表明,供试品种遗传多样性丰富,本研究为品种鉴定和杂交育种提供了参考信息。     

利用RAPD技术鉴定海南荔枝品种光明

应用RAPD标记对6份无性系材料进行检验,20个引物对6份材料均扩增出完全相同的125条带,不具多态性,证明6份材料遗传基础高度相似。利用30个引物对光明和其他42份材料的基因组进行多态性分析,多态性位点为212个,占总数的80、83％,显示多态性较高。光明和其他荔枝品种间的相似系数均较高,与大丁香的相似系数（0．884）最高。在相似系数0．78水平上,可将供试材料分成4大类,这些类型与成熟期有一定相关,光明属于第3类。光明不具特征谱带,但可用少数引物组合将其和很多品种区别开,如利用AP09、AM16和AK17即可将光明从其他荔枝材料中鉴别出来。     

南方红豆杉不同居群遗传多样性的RAPD研究

用随机扩增多态性方法对广东、湖南、江西等3省的12个南方红豆杉自然居群进行了基因组DNA多态性分析,从100条引物中共筛选出10个引物,获得RAPD谱带86条,多态性谱带占51％。聚类分析结果表明：南方红豆杉居群间的遗传距离与这些居群的地理分布相关,即相同或相邻产地的居群间的遗传距离较小,不同产地个体间的遗传距离较大。粤北南方红豆杉的9个居群的遗传多样性较低,可能与近年来资源遭到严重破坏,及其生长缓慢、种子萌发率低、成活率不高等原因有关。     

加工番茄种质资源的SSR分析

为探明加工番茄种质资源间的亲缘关系,利用SSR标记对20份加工番茄品种及育种材料进行了多样性分析。结果表明:从49对SSR引物中筛选出12对扩增稳定、条带清晰且多态性丰富的引物进行分析,共获得43个位点,多态性位点为37个,多态位点比率86%;供试材料间的遗传相似系数介于0.419~1.000之间,说明加工番茄种质资源间存在一定的遗传差异;通过UPGMA法聚类分析,将20份材料分为3大类群,其中亲缘关系较远的不同类群间及亚类间的种质资源可作为杂交育种的亲本。     

Evaluation of genetic diversity in Piper spp using RAPD and SRAP markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis were applied to 74 individual plants of Piper spp in Hainan Island. The results showed that the SRAP technique may be more informative and more efficient and effective for studying genetic diversity of Piper spp than the RAPD technique. The overall level of genetic diversity among Piper spp in Hainan was relatively high, with the mean Shannon diversity index being 0.2822 and 0.2909, and the mean Nei's genetic diversity being 0.1880 and 0.1947, calculated with RAPD and SRAP data, respectively. The ranges of the genetic similarity coefficient were 0.486-0.991 and 0.520-1.000 for 74 individual plants of Piper spp (the mean genetic distance was 0.505 and 0.480) and the within-species genetic distance ranged from 0.063 to 0.291 and from 0.096 to 0.234, estimated with RAPD and SRAP data, respectively. These genetic indices indicated that these species are closely related genetically. The dendrogram generated with the RAPD markers was topologically different from the dendrogram based on SRAP markers, but the SRAP technique clearly distinguished all Piper spp from each other. Evaluation of genetic variation levels of six populations showed that the effective number of alleles, Nei's gene diversity and the Shannon information index within Jianfengling and Diaoluoshan populations are higher than those elsewhere; consequently conservation of wild resources of Piper in these two regions should have priority.     

Molecular phylogeny of mangroves. VI. Intraspecific genetic variation in mangrove species Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae).

Genomic DNA from 84 individuals of Excoecaria agallocha from seven mangrove populations were analysed for random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) using 16 random 10-mer primers. Polymorphism within populations varied from 20% to 31%. At the interpopulation level, 111/149 (74%) of RAPDs were polymorphic. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 21 individuals (3 individuals randomly selected from the 7 populations) using 30 probe-enzyme combinations revealed a high level of interpopulation polymorphism (62.2%) indicating interpopulation genetic divergence. The polymorphic RAPDs and RFLPs were pooled, and clustering was carried out based on mean similarity for individual populations. The dendrogram showed groupings of populations from the West and East Coasts of India into separate clusters, at 60% similarity level. Further, RAPD and RFLP analysis of male and female plants showed approximately the same level of variation in both sexes, and no sex-linked markers were found. These results demonstrate that considerable intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variations exist in E. agallocha, and that lack of genetic variation is not the reason for the morphological uniformity observed across the range of the species.     

山东省无花果种质资源多样性的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对58份山东省无花果(Ficus caricaL.)资源的多样性进行了评价,经15个随机引物的初步分析表明,其中至少有23个不同的基因型。继而从36个随机引物中筛选出28个多态性好的引物,进一步对这23个不同基因型材料进行RAPD扩增分析,共得到309个清晰稳定的扩增位点,其中多态性位点236个,占76.4%。利用UPGMA法分析发现,这些基因型间的遗传相似系数在0.592~0.960之间,在此基础上,构建了各基因型间的遗传关系树状图。结果表明,山东省内的无花果资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。     

Molecular characterization of five medicinally important species of Typhonium (Araceae) through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

The interrelationship of five medicinally important species of Typhonium (Araceae) including T. venosum, which was previously placed under the genus Sauromatum, was inferred by analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). DNA from pooled leaf samples was isolated and RAPD analysis was performed using 20 decamer oligonucleotide primers. Out of a total of 245 bands amplified, 12 were found to be monomorphic while 233 bands were polymorphic including 86 species-specific bands. The genetic similarities were analyzed from the dendrogram constructed by the pooled RAPD data using a similarity index. The dendrogram showed two distinct clades, one containing T. roxburghii, T. trilobatum and T. venosum and the other containing the remainder two species, i.e. T. diversifolium and T. flagelliforme. Both the clusters shared a common node approx. at 23.7% level of similarity. The maximum similarity of 31.2% was observed between T. venosum and T. trilobatum. In view of its close genetic similarity with other members of Typhonium, transfer of Sauromatum venosum to the genus Typhonium and merger of the two genera was supported.     

Genetic variation and relationship among and within Withania species as revealed by AFLP markers.

Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant, and its anticancerous properties have been attributed to various classes of withanolide compounds. The objective of the present study was to investigate the inter- and intraspecific genetic variation present in 35 individuals of W. somnifera and 5 individuals of W. coagulans using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) marker technique. The information about genetic variation determined from AFLP data for 40 individuals was employed to estimate similarity matrix value based on Jaccard's coefficient. The similarity values were further used to construct a phenetic dendrogram revealing the genetic relationships. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA (unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages) distinguished W. somnifera from W. coagulans and formed two major clusters. These two main clusters shared a similarity coefficient of 0.3, correlating with the high level of polymorphism detected. The dendrogram further separated W. somnifera into three subclasses corresponding to Kashmiri and Nagori groups and an intermediate type. The AFLP profile of Kashmiri individuals was distinct from that of the Nagori group of plants. The intermediate genotype was distinct as it shared bands with both the Kashmiri and Nagori individuals, even though it was identified as a Kashmiri morphotype. Furthermore, the intermediate type shared a similarity coefficient of 0.8 with the Kashmiri individuals. The present work revealed low levels of variation within a population though high levels of polymorphism were detected between Nagori and Kashmiri populations. The ability of AFLP markers for efficient and rapid detection of genetic variations at the species as well as intraspecific level qualifies it as an efficient tool for estimating genetic similarity in plant species and effective management of genetic resources.     

Identifying Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Cultivars and Their Genetic Relationships Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers

Litchi is an important fruit tree in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. However, there is widespread confusion regarding litchi cultivar nomenclature and detailed information of genetic relationships among litchi germplasm is unclear. In the present study, the potential of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for the identification of 96 representative litchi accessions and their genetic relationships in China was evaluated using 155 SNPs that were evenly spaced across litchi genome. Ninety SNPs with minor allele frequencies above 0.05 and a good genotyping success rate were used for further analysis. A relatively high level of genetic variation was observed among litchi accessions, as quantified by the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.305). The SNP based multilocus matching identified two synonymous groups, ‘Heiye’ and ‘Wuye’, and ‘Chengtuo’ and ‘Baitangli 1’. A subset of 14 SNPs was sufficient to distinguish all the non-redundant litchi genotypes, and these SNPs were proven to be highly stable by repeated analyses of a selected group of cultivars. Unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis divided the litchi accessions analyzed into four main groups, which corresponded to the traits of extremely early-maturing, early-maturing, middle-maturing, and late-maturing, indicating that the fruit maturation period should be considered as the primary criterion for litchi taxonomy. Two subpopulations were detected among litchi accessions by STRUCTURE analysis, and accessions with extremely early- and late-maturing traits showed membership coefficients above 0.99 for Cluster 1 and Cluster 2, respectively. Accessions with early- and middle-maturing traits were identified as admixture forms with varying levels of membership shared between the two clusters, indicating their hybrid origin during litchi domestication. The results of this study will benefit litchi germplasm conservation programs and facilitate maximum genetic gains in litchi breeding programs.