改性甲壳素固定化胰蛋白酶直接纯化牛肺Kunitz抑制剂的研究

通过对天然甲壳素 (或壳聚糖 )进行化学改性并修饰作为载体 ,再经氯代环氧丙烷活化偶联 ,制成固定化胰蛋白酶亲和吸附剂 (蛋白酶偶联率为 6 2 1% ,酶活性回收率为 5 7 8% ) ,直接亲和层析牛肺提取液中Kunitz抑制剂。纯化的产品每毫克蛋白酶抑制剂活力相当于 5 82 0BAEETTU/mg蛋白质 ,纯化率为 40 7。提高了Kunitz抑制剂的稳定性能和回收率 ,简化了工业化生产程序 ,具开发前景     

决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的克隆及其原核表达载体构建

[目的]克隆决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂全长cDNA序列,并构建原核表达载体。[方法]从决明种子中提取胰蛋白酶抑制剂总RNA,通过RT-PCR得到胰蛋白酶抑制剂cDNA,纯化后与PMD19-T载体连接,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α,获得了决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的全长序列,并将该序列克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-28a(+)/COTI。[结果]决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因核苷酸长度为630bp,编码一条长度为209个氨基酸的多肽。决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂与不同植物来源的Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂有高度的同源性,表明其属于Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂家族成员。所获重组质粒pET-28a(+)/COTI经过双酶切鉴定,其含有目的片段,且重组质粒构建正确。[结论]克隆了决明胰蛋白酶抑制剂的全长cDNA序列,并成功构建了含有该基因的原核表达载体,这为该基因的进一步表达及功能鉴定奠定了基础。     

Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂研究进展

Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂是一类普遍存在的蛋白酶抑制剂,在体内各项生命活动中扮演着重要角色。这类抑制剂结构稳定且富有特色,通常具有一个或几个串联存在的Kunitz结构域,能够以类似底物的方式与丝氨酸蛋白酶结合,从而抑制酶的活性。在功能方面,Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂参与凝血和纤维蛋白溶解、肿瘤免疫、炎症调节以及抵抗细菌、真菌感染等过程。文中就Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂研究进展作一综述,为新型Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的开发提供研究思路。     

刺桐胰蛋白酶抑制剂亲和填料的制备及纯化瑞替普酶

刺桐属胰蛋白酶抑制剂(ETI)是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,能特异性的抑制胰蛋白酶、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)、瑞替普酶(rPA)等丝氨酸蛋白酶。实验利用ETI工程菌,经诱导表达、体外复性及纯化获得ETI蛋白,并将该蛋白键合到CNBr活化的琼脂糖凝胶,制备ETI亲和填料,纯化瑞替普酶 。     

日本囊对虾Kunitz型蛋白酶抑制剂在毕赤酵母中的表达纯化及活性分析

SKPI(shrimp Kunitz-type protease inhibitor)是日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)体内的一个小分子多肽, 含有一个Kunitz型结构域, 属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂。目前已知丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂在节肢动物免疫系统中起着非常重要的作用, 为了了解SKPI在对虾天然免疫系统中的作用, 首先对其进行了重组表达。从日本囊对虾肝胰腺中扩增skpi的cDNA片段, 插入改造后的pPIC9K酵母表达载体, 获得的重组质粒转化至毕赤酵母GS115进行表达。由于改造的pPIC9K载体加入了6-His标签, 因此利用Ni?Sepharose?High?Performance对SKPI进行了高效纯化。初步的活性研究表明, 重组表达的SKPI能特异性地抑制胰蛋白酶的水解活性。     

日本囊对虾Kunitz型蛋白酶抑制剂在毕赤酵母中的表达纯化及活性分析

SKPI(shrimp Kunitz-type protease inhibitor)是日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)体内的一个小分子多肽, 含有一个Kunitz型结构域, 属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂。目前已知丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂在节肢动物免疫系统中起着非常重要的作用, 为了了解SKPI在对虾天然免疫系统中的作用, 首先对其进行了重组表达。从日本囊对虾肝胰腺中扩增skpi的cDNA片段, 插入改造后的pPIC9K酵母表达载体, 获得的重组质粒转化至毕赤酵母GS115进行表达。由于改造的pPIC9K载体加入了6-His标签, 因此利用Ni?Sepharose?High?Performance对SKPI进行了高效纯化。初步的活性研究表明, 重组表达的SKPI能特异性地抑制胰蛋白酶的水解活性。     

蕃茄蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱ_a、Ⅱ_b的分离纯化及性质研究

经硫酸铵分级、CM-纤维素柱层析和Sephadex G-75柱层析,从野生型秘鲁蕃茄未成熟果实的匀浆液中分离纯化了蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱa、Ⅱb。纯化的蛋白酶抑制剂经SDS-PAGE鉴定呈单一带,分子量均为17kD。Western blotting结果表明蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱa、Ⅱb均与马铃薯蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱ有血清学上的交叉反应。抑制蛋白酶活性测定显示两种蛋白酶抑制剂都表现強的抑制胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性,但对胰蛋白酶的抑制活性蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱb強于蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱa。     

植物Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂的生物信息学分析

运用生物信息学的方法,对已在GenBank数据库中注册的大豆、海红豆、凤凰木、象耳豆及洋紫荆等植物Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂的氨基酸序列进行分析.结果显示,这些植物的Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂中甘氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸及缬氨酸含量较丰富;不同植物Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂的氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,其中P1位点的氨基酸残基序度保守;分子进化研究表明Kunitz蛋白酶抑制剂可作为植物遗传分化和分子进化研究的重要依据;部分序列中存在信号肽;分子中不存在跨膜结构域,可能受蛋白激酶C的磷酸化;无规卷曲是多肽链中的主要结构元件;分子中包含典型的STI功能结构域.     

萌发绿豆中水解大豆胰蛋白酶抑制子蛋白酶的纯化及固定化

大豆是豆类植物中最早发现存在蛋白酶抑制子的 ,由于其存在影响了豆类的利用价值 ,因此研究人员一直在寻找着解决办法。采用加热处理方法不能彻底钝化豆类蛋白的蛋白酶抑制子活性 ,且豆类蛋白的含硫氨基酸主要存在于各类蛋白酶抑制子中 ,从豆类蛋白中除去抑制子蛋白将大大降低其营养效价。本研究的目的是试图寻找一种可在常温下降解豆类胰蛋白酶抑制子的蛋白酶 ,从而钝化豆类的胰蛋白酶抑制活性。在前期工作中 ,我们发现枯草杆菌蛋白酶 (Ｓｕｂ ｔｉｌｉｓｉｎ)可在在常温下降解花生及大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂[1] ,近期我们的研究表明 ,Ａｌｃａ…     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对棉铃虫幼虫消化生理和生长发育的影响

本研究根据棉铃虫Helicotverpa ormigera(Hubner)幼虫中肠蛋白酶在离体条件下对蛋白酶抑制剂的反应,选择具有较强抑制作用的大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂,以0.21-4.2%(干重)的浓度配入幼虫人工饲料,测定了幼虫短期和长期取食这些饲料引起的中肠类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶和总蛋白酶活力的变化和生长抑制效应。短期取食抑制剂的幼虫,中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活力显著增高,在4.2%。浓度下比对照高出21%;强碱性类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶和总蛋白酶活力显著降低,生长发育受到明显抑制。长期取食低浓度(0.84%)抑制剂的幼虫,弱碱性类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力显著增高,强碱性类胰蛋白酶活力显著降低。总蛋白酶活力变化不显著;长期取食高浓度(4.2%)抑制剂的幼虫,强碱性类胰蛋白酶和总蛋白酶活力显著降低,其它酶活力变化不显著。抑制剂随浓度的增高对幼虫生长的抑制作用加强,但浓度高于0.84%后,抑制强度的变化减小。据此作者认为,蛋白酶抑制剂对昆虫抗营养效应在于它对蛋白酶的激活和抑制作用,从而导致各种蛋白酶间的协调性破坏,昆虫消化过程受阻,影响生长发育。     

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during the soybean life cycle and in transformed tobacco plants.

We investigated the structure, organization, and developmental regulation of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes. The Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene family contains at least 10 members, many of which are closely linked in tandem pairs. Three Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes, designated as KTi1, KTi2, and KTi3, do not contain intervening sequences, and are expressed during embryogenesis and in the mature plant. The KTi1 and KTi2 genes have nearly identical nucleotide sequences, are expressed at different levels during embryogenesis, are represented in leaf, root, and stem mRNAs, and probably do not encode proteins with trypsin inhibitor activity. By contrast, the KTi3 gene has diverged 20% from the KTi1 and KTi2 genes, and encodes the prominent Kunitz trypsin inhibitor found in soybean seeds. The KTi3 gene has the highest expression level during embryogenesis, and is also represented in leaf mRNA. All three Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are regulated correctly in transformed tobacco plants. Our results suggest that Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes contain different combinations of cis-control elements that program distinct qualitative and quantitative expression patterns during the soybean life cycle.     

Functional characterization of Kunitz domains in hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1.

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor identified as a strong inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator and matriptase. HAI-1 is first produced in a membrane-integrated form with two Kunitz domains in its extracellular region, and subsequent ectodomain shedding releases two major secreted forms, one with a single Kunitz domain and one with two Kunitz domains. To determine the roles of the Kunitz domains in the inhibitory activity of HAI-1 against serine proteases, we constructed various HAI-1 mutant proteins and examined their inhibitory activity against HGF activator and trypsin. The N-terminal Kunitz domain (Kunitz I) had potent inhibitory activity against both HGF activator and trypsin, whereas the C-terminal Kunitz domain (Kunitz II) had only very weak inhibitory activity against HGF activator, although its potency against trypsin was equivalent to that of Kunitz I. These results indicate that Kunitz I is the functional domain of HAI-1 for inhibiting the HGF-converting activity of HGF activator. Furthermore, the presence of two Kunitz domains affected the inhibitory activity of HAI-1 against HGF activator, and it showed a similar, but not additive, level of inhibitory activity against trypsin when compared with that of the individual Kunitz domains. These results suggest that serine protease binding sites of Kunitz I and Kunitz II are located close to each other and that proteolytic processing to generate HAI-1 with only one Kunitz domain regulates the activity of HAI-1.     

Isolation, expression and characterization of a novel dual serine protease inhibitor, OH-TCI, from king cobra venom

Snake venom Kunitz/BPTI members are good tools for understanding of structure-functional relationship between serine proteases and their inhibitors. A novel dual Kunitz/BPTI serine proteinase inhibitor named OH-TCI (trypsin- and chymotrypsin-dual inhibitor from Ophiophagus hannah) was isolated from king cobra venom by three chromatographic steps of gel filtration, trypsin affinity and reverse phase HPLC. OH-TCI is composed of 58 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 6339Da. Successful expression of OH-TCI was performed as the maltose-binding fusion protein in E. coli DH5alpha. Much different from Oh11-1, the purified native and recombinant OH-TCI both had strong inhibitory activities against trypsin and chymotrypsin although the sequence identity (74.1%) between them is very high. The inhibitor constants (K(i)) of recombinant OH-TCI were 3.91 x 10(-7) and 8.46 x10(-8)M for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. To our knowledge, it was the first report of Kunitz/BPTI serine proteinase inhibitor from snake venom that had equivalent trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities.     

One-step purification of Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor

A fast and simple method for the extraction and purification of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from soybean seeds is described. The first step consisted in the heat treatment of whole soybean seeds in water at 60 degrees C for 90 min. It was found that 8.4% of total trypsin inhibitory activity of the seeds was secreted during heat treatment. The aqueous medium was loaded onto an affinity chromatography column with immobilized trypsin. The retained fraction, eluted with 0.01 N HCl, contained the purified Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, which was subsequently stabilized by freeze-drying without loss of activity. From 1g soybean seeds, 0.7 mg inhibitor with a specific trypsin inhibitory (TI) activity of 11,430 TIU/mg was obtained. The yield was greater than that obtained with established procedures. Due to the ease of the procedure proposed, the method is readily scalable to pilot plant or industrial preparations.     

Nature of proteinase inhibitors released from soybeans during imbibition and germination

Proteinase inhibitors are released to a smaller extent from soybeans which have been pre-equilibrated to an atmosphere of high relative humidity (r.h.) compared to those equilibrated to low r.h. Seeds pre-equilibrated to high r.h. also exhibited better germination. Regardless of the states of seed hydration, both Kunitz and Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitors are released in parallel with respect to each other and to other proteins at germination times up to 100 hr. After 48 hr of germination, new forms of trypsin inhibitor appear in the leachate which react with anti-Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor antibodies. No new forms of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were observed immunochemically during the first 100 hr of germination.     

Overlapping binding sites for trypsin and papain on a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from Prosopis juliflora

Proteinase inhibitors are among the most promising candidates for expression by transgenic plants and consequent protection against insect predation. However, some insects can respond to the threat of the proteinase inhibitor by the production of enzymes insensitive to inhibition. Inhibitors combining more than one favorable activity are therefore strongly favored. Recently, a known small Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Prosopis juliflora (PTPKI) has been shown to possess unexpected potent cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity. Here we show, by enzyme assay and gel filtration, that, unlike other Kunitz inhibitors with dual activities, this inhibitor is incapable of simultaneous inhibition of trypsin and papain. These data are most readily interpreted by proposing overlapping binding sites for the two enzymes. Molecular modeling and docking experiments favor an interaction mode in which the same inhibitor loop that interacts in a canonical fashion with trypsin can also bind into the papain catalytic site cleft. Unusual residue substitutions at the proposed interface can explain the relative rarity of twin trypsin/papain inhibition. Other changes seem responsible for the relative low affinity of PTPKI for trypsin. The predicted coincidence of trypsin and papain binding sites, once confirmed, would facilitate the search, by phage display for example, for mutants highly active against both proteinases.     

Does the Kunitz domain from the Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein precursor inhibit a kallikrein responsible for post-translational processing of nerve growth factor precursor?

Alternative splicing of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein precursor (ABPP) message leads to the production of several variants of this precursor polypeptide. Two of these variants contain a domain that is highly homologous to members of the Kunitz class of protease inhibitors. In order to initiate a study of the physiological role of this domain, we have produced active ABPP Kunitz inhibitor by constructing and expressing a synthetic gene in E. coli. Nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency has been suggested as a possible cause of the neural degeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, and trypsin and gamma-NGF are the two enzymes that have been shown to be capable of processing beta-NGF precursor to active, mature beta-NGF in vitro, therefore, the specificity of purified recombinant ABPP Kunitz inhibitor was analyzed with respect to these two proteases. Binding of isolated ABPP Kunitz domain both to trypsin (Ki,app less than 10 nM and to gamma-NGF (Ki,app = 300 nM) was observed. This difference in binding to the two proteases correlates with the approximately 20-fold higher rate observed for in vitro processing of the beta-NGF precursor by trypsin compared to processing by gamma-NGF, indicating that perhaps the inhibitor mimics the interaction of the beta-NGF precursor with proteases. The kallikrein actually responsible for beta-NGF precursor processing in vivo is unknown, but these results suggest that it is capable of being significantly inhibited by exposure to the ABPP Kunitz domain.     

On the reaction of acetamidomethanol with native and reduced bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibtor (Kunitz inhibitor).

The stability of native and reduced bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz inhibitor) in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and their reaction with acetamidomethanol, in the same solvent, have been investigated. The bovine Kunitz inhibitor appears to be stable in liquid hydrogen fluoride but the reduced molecule loses about 50% of its ability to regain inhibitory power, upon air oxidation, by exposure to this solvent. Tyrosine residues appear to be affected by acetamidomethylation of the native protein to give a modified inhibitor which is still highly active in inhibiting trypsin. The extent of correct refolding, upon reoxidation, of the reduced tyrosine modified-inhibitor is greatly diminished. Tyrosine modification can be prevented by carrying out the acetamidomethylation reaction in the presence of excess anisole. The stability constants and the standard free energies of binding of the complexes between trypsin and the native and the tyrosine modified-inhibitor have been determined.     

Adaptive evolution in the snake venom Kunitz/BPTI protein family

Snake venoms are rich sources of serine proteinase inhibitors that are members of the Kunitz/BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) family. However, only a few of their gene sequences have been determined from snakes. We therefore cloned the cDNAs for the trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors from a Vipera ammodytes venom gland cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis of these and other snake Kunitz/BPTI homologs shows the presence of three clusters, where sequences cluster by functional role. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences from the snake Kunitz/BPTI family shows that positive Darwinian selection was operating on the highly conserved BPTI fold, indicating that this family evolved by gene duplication and rapid diversification.