豌豆根瘤侵染细胞衰老过程的电镜观察

用透射电镜观察了豌豆根瘤侵染细胞在衰老过程中的超微结构变化,结果表明,侵染细胞和拟菌体的衰老有一定的规律和特征,首先是一些包裹拟菌体的包囊变得疏松,包囊和拟菌体之间出现较大间隙,间隙中常有一些纤维状和泡状物质。然后,细胞质失去正常结构,逐渐凝聚为染色很深的团块,进而完全泡状化,伴随着拟菌体的衰老,寄主细胞质染色由深变浅,细胞器逐渐减少,最后,液泡和质膜相继破裂,细胞完全瓦解,有时在衰老细胞的胞间隙,或在衰老的细胞质中有一定年轻的细菌,甚至在一片崩溃的拟菌体中还有侵染丝,有的还正在向寄主细胞质释放细菌。     

拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化和宿主细胞与细菌的相互关系

本文初次报道紫云英根瘤的超微结构。用根瘤中段的中心组织作实验材料,以显示受根瘤菌侵染的宿主细胞的一般结构。细菌借助于侵入线进入宿主细胞,发育成拟菌体,为包囊膜所裹。一个包囊膜内一般只有一个拟菌体。包囊膜可以与细胞质内的囊泡和小液泡融合而扩增,导致膜对拟菌体的包裹由紧密到疏松的变化。包囊膜和拟菌体表面都有突起,两者的突起相对接触和融合。对拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化与衰老的关系以及宿主细胞和拟菌体之间物质交换的关系进行了讨论。作者指出包囊膜的扩增和电子透明区域的存在,是拟菌体发育成熟的一个阶段,包囊膜和拟菌体通过互相突起、融合沟通的结构,可能是宿主细胞和细菌之间物质交换功能的一种表现。     

沙冬青根瘤菌的电子显微镜研究

用透射电镜研究沙冬青根瘤中的根瘤菌。这种根瘤菌的精细结构不仅与生态环境有关,而且还随寄主细胞发育程度不同而异。在早期侵染细胞中,根瘤菌很少,一般呈圆形或椭圆形,电子密度很高,位于细胞壁附近。在成熟侵染细胞中,根瘤菌很多,布满了整个细胞,形态出现多样化。在衰老侵染细胞中,根瘤菌形状不规则,细胞质收缩,电子密度增高,内部结构模糊不清,有的甚至变成一团膜泡状结构     

箭舌豌豆根瘤液泡中细菌周膜来源的研究

电镜观察结果表明,幼龄箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞的细胞质较少,中央是一些体积较大的液泡。细胞质中侵入线经常可见,由侵入线释放出来的细菌均有细菌周膜。这些细菌只位于细胞质中,不出现在液泡里面。成熟根瘤中的侵染细胞与此不同,它们中有大量的成熟侵染细胞,细胞质丰富,里面充满大量细菌,中央常有一个大液泡。当中央液泡发育到一定程度时,位于其附近的细菌可通过液泡膜内吞、液泡膜与细菌周膜融合及液泡膜破裂3种途径进入液泡,后一种途径常伴有寄主细胞质。液泡中的细菌绝大部分裸露在外,只有个别细菌具有细菌周膜且多位于液泡膜的破损处附近,因此细菌周膜可能是原来就有的。     

根瘤菌在大麦和水稻根上形成拟瘤的细胞结构

用3种方法使紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragali Huikui)、田菁根瘤菌(R.sesbania sp.)分别入侵大麦(hordeum vulgare L.)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.),形成拟瘤状组织。一是用一定磁场强度处理根瘤菌和植物,并接种培养。二是用含有水稻幼苗根提取物的培养基培养根瘤菌,接种水稻。三是重复别人用2,4-D外源激素处理植物,接种根瘤菌。镜检观察,用紫云英根瘤菌接种形成的大麦根拟瘤细胞结构非常精细,保持各种细胞器。有侵入线结构和根瘤菌从侵入线释放。根瘤菌被宿主细胞来源的膜包围,成为拟菌体。这些形态结构与豆科根瘤细胞相似,有共生状态特征,但拟菌体有泡状化现象。田菁根瘤菌入侵水稻根形成的拟瘤,在细胞间隙和细胞内都有细菌分布。受侵染的细胞结构粗糙,根瘤菌裸露,无胞膜包围。用2,4-D处理接种根瘤菌的拟瘤细胞结构也如此,但在维管系统内有大量密集的细菌存在。这种结构完全不同于豆科根瘤细胞结构,细菌与植物细胞的形态学相互关系是一种非共生联合作用。     

骆驼刺根瘤菌的超微结构研究

用透射电子显微镜研究骆驼刺根瘤中的根瘤菌。结果表明。在成熟的骆驼刺根瘤中,根瘤菌的大小、数量、形态、分布位置及精细结构随寄主细胞的发育程度不同而异。早期侵染细胞中,根瘤菌小,数量少,一般呈球形或椭球形,位于细胞壁附近及靠近核区的地方,没有聚磷酸盐颗粒和聚羟基丁酸。成熟侵染细胞中,根瘤菌个体较大,数量较多．多呈棒状,少数为球形或椭球形。有很多根瘤菌还呈现明显的“T”形、“Y”形或“V”形,菌体占满了整个细胞,这时的根瘤菌大多数含有聚羟基丁酸和聚磷酸盐颗粒。而在衰老的侵染细胞中,根瘤菌细胞质收缩,电子密度增高．形状变得很不规则,有的根瘤菌解体,呈现膜泡状结构,菌体中含有数量不等的聚羟基丁酸和聚磷酸盐颗粒。球状根瘤菌从侵染初期到侵染细胞裂解的整个阶段中都仔在。并且观察到的处于分裂状态的根瘤菌都是球状菌,因此可以推测骆驼刺根瘤中是以球状根瘤菌来进行增殖的。     

豌豆根瘤细菌周膜在发育中的变化

细菌周膜随发育不同而异。侵入线中的细菌没有细菌周膜,刚从侵入线释放到寄主细胞质中的细菌虽有这一特殊结构,但一般较小,表面光滑。然后随着发育而不断变大,有的表面甚至出现凹凸不平。在这些细菌周膜附近,常有一些高尔基体和内质网,有的还有一些纤维状物质和泡状结构位于它所包围的电子透明区域中。当细菌周膜继续向外扩展时,常与相邻细菌周膜相互嵌合,进而彼此融合。这种融合是一种不对称性融合,只出现在即将或已成熟的被侵染的细胞中。细菌周膜融合可能与共生体系的固氮和物质交换有关。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线,总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未出现根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵入线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。随着细胞的衰老,被侵染细胞中的内生菌、细胞器也逐渐消失。     

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察结果表明：刚受侵染的寄主细胞的细胞核和质体膨大,线粒体内嵴消失成为圆球状体,内质网膜松散;幼年类菌体细胞外型较小,呈圆形和椭圆形,细胞质浓密,染色深而均匀;成熟类菌体外型较大,形态多样,细胞内聚-β-羟基丁酸（PHB）累积增多;随着根瘤细胞逐渐发育成熟,在类菌体包被内可允1至数个类菌体;在根瘤衰老细胞中,类菌体包被周膜解离破裂,流出电子透明物质。本文还对周膜扩增的问题进行了讨论。     

大豆根瘤侵染细胞中一种细胞质内含物的电镜观察

在中国丰收11号大豆根瘤侵染细胞中,我们发现了一种电子密度很高,体积很大,形状为圆形或近似圆形,外面没有界膜,常位于胞间隙附近的特殊的细胞质内含物。高尔基体及其小泡,丰富的粗糙型内质网和核糖体常在它的附近,其中一些核糖体正沉积在它的表面。它主要是由核糖体凝聚而成,高尔基体和内质网在它的形成中也起了一定作用。它的内部含有颗粒状,纤维状,泡状和管状物质。它的出现似乎与侵染细胞固氮有关。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细