Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对C3H10T1/2细胞增殖与成脂分化的作用

探究Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响.实验分为对照组、成脂诱导组和Y-27632处理组（Y-27632+成脂诱导）. 利用MTT检测细胞增殖情况,油红O染色,异丙醇萃取法检测细胞成脂分化情况,半定量RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activiated receptor γ, PPARγ)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α (CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, C/EBPα)基因表达. 结果表明,Y-27632能够显著抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的增殖(P<0.05),并呈一定的浓度依赖性;高浓度Y-27632对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化具有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）;半定量RT-PCR结果显示,成脂诱导处理组PPARγ和C/EBPα表达量在第3 d、5 d和7 d显著低于成脂诱导组（P<0.05）. 综上所述,Y-27632能够抑制C3H10T1/2细胞增殖与成脂分化.     

Ⅲ型纤连蛋白组件包含蛋白5通过抑制ERK1/2磷酸化抑制C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化

旨在探究Ⅲ型纤连蛋白组件包含蛋白5（typeⅢ domain-containing protein5,FNDC5）对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化的调控作用。利用qRT-PCR和Western 印迹检测FNDC5在C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中的时序性表达规律;构建慢病毒包被的过表达/干扰FNDC5载体,转染C3H10T1/2细胞,采用qRT-PCR检测成脂分化关键基因的表达情况,油红O染色检测脂滴含量,利用Western 印迹检测细胞外信号调节激酶（extracellularregulatedkinase1/2,ERK1/2）及磷酸化ERK1/2（P-ERK1/2）的表达水平。C3H10T1/2细胞成脂诱导分化8d,Fndc5的表达量明显升高（P＜0.05）;C3H10T1/2细胞中过表达FNDC5,成脂分化关键基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ（peroxisome proliferator--activated receptor-γ,PPARγ）、脂肪酸结合蛋白4（fatty acid binding protein 4,FABP4）和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α（CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha,C/EBPα）的表达量显著降低（P＜0.01）,CCAAT增强子结合蛋白β（CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta,C/EBPβ）表达量明显降低（P＜0.05）,脂滴含量明显减少,P-ERK1/2的含量明显降低（P＜0.05）。C3H10T1/2细胞中干扰FNDC5,成脂分化关键基因PPARγ、C/EBPβ、FABP4和C/EBPα的表达量显著升高（P＜0.01）,脂滴含量明显增加,P-ERK1/2的含量明显升高（P＜0.05）。本研究发现,FNDC5可以通过抑制ERK1/2的磷酸化水平,抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化,为FNDC5调控脂肪沉积的机制研究提供参考数据。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中的表达及HDAC11的作用

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylase, HDAC）通过参与调节组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控基因表达. 研究发现多种HDAC参与成脂分化,但其机制尚不清楚. 本研究旨在探讨间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）的表达变化及其对成脂分化的影响. 本研究首先建立了C3H10T1/2体外成脂分化的模型并以油红O染色鉴定成功诱导成脂分化. PCR检测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中11种HDAC的变化趋势,发现成脂分化过程中,HDAC1、2、5、9和10的mRNA表达量下降而HDAC3、6、8和11的mRNA表达量明显上升,其中HDAC11上升最为显著. 进一步通过RNA干扰沉默HDAC11表达, PCR检测成脂分化的关键转录因子PPARγ2和成脂标志物Perilipin、Adipoq 的mRNA表达量下降,但Fabp4表达变化不明显. 油红O染色结果表明,诱导C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中,干扰HDAC11表达,胞浆内脂滴形成数量减少,成脂分化受到抑制. 总之,我们实验的结果提示C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化伴随着多种HDAC表达的变化,其中HDAC11的增加最显著,干扰HDAC11的表达可以抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化.     

去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA通过激活ERK和p38抑制间充质干细胞成脂分化

本文研究了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases, MAPKs)信 号通路在组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors, HDACis)曲古抑 菌素A(trichostatin A, TSA)抑制间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) C3H10T1/2成脂分化中的调节机制.首先利用 MTT法检测TSA对其增殖活性的影响;Western印迹法首先检测MAPKs信号通路中pERK和p-p38蛋白在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成 脂分化过程中的表达情况,以及不同浓度、不同时间TSA处理对pERK和p-p38蛋白差异变 化情况;其次再用Western印迹检测TSA对成脂分化过程中间充质干细胞pERK和p-p38蛋 白表达的影响.MTT结果显示,TSA浓度在1 nmol/L~100 nmol/L范围内抑制C3H10T1/2细胞 的增殖活性,且TSA浓度约为60 nmol/L时即抑制一半以上的C3H10T1/2细胞增殖活 性.Western印迹结果显示,TSA处理5 min~80 min,及浓度在1 nmol/L~100 nmol/L范围内 激活MAPK信号通路中pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达;C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中,胞内pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达呈现下调趋势;而TSA抑制了成脂分化过程中C3H10T1/2细胞内pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达变化.本研究结果提示,在C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中,MAPK信号途径分子pERK和p-p38表达下调;TSA可能是通过活化pERK和p-p38进而抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化.     

BMP2具有诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化的能力

探讨骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）诱导鼠胚胎间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂肪分化能力,为临床脂肪代谢疾病的治疗提供理论基础．培养多潜能的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2,用20 μg/ml BMP2对其诱导一定时间后,RT-PCR检测是否存在BMP信号通路中关键分子BMP受体BMPR I, BMPR Ⅱ及Smad 1/5/8的表达.Western印迹检测Smad 蛋白及MAPK 信号通路中p38磷酸化水平变化,QRT PCR检测成脂肪标志基因aP2以及成脂肪相关转录因子PPARγ,C/EBPα,C/EBPβ表达水平,同时用油红O染色,观测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化情况．经BMP2诱导后,C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化标志(油红O染色)显著增加,Smad 蛋白及p38磷酸化水平有所上升,同时成脂肪标志基因aP2以及成脂肪相关转录因子PPARγ,C/EBPα,C/EBPβ表达水平各有一定程度提高．BMP2具有诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化能力,其成脂肪分化呈现对BMP2作用的时间依赖性．     

Shh信号参与调控BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化

目的：观察sonic hedgehog（Shh）信号通路在骨形态发生蛋白9（BMP9）诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）C3H10T1/2和C2C12成骨分化中的作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法：Shh信号通路抑制剂Cyclopamine和激活剂Purmorphamine以及过表达Shh腺病毒分别作用于BMP9处理的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）检测早期成骨指标ALP,茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨指标钙盐沉积,RT-PCR检测Shh信号相关基因以及成骨关键转录因子的表达,Western blot检测Shh的表达,荧光素酶报告基因检测Smad1/5/8的转录调控活性。结果：BMP9促进Shh信号相关基因的表达,激活Shh信号可增强BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞早晚期成骨分化并促进了BMP9诱导的Smad荧光素酶活性,抑制Shh信号后作用相反。结论：激活Shh信号通路可促进BMP9诱导的小鼠MSCs成骨分化,抑制其活性后作用相反。     

MYOZ2通过负调控TCAP的表达促进C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化

本研究旨在明确钙调磷酸酶肌小节结合蛋白2（myozenin2,MYOZ2）的组织表达特性,阐明其对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化的影响及可能的作用机制。采集180日龄马身猪、60日龄ICR小鼠、35日龄罗斯肉鸡和12月龄小尾寒羊背最长肌、皮下脂肪和肝组织,检测MYOZ2基因mRNA表达。结果显示,MYOZ2基因在所检测的物种中表现出相似的组织表达规律,在背最长肌表达量最高,皮下脂肪与肝组织低水平表达。在C3H10T1/2细胞中沉默MYOZ2基因后,qRT-PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,成脂关键基因PPARγ、FABP4表达极显著下调（P<0.01）;Western 印迹结果表明,PPARγ蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）;油红O染色发现,沉默MYOZ2基因后脂滴数明显减少,甘油三酯含量显著降低（P<0.05）。利用qRT-PCR技术检测沉默MYOZ2基因后,脂肪代谢相关基因SCD、FASN、SREBP1、NR1H3、DGAT1、PNPLA2、HSL、CES1、CPT1等的表达,结果显示,SCD、FASN、SREBP1、PNPLA2、HSL极显著下调（P<0.01）,NR1H3显著下调（P<0.05）,DGAT1表达下调但差异不显著,CES1、CPT1显著上调（P<0.05）。利用STRING数据库构建MYOZ2相关蛋白质互作网络图,发现MYOZ2可能通过肌联蛋白帽（Titin-cap,TCAP）与PPARγ相互作用进而影响成脂分化。沉默TCAP基因,qRT-PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,成脂关键基因PPARγ、FABP4表达极显著上调（P<0.01）;Western 印迹结果表明,与对照组相比,PPARγ蛋白含量显著升高（P<0.05）;油红O染色发现,沉默TCAP基因后脂滴数明显增多,甘油三酯含量显著升高（P<0.05）。利用qRT-PCR技术检测沉默MYOZ2后TCAP基因的表达结果显示,沉默MYOZ2后TCAP的表达极显著升高（P<0.01）。综上所述,MYOZ2基因在背最长肌中表达量最高,在皮下脂肪和肝组织中也有少量表达。此外,MYOZ2可能通过MYOZ2-TCAP-PPARγ途径影响成脂关键基因PPARγ和FABP4的表达,进而调控脂肪酸代谢相关基因SCD、FASN、SREBP1、NR1H3、DGAT1、PNPLA2、HSL、CES1、CPT1,在成脂分化过程中发挥重要作用。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中的表达及HDAC11的作用

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)通过调节组蛋白乙酰化修饰参与调控基因表达.研究发现多种HDAC参与成脂分化,但其机制尚不清楚.本研究探讨间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中HDAC的表达变化及其对成脂分化的影响.本研究首先建立了C3H10T1/2体外成脂分化的模型,并以油红O染色鉴定成功诱导成脂分化.PCR检测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中11种HDAC的变化趋势,发现成脂分化过程中,HDAC1、2、5、9和10的m RNA表达量下降,而HDAC3、6、8和11的m RNA表达量明显上升,其中HDAC11上升最为显著.进一步通过RNA干扰沉默HDAC11表达,PCR检测成脂分化的关键转录因子PPARγ2和成脂标志物Perilipin、Adipoq的m RNA表达量下降,但Fabp4表达变化不明显.油红O染色结果表明,诱导C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中,干扰HDAC11表达,胞浆内脂滴形成数量减少,成脂分化受到抑制.实验结果提示,C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化伴随着多种HDAC表达的变化,其中HDAC11的增加最显著,干扰HDAC11的表达可以抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化.     

SAHA抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的增殖与成脂分化

本文研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸（suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid,SAHA）对间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响及其可能的作用机制.用Western印迹验证SAHA对细胞内蛋白乙酰化的影响;用MTT和流式细胞术检测细胞活性和细胞周期;利用油红O染色检测细胞成脂分化,实时定量PCR检测PPARγ2和成脂分化标志物Fabp4、perilipin以及adipoq mRNA的转录.Western印迹结果显示,SAHA可促进细胞内蛋白的乙酰化.MTT和流式细胞术结果显示,SAHA对C3H10T1/2细胞活性的抑制呈浓度依赖性,随着SAHA浓度增加,细胞形态趋向于展平,并将细胞周期抑制在G0/G1期;SAHA可呈浓度依赖性抑制C3H10T1/2 细胞的成脂分化作用.同时实时定量PCR结果显示,SAHA抑制成脂关键转录因子PPARγ2,脂肪因子Fabp4、perilipin和adipoq mRNA的转录.综上所述,SAHA可影响间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2细胞形态,并呈剂量依赖性地抑制其增殖和成脂分化.     

过表达miR-155抑制BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

目的:研究过表达miR-155对BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化的影响。方法:(1)用重组腺病毒Ad-BMP9(BMP9)诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,定量PCR(qPCR)检测miR-155的表达,RT-PCR检测Runx2和ALP的表达。(2)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,qPCR检测miR-155的表达,ALP活性和染色检测早期成骨能力。(3)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,诱导分化14d茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨能力。(4)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,qPCR检测成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OSX、COL1A1、ALP、OCN和OPN的表达。(5)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,Western blot检测p-Smad1/5/8、OCN和OPN蛋白水平的表达。(6)qPCR和Western blot分别检测HIF1α和VEGF的mRNA表达水平和蛋白质表达水平。(7)应用荧光素酶报告基因对miR-155的靶基因进行筛选和验证。结果:在BMP9诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化过程中,过表达miR-155降低ALP活性及染色;减少钙盐沉积;成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OSX、COL1A1、ALP、OCN和OPN表达降低;抑制p-Smad1/5/8、OCN和OPN蛋白水平的表达;HIF1α和VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达水平减少。在对靶基因的检测中,过表达miR-155可以抑制HIF1α蛋白水平的表达,但对其mRNA水平无明显影响。结论:miR-155过表达减弱BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化,可能是通过抑制Smad/BMP信号通路发挥作用,也有可能是通过抑制靶基因HIF1α的表达来发挥作用。     

Low frequency mechanical stimulation inhibits adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells

Oscillatory mechanical stimulation at relatively high frequencies (0.1 Hz) has been shown to inhibit adipogenic and promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, for physiological interpretations and ease of implementation it is of interest to know whether different rates of mechanical stimulation can produce similar results. We hypothesized that relatively low frequency mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) can inhibit adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mouse mesenchymal stem cells, even in a potent adipogenic differentiation medium. C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured in adipogenic medium under control (non-mechanically stimulated) conditions and under oscillatory surface stretch with 10% amplitude and 0.01 Hz frequency for 6h per day for up to 5 days. Cell population was assessed by counting and adipogenic differentiation was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) after 3 and 5 days. Involvement of the ERK signaling pathway was assessed by Western blot. Low frequency mechanical stimulation significantly decreased expression of PPARγ after 3 days and FABP4 after 3 and 5 days versus non-stimulated culture. ERK signaling was decreased in mechanically-stimulated culture, indicating a role in the inhibition of adipogenic differentiation. Application of this study: Low frequency mechanical stimulation may provide a technically simple means for control of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in cell-based therapies, particularly for inhibition of differentiation toward undesired adipogenic lineages.     

Endocrine disrupting chemicals affect the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in distinct ontogenetic windows

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) like bisphenol A (BPA), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and tributyltin (TBT) are ubiquitously present in the environment and in human tissues. They bind to nuclear hormone receptors and affect cellular and developmental processes. In this study, we show that BPA, DEHP and TBT affect the adipogenic differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC, C3H/10T1/2) in a concentration-, stage- and compound-specific manner. C3H/10T1/2 cells and embryonic stem cells (CGR8) were exposed to BPA, DEHP or TBT at different stages of cell determination and differentiation (undifferentiated growth, adipogenic induction and terminal adipogenic differentiation). The final amount of differentiated adipocytes, cellular triglyceride content and mRNA expression of adipogenic marker genes (adiponectin, FABP4, PPARγ2, LPL) were quantified and compared with corresponding unexposed cells. BPA (10 μM) decreased subsequent adipogenic differentiation of MSC, when cells were exposed during undifferentiated growth. In contrast, DEHP (100 μM) during the hormonal induction period, and TBT (100 nM) in all investigated stages, enhanced adipogenesis. Importantly, exposure of undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells did not show any effect of the investigated EDC on subsequent adipogenic differentiation.     

Decrease of apoptosis markers during adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue

Although the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue (AT) have been widely studied, relatively little information is available on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis during the adipogenic differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze how the expression of some apoptotic markers is affected by in vitro expansion during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs. The cultures incubated or not with adipogenic medium were investigated by Western blot at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for the production of p53, AKT, pAKT, Bax, PDCD4 and PTEN. MSCs were recognized for their immunoreactivity to MSC-specific cell types markers by immunocytochemical procedure. The effectiveness of adipogenic differentiation was assessed by staining with Sudan III and examination of adipogenic markers expression, such as PPAR-γ and FABP, at different time points by Western blot. The adipogenic differentiation medium led to the appearance, after 7 days, of larger rounded cells presenting numerous vacuoles containing lipids in which it was evident a red–orange staining, that increased in size in a time-dependent manner, parallel to an increase of the levels of expression of PPAR-γ and FABP. More than 50 % of human MSCs were fully differentiated into adipocytes within the four-week induction period. The results showed that during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated and that p53, PTEN, PDCD4, and Bax proteins are down-regulated in time-dependent manner. Our data provide new information on the behavior of some apoptotic markers during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs to apply for tissues repair and regeneration.     

Pumpkin (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) extract attenuate the adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells by controlling adipogenic gene expression

Prevention and management of obesity through dietary modification is one of the top way to trim down its consequences. Development of adipose tissue requires the differentiation of less specialized cells, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), into adipocytes. Since food constituents play a major role in the cell differentiation and proliferation, we sought to determine if various extracts of Cucurbita ficifolia (C. ficifolia), could affect the adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Flow cytometry analysis with quantitative and qualitative Nile red, and quantitative PCR methods were employed to evaluate the C. ficifolia effect on hMSCs adipogenesis. Results revealed that, chloroform extract exhibits significant adipogenic inhibition than that of hexane and methanol extracts. Chloroform extract treated cells display the down-regulation of ADIPOQ, FABP4, PPARGC1A, CEBPB & LPL and up-regulation of ACACB & CEBPA genes. Further, various phytoconstituents present in the chloroform extract of C. ficifolia were analyzed though LC-MS and GC-MS. Our results indicates that chloroform extract of C. ficifolia might be used as a food supplement to control obesity and its related consequences.     

Effects of BMP-2 and vitamin D3 on the osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells

A theoretical inverse relationship has long been postulated for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation (bone versus adipose tissue differentiation). This inverse relationship in theory at least partially underlies the clinical entity of osteoporosis, in which marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a predilection for adipose differentiation that increases with age. In the present study, we assayed the potential anti-adipogenic effects of Nell-1 protein (an osteoinductive molecule). Using 3T3-L1 (a human preadipocyte cell line) cells and human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs), we observed that adenoviral delivered (Ad)-Nell-1 or recombinant NELL-1 protein significantly reduced adipose differentiation across all markers examined (Oil red O staining, adipogenic gene expression [Pparg, Lpl, Ap2]). In a prospective fashion, Hedgehog signaling was assayed as potentially downstream of Nell-1 signaling in regulating osteogenic over adipogenic differentiation. In comparison to Ad-LacZ control, Ad-Nell-1 increased expression of hedgehog signaling markers (Ihh, Gli1, Ptc1). These studies suggest that Nell-1 is a potent anti-adipogenic agent. Moreover, Nell-1 signaling may inhibit adipogenic differentiation via a Hedgehog dependent mechanism.