冬季白马鸡群体夜栖地特征分析

20 0 3年 1～ 4月 ,对分布于四川省甘孜藏族自治州稻城县著杰寺周围的白马鸡 (Crossoptiloncrossoptilon)群体的夜栖地特征进行了分析。随机跟踪黄昏时发现的白马鸡群体直至其上树夜栖来确定夜栖地的位置。通过系统取样的样线法调查整个研究区域环境变量的特征。共获得 1 72个 2 0 0m×2 0 0m的栅格 ,栅格中有夜栖地出现的定义为活动栅格 (37个 ) ,赋值为 1 ;反之为非活动栅格 (1 35个 ) ,赋值为 0。通过逻辑斯蒂回归建立白马鸡群体夜栖地选择的预测模型。该模型的数学表达式为Ln[P/(1 -P) ]=- 3 938+0 0 83×坡度 +0 0 37×乔木盖度 +0 1 1 6×乔木高度 - 0 0 0 3×草本盖度 (P为白马鸡群体夜栖地的出现概率 )。模型表明坡度、乔木盖度、乔木高度和草本盖度显著影响白马鸡群体的夜栖地选择。白马鸡群体的夜栖地选择与坡度、乔木盖度和乔木高度正相关 ,与草本盖度负相关。该预测模型具有较高的预测准确性。     

甘肃莲花山血雉春夏季栖息地选择

2012年4~8月,在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区采用无线电遥测技术并结合野外观察,对血雉春季和夏季的栖息地特征进行了比较研究。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,雪深度、灌木盖度和距水源距离是影响血雉春季栖息地选择的主要因子;夏季血雉以乔木数量、灌木高度和坡向作为栖息地选择的主要因子。t检验和U检验结果表明:乔木胸径、针叶树数量、灌木高度、灌木盖度、苔藓盖度、草盖度在春、夏两个季节内差异极显著,而坡向在两个季节内差异显著。     

四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择

四川梅花鹿Cervus nippon sichuanicus为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区分布有我国现存最大的梅花鹿野生种群。2011年6-9月,采用样方法对保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择进行了调查,共布设109个样方(利用样方61个,对照样方48个),测量并比较了海拔、坡度等20个生境因子。结果显示,梅花鹿偏好利用的植被类型为灌丛、草甸、针叶林,同时选择隐蔽度较高的生境;此外,距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、草本高度和草本盖度6个连续变量在利用样方和对照样方之间差异有统计学意义(F<0.05或U<0.05)。回归模型分析结果表明,梅花鹿夏季偏好选择草本盖度大、靠近水源和林缘的生境,回避远离水源和林缘的生境。     

老君山自然保护区四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期对栖息地的利用(英文)

四川山鹧鸪(Arborophila rufipectus)是中国西南山地特产珍稀鸟类,由于亚热带阔叶林破碎化,其种群数量显著下降。2005年11—12月在老君山自然保护区,共记录四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期栖息地20个。以其新鲜粪便为中心设一个10m×10m大样方和4个1m×1m的小样方,测量每个样方中与栖息地利用有关的12个生境因子(海拔、坡向、坡度、乔木层盖度、灌木高、灌木密度、灌木层盖度、竹盖度、竹密度、雪盖度、林缘距离和道路距离);并在距栖息地100m处任意设对照样方1—2个,共获取30个对照样方,测量相同的生境因子。结果表明,四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期以靠近林间小道和森林边缘的次生落叶阔叶林为栖息地,主要利用海拔高度为1000—1600m,坡度为2—15°的南坡;其偏爱的栖息地竹盖度、竹密度和雪盖度明显小于对照样方,而灌木盖度明显大于对照样方。对栖息地变量进一步分析表明,影响四川山鹧鸪栖息地利用的主要因子依次为地面层食物因子、地型因子、隐蔽因子、温度因子等,其中食物条件的贡献率为29.407%。四川山鹧鸪在利用栖息地时可能面对食物资源与天敌风险的权衡。因此,为了更好地保护四川山鹧鸪栖息地,应重视阔叶林的保护和恢复。     

老君山自然保护区四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期对栖息地的利用

四川山鹧鸪（Arborophila rufipectus）是中国西南山地特产珍稀鸟类，由于亚热带阔叶林破碎化，其种群数量显著下降。2005年11—12月在老君山自然保护区，共记录四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期栖息地20个。以其新鲜粪便为中心设一个10 m×10 m大样方和4个1 m×1 m的小样方，测量每个样方中与栖息地利用有关的12个生境因子(海拔、坡向、坡度、乔木层盖度、灌木高、灌木密度、灌木层盖度、竹盖度、竹密度、雪盖度、林缘距离和道路距离)；并在距栖息地100 m处任意设对照样方1—2个，共获取30个对照样方，测量相同的生境因子。结果表明，四川山鹧鸪非繁殖期以靠近林间小道和森林边缘的次生落叶阔叶林为栖息地，主要利用海拔高度为1 000—1 600 m，坡度为2—15°的南坡；其偏爱的栖息地竹盖度、竹密度和雪盖度明显小于对照样方，而灌木盖度明显大于对照样方。对栖息地变量进一步分析表明，影响四川山鹧鸪栖息地利用的主要因子依次为地面层食物因子、地型因子、隐蔽因子、温度因子等，其中食物条件的贡献率为29.407%。四川山鹧鸪在利用栖息地时可能面对食物资源与天敌风险的权衡。因此，为了更好地保护四川山鹧鸪栖息地，应重视阔叶林的保护和恢复。     

广西弄岗穗鹛不同季节的觅食地选择

2010年7-9月(雨季)和2010年11月-2011年2月(旱季),在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法对弄岗穗鹛(Stachyris nonggangensis)觅食地选择进行研究.主成分分析表明,雨季的乔木层因素和落叶及草本层因素、旱季的地形地貌因素以及草本与灌木层因素是其觅食地的主要特征.圆形分布统计分析显示,雨季和旱季其觅食地多位于中缓坡.与对照样方的差异性检验显示,弄岗穗鹛雨季偏好乔木盖度低的生境,旱季则偏好中、下坡位、灌木高度较高且落叶厚度大的生境.两个季节觅食地的比较显示,其旱季觅食地处于较低海拔,且多位于中、下坡位;旱季草本盖度小于雨季,而落叶盖度和落叶厚度则大于雨季.逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明:弄岗穗鹛雨季觅食地选择以海拔、坡度以及落叶盖度等3个变量为综合考量,而旱季则以坡位、乔木盖度、草本盖度以及落叶厚度等4个变量为综合考量.     

浙江清凉峰自然保护区土壤肥力指标空间变异及其影响因素

为了探究清凉峰自然保护区内华南野生梅花鹿主要栖息地千顷塘的土壤肥力指标的空间变异规律及其相关影响因子,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法对千顷塘土壤pH、有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾含量进行了系统分析,并探讨了其主要影响因子。结果显示：千顷塘保护区内土壤整体呈酸性,区域内有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾含量均值分别为72.44、0.45、1.91、23.16 g/kg,所有指标均呈现中等程度变异。半方差分析结果表明,指数模型为pH、全磷、全氮、全钾的最佳拟合模型,球状模型为有机质最佳拟合模型,pH、全磷、全钾空间自相关强烈,显示其空间变异主要受结构性因素影响,有机质和全氮空间自相关程度中等,说明随机因素存在一定影响。全局Moran′s I指数检验结果显示,有机质、全磷和全氮存在显著空间自相关,在空间上呈现聚集分布。所有肥力指标的空间分布较为连贯,条带状分布特征显著,总体呈现由边缘向中间降低趋势;相关性分析显示,土壤有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾与海拔、容重和植被类型呈显著相关性;回归分析表明,在所有环境因子中,容重对各类元素的方差解释最大,是影响千顷塘土壤肥力因子空间异质性的主控因素。研究可为南方丘陵地区人为...     

江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异

2009年10月—2010年11月在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉、白鹇、勺鸡和灰胸竹鸡4种雉类的生境选择进行了研究:共调查了6条样线上的388个样方,选取了与这四种雉类栖息地相关的17个生态因子进行观测和测量。结果显示,4种雉类均偏好阔叶林和针阔混交林、阳坡或半阴半阳坡的生境。Kruskal-Wallistest检验表明,4种雉类在海拔、坡度、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、灌木数量、灌木高度、草本盖度、草本种类、草本数量、落叶层盖度和水源距离11个生态因子上存在极显著差异(P<0.01),乔木种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余生态因子无显著差异(P>0.05)。典则判别函数图显示,4种雉类在生境选择上存在一定程度的重叠,又有比较明显的差异。逐步判别表明在区分4种雉类生境选择差异方面有一系列的生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为海拔、草本数量、灌木高度、水源距离、灌木盖度、乔木盖度、坡度、落叶层盖度、灌木数量、草本盖度。由这10个变量构成的方程对4种雉类生境选择差异的正确区分率为74.7%。     

同域分布大熊猫和水鹿生境利用分异特征

野生动物的生境利用特征研究是动物生态学核心问题之一,同域分布动物对生境的利用特征及共存机制是其重要组成部分,也是实现珍稀濒危物种保护与栖息地恢复的基础。基于空间利用和生境因子选择差异研究了卧龙自然保护区同域分布大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)和水鹿(Rusa unicolor)的生境利用关系,探讨了同域分布野生动物在生境因子选择和空间利用的分异特征。结果表明:(1)空间利用上,大熊猫和水鹿的空间重叠系数为58.35%,其中,在原始林和次生林生境中的空间重叠系数分别为66.58%和36.64%,二者在原始林中的空间重叠较高;(2)生境因子选择上,大熊猫和水鹿对物理因子的选择有坡位、离小路距离和离水源距离3个变量有显著性差异,对生物因子的选择有乔木密度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、竹林盖度、幼竹密度、幼竹基径、幼竹高度、成竹高度和死竹密度9种变量有显著性差异;(3)大熊猫和水鹿都表现为更偏好原始林生境,但大熊猫对原始林的依赖性更强。分析同域分布动物的生境利用关系有利于深入了解不同动物对资源的空间利用特征及共存机制,可以为保护区制定珍稀野生动物保护和栖息地恢复政策提供科学依据。     

基于逻辑斯蒂回归模型的鹭科水鸟栖息地适宜性评价

近年来湿地生态系统遭到不同程度破坏,湿地水鸟及其生存空间日益受到威胁。以香港米埔-后海湾湿地为例,收集2003年1月份与鹭科水鸟密切相关的15个自变量和鹭科水鸟实测数据作为因变量构建逻辑斯蒂回归模型,通过筛选获取9个变量因子,分别为土地利用,NDVI,坡度,降雨,TM4纹理,TM3纹理,道路密度,道路距离,人居密度。经Nagelkerke R2检验模型精度达到0.743,拟合度较高。利用模型结果快速聚类,对栖息地进行适宜性分级,分级结果与同期鹭科水鸟实测数据做拟合,精度达到77.4%。最后采集2009年1月份各变量因子数据对回归方程进行时间尺度检验,与同期实测鹭科水鸟数据拟合精度同样达到75.8%,模型具有较好的通用性。     

基于空间分析的保护生物学研究

 保护生物学家和生态学家早就认识到只有准确地辨识保护对象的空间位置、 范围、 及其相邻的关系(例如边缘)和连接度, 以及依存的地形和气候等生境条件, 才能发现生物种群和生境在空间的扩散与收缩、 增长与灭绝的动态, 揭示分布的格局, 从而系统、 全面地了解保护对象和生境的存在状态、 破碎程度和变化趋势, 进行有效的自然保护。 得益于新兴的空间分析技术, 保护生物学自20世纪90年代以来取得了很大的进步。基于空间分析的保护生物学研究是最近10年左右大力发展的新保护生物学的重要基础。 该文结合作者的研究工作,综述了基于空间分析的保护生物学项目, 探讨了保护生物学发展历史、 主要研究方法与应用、 以及今后的可能发展趋势。 在生物多样性的丰度和分布的空间解绎部分,通过综述世界保护监测中心的图解全球生物多样性的工作, 如国家尺度的生物多样性水平、 植物多样性的分布中心和维管束植物科的多样性等的空间分布 ,介绍了 Dobson等图示美国主要濒危植物、 鸟类、 鱼类和软体动物等4个主要类群在县(County) 为基本空间单位上分布的空间格局, 讨论了生物多样性空间解绎的意义。在第二部分用世界资源研究所的全球森林监测(Global forest watch)项目, 美国的国家保护缺失区分析(GAP analysis)项目, 美国林务局的无路自然区域(Roadless area)保护项目和加拿大自然审计(Nature audit)项目, 以及北美和东亚生物多样性空间分布的比较分析和生物入侵的空间分析等具体实例来说明生物多样性空间分布变化比较分析方法的应用。 过去20年来, 面向空间格局的生态学和保护生物学研究得到了快速的发展, 特别是空间格局的描述、 由地统计演变而成的空间统计、 地理信息系统、 基于个体(或栅格)的空间解绎模拟模型、 基于斑块(Patch)的种群理论及其发展(如复合种群理论, 源 汇模型等)等。在第三部分, 以美国森林破碎度空间格局分析和美国太平洋西北演替后期森林的空间格局分析为例, 介绍了空间格局分析在保护生物学中的应用。 同时介绍了澳大利亚保护生态学家Lindenmayer 和美国著名景观生态学家Franklin 2002年提出的模板(Matrix)保护理论,把保护的眼光不局限在面积不多而且分散的保护区中,应注意景观模板和保护区相邻的原生区域的综合保护, 这样将大大扩展保护的范围, 并且平衡保护与发展的关系。最后, 介绍了在保护生物学中已有一定应用的空间模型和模拟, 包括了空间解绎模型(Spatial explicit model)、 基于过程(Process-based)的空间模拟模型、 面向代理(Agent-based)的空间适应模拟模型(SWAM)以及与此有关的动态全球植被模型(DGVM)。 通过上面的讨论和综述, 预测一个新的保护生物学的分支: 空间保护生物学, 已经逐渐成熟问世, 这门基于现代信息技术和空间技术的新学科已经而且还将为全球生物多样性的研究和保育作出重大的贡献。     

The influence of Triticum aestivum density, sowing pattern and nitrogen fertilization on leaf area index and its spatial variation

We investigated leaf area index (LAI) and its spatial variation early in the growing season in Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) sown in two spatial patterns (standard rows and a uniform pattern), at three densities (204, 449 and 721 seeds m⁻²), and two nitrogen fertilization levels (0 and 80 kg nitrogen ha⁻¹). Our main hypothesis was that a more uniform distribution of individual plants does not affect overall LAI but reduces its spatial variation. We used the number of leaves touching a vertical pin (LAI*) as a measure of LAI. LAI* increased with sowing density, nitrogen fertilization and, contrary to our hypothesis, spatial uniformity. The coefficient of variation of LAI* was higher (1) at lower sowing density, (2) without nitrogen fertilizer and (3) in the row pattern. Both the increase in LAI and the decrease in its variation in more spatially uniform crops may contribute to increased weed suppression and increased yield.     

Mice recognize the center of an enclosure

In recent years, it has been shown that animals can localize the geometric center of an area by reference to the shape of the environment. We trained a group of mice (experimental group) to search for a pellet hidden under sand in the center of a square-shaped dry maze. Three weeks later, they were tested in a triangular enclosure half the size of the training area and a circular enclosure double the size of the training area to see transfer to these enclosures. We compared their searching behavior with that of subjects that had received no training. The results show that the experimental group searched the geometric center of each enclosure in both transfer tests, while the untrained control group walked along the walls. This indicates that the experimental group localized the center not by reference to the absolute distance from the corners but by equal distances from all walls (geometric center).     

Spatio-temporal distribution of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in chestnut fields: Implications for site-specific management

Chestnut is one of most important forest products in Korea. However, Ricania shantungensis, an invasive species, has been increasingly causing economic damage to chestnut. To increase management efficiency of R. shantungensis in chestnut fields, its spatio-temporal distributions were analyzed using spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and semivariogram. Experiments were conducted by observing selected, marked, and geo-referenced trees in two commercial chestnut fields for each developmental stage (i.e., spring egg, nymph, adult, and fall egg) of R. shantungensis from 2017 to 2019. Spatial distributions of R. shantungensis were statistically (P < 0.05) aggregated except for its nymphal stage. Spatial associations of its distributions also showed the statistically (P < 0.05) positive associations regardless of years or developmental stages except for the spatial relationship between egg and nymphal stages. These results indicated that site-specific management for R. shantungensis would be applicable. In application of site-specific management for R. shantungensis, the distance of spatial dependence for nymphs, 60 m, should be considered to minimize reoccurrence possibility and additional samplings. Incorporating site-specific management into pest control program of R. shantungensis could increase its control efficiency in chestnut fields.     

Dermatoglyphic variation in Europe

We describe the geographic variation patterns of 236 dermatoglyphic variables (118 for each sex) for 74 samples in Europe. Using principal components analysis and rotating to simple structure, we simplified these patterns to the first 20 axes, representing 74.2% of covariation. We then used heterogeneity tests, interpolated surfaces, one-dimensional and directional correlograms, and distances between correlograms to analyze the factor scores of these 20 axes. We also ordinated the 74 localities. The data are remarkable for showing little spatial autocorrelation, despite significant heterogeneity among localities. Only three factor axes exhibit consistently significant correlograms, indicating that there are few spatial patterns in the original variables in Europe. Almost all correlations between pairs of variables occur within serially homologous character sets and are thus developmentally determined. There is some support for demic diffusion from the southeast in finger patterns and ridge counts. We compare these results to those of previous studies and note that Lapps and Icelanders are outliers with respect to both genetics and finger tip variables, whereas Tatars are outliers with respect to craniometrics and dermatoglyphics. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Seed and microsite limitations of recruitment and the impacts of post-dispersal seed predation at the within population level

Seed predation may cause important seed losses in plant populations, but its impact on the dynamics of populations will depend on the degree of seed or microsite limitations for recruitment. Seed losses will only affect recruitment if it is seed limited. The nature of recruitment limitation (seeds or microsites) is usually ascribed to whole plant populations but it may vary within populations among microhabitats and habitats. Thus, the potential impact of seed predation will also vary within the population, being highest where recruitment is seed limited. The impact to the whole population will depend on the spatial concordance between the intensity of seed predation and that of seed limitation. Recruitment limitations (with seed addition experiments), seed predation (with seed removal experiments), and the dynamics of seed availability in the soil (with soil samples taken both after seed dispersal and before the following dispersal event) of the shrub Corema album (Empetraceae) were investigated in dunes in NW Spain, at microhabitats ‘open ground’, ‘underneath C. album ♀’, and ‘underneath C. album ♂’ at two habitats, sparse and dense scrub. The nature of recruitment limitation (seeds vs. microsites) varied within the population. It was seed limited in the microhabitat ‘open ground’ and microsite limited under shrub cover. The spatial patterns of seedling recruitment were unrelated to seed availability but strongly affected by germination requirements. The spatial discordance between seed availability and recruitment implies a crucial constraint for processes affecting seed availability (seed predation but also e.g., dispersal) to impact recruitment. They will not affect its spatial pattern but only its quantity as long as they act in those sites selected by seeds to germinate. Seed predation was highest underneath mother plants and lowest in open ground. Thus, its potential impact is low, as it is centred where recruitment is not seed limited. This study shows that the analysis of seed predation in relation to recruitment limitations at smaller spatial scales within the population provides more insight to understand its impact.     

Spatial rotations and transpositions in orangutans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pongo pygmaeus</Emphasis>) and chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>)

This study investigated the ability of three chimpanzees and three orangutans to track the position of a reward after a series of displacements. The reward was placed under one of two opaque containers resting on a platform. Experiment 1 investigated rotational displacements in which the platform was rotated 0°, 180°, or 360°. Experiment 2 investigated transpositional displacements in which the platform remained stationary while the containers either remained stationary, or swapped their positions (in a one- two- or three-step sequence). In both experiments, the initial position of the reward was indicated either by directly showing the reward under the containers, or by placing a landmark, which had been previously associated with the reward, on top of the baited container. Subjects successfully tracked the reward through rotations and transpositions when they had seen it, but their performance substantially deteriorated when the landmark indicated the reward's initial position, even though subjects successfully used the landmark to find the reward in the absence of displacements. This decrease was especially pronounced in rotational displacements. A language-trained orangutan outperformed all the other apes and solved all problems.     

Spatial flow analysis of water pollution in eco-natural systems

The disjunction of ecological and socioeconomic sciences is one of the main obstructions in current human–natural integrated systems research. Therefore, gridded GIS technology is introduced in an attempt to achieve the spatial flow analysis of water pollution in eco-natural systems. With this unified GIS platform, an input–output table and one-dimensional water quality model are chosen to manifest the spatial economic flows and spatial natural flows of water pollution separately. Finally, the comprehensive effect of the spatial circulation of water pollution in eco-natural systems is assessed. A case study of the framework is carried out in the Changzhou District of Taihu Lake, China, and the main results show the following: (1) COD (chemical oxygen demand) direct emissions represent the characteristics of high intensity and clustering in industrial regions; control unit 8 is the largest secondary emissions unit, representing up to 41.79% of the total, whereas the emissions of the primary industry tend to be low intensity and widespread. (2) The gray virtual water flow from the primary industry to other heavy industries (except the chemical industry) is the main flow type; the transfer amount adds up to 2512 t, and the inter-units with the largest occupation of water environment capacity (WEC) upstream to downstream are 8–9, nearly up to 1548 t. (3) Under the interaction of positive and negative functions of economic flows and natural flows, the final effect of pollution transfer may be offset, environmental degradation or environmental improvement. This study could provide a basis for ecological compensation, environmental exteriority and optimization of industrial structure layouts.