藏南江孜地区古近纪甲查拉组孢粉组合及古环境分析

甲查拉组位于藏南特提斯喜马拉雅北带的江孜盆地,是江孜地区的最高海相地层,被视为新特提斯洋关闭时代的主要证据。通过对甲查拉组剖面的孢粉分析,自下而上划分为3个孢粉组合带:1 Ulmipollenites minor+Ulmoideipites-Myricipites组合带;2 Quercoidites-Caryapollenites组合带;3 Abiespollenites-Betulaceoipollenites+Betulaepollenites组合带。甲查拉组孢粉植物群揭示出其沉积自晚古新世开始,其沉积结束可能延续到早渐新世。推测晚古新世—早始新世为温暖湿润的暖温带或亚热带气候,始新世中晚期为温暖、潮湿的亚热带气候,早渐新世为温和湿润的暖温带气候。     

广西百色盆地那读组孢粉组合

1973年至1974年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所广西队在百色盆地进行新生代古生物地层调查时,找到不少新的脊椎动物化石。为了配合脊椎动物化石研究,探讨当时古气候和古植被,在田东那楼附近,采集了部分层位的孢粉样品。经分析后,仅在那读组获得丰富的孢粉化石。现将这部分孢粉研究结果作一简单报道,供有关同志参考。百色盆地下第三系,根据我所和广西石油队的研究可划分为:早、中始新世六吜组,晚始新世早期洞均组,晚始新世晚期那读组和早渐新世公康组。关于孢粉命名,文中基本上采用自然分类,一般鉴定到属,并适当地采用器官属、形态属。工作过程中,     

我国西南植物区系的分异: 椿榆属和臭椿属化石的启示

滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西是我国西南植物区系中两个面貌和谱系年龄差异最为鲜明的区域, 分别以区系年轻、草本植物和区系古老、木本植物为特征。其中一个饶为有趣的问题是这两个地区的区系分异现象是如何演变形成的? 古植物学研究能为回答这一问题提供重要证据。本文报道分别发现于滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西的椿榆属(Cedrelospermum)和臭椿属(Ailanthus)化石新纪录。结合已有研究, 这两个类群在我国西南的化石历史为: 椿榆属见于西藏中始新世至晚渐新世(西藏椿榆C. tibetica)及滇东南晚始新世(亚洲椿榆C. asiaticum)地层, 而臭椿属化石见于西藏中始新世至晚始新世(大果臭椿A. maximus)及滇东南晚始新世至早渐新世(古臭椿A. confucii)地层。以上古近纪滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西植物区系在属级水平上的相似性表明这两个地区之间曾经存在区系交流、类群组成相近。然而, 在种级水平上, 自晚始新世以来其椿榆属和臭椿属植物又各不相同, 暗示着以上两个区系可能在晚始新世或更早已经由于环境分异等因素而向着不同的方向发展。现在椿榆属和臭椿属都已经从西藏消失了, 取而代之的是总体上更为年轻的草本植物区系。与此不同, 臭椿属在滇东南‒桂西延续到了现在, 体现了该地区区系的古老性。本研究为滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西植物区系在地质历史时期的相似性及其分异的形成提供了化石证据。     

宁夏六盘山盆地晚三叠世孢粉组合及其地层意义

对宁夏六盘山盆地炭山、窑山及上流水等３条剖面中原划为中侏罗统延安组下部含煤地层的２１块岩样进行了孢粉分析,获得丰富的孢粉化石,鉴定出７６属１４４种,建立了Ｄｉｃｔｙｏｐｈｙｌｌｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ａｒａｔｒｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ组合。通过与国内外相关孢粉组合对比,认为该组合地质时代应属晚三叠世。首次以孢粉化石为依据,确认了六盘山盆地上三叠统延长组的存在。     

吉林九台营城组孢粉组合及古植被、古气候探讨

营城组为一套火山岩、火山碎屑岩夹含煤地层,其时代一直存有争议。本文研究了吉林省九台羊草沟煤田4个钻孔中营城组上、下段的孢粉化石,经鉴定计有60属103种,现描述16属22种,包括1个新种。根据孢粉组合的分析,认为营城组下段时代为早白垩世Berriasian期,上段为Valanginian—Hauterivian期。早白垩世该区发育以松科、罗汉松科为主,兼有麻黄科、掌鳞杉科及海金砂科、桫椤科、卷柏科、蚌壳蕨科、莎草蕨料、水龙骨科等多种蕨类植物繁茂的植物群,气候属温暖湿润的亚热带型。     

峨眉山世界遗产地表土孢粉组合及其生态和古环境启示

通过峨眉山40个样点表土孢粉组合及其与植物群落之间关系的分析,结果表明:(1)花粉组合中木本植物含量(83.3%)占绝对优势,松属、杉科、桤木属、蔷薇科、桦属、枫杨属、蒿属、毛茛科和水龙骨科为主要孢粉类型;(2)中山常绿阔叶林花粉组合未能反映植被的群落特征;低山常绿阔叶林间人工次生林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林花粉组合只能反映母体植被的部分组成;针叶林花粉组合基本可以指示母体植被的群落特征;灌丛草甸花粉组合能够较好地反映母体植被的群落组成;针阔混交林花粉组合不仅可以很好地指示群落特征,花粉高含量类型还可以与植物群落优势种很好地对应;(3)主要花粉类型冷杉属、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、珙桐属、槭属和盐肤木属具低代表性;枫杨属、栲属/柯属、桤木属和杉科花粉具超代表性;(4) DCA表明,通过花粉百分含量,能较好地区分人类扰动植被、阔叶林和针叶林,但常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林之间,针叶林和灌丛草甸之间难以区分;(5)利用孢粉学恢复热带亚热带常绿阔叶代表类群樟科群落和第三纪孑遗落叶阔叶属种珙桐群落时,受其主体植物花粉外壁薄,易破碎影响,原生植被优势种缺失;因此,孢粉实验改良和保存环境研究,与其他生物学指标(植物大化石和气孔器)综合分析在重建古植物群落中具有重要意义;(6)植物(如冷杉)花粉含量一定程度上能够指示其林分结构。本研究可为热带亚热带山地及相似地区利用孢粉学进行地质时期气候与环境重建提供理论支持和基础资料,并对植被生态恢复提供实践和参考。     

琼东南盆地渐新统——上新统孢粉、藻类记录

本次工作对来自南海北部大陆架地区琼东南盆地LS33-1-1井和LS2-1-1井渐新统—上新统的孢粉、藻类进行了系统研究。通过孢粉分析,确定孢粉植物群,恢复古植被,推测古气候,建立了与气候变化趋势相关的孢粉组合序列。结果显示,研究区内渐新统崖城组、陵水组时期的植被类型是热带、亚热带常绿阔叶林及针叶、常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件较温凉湿润;中新统三亚组时期植被发展为热带、亚热带常绿阔叶林及常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件暖而湿润;中新统梅山组时期是气候逐渐变化的过渡期;中新统黄流组的植被类型为亚热带针叶阔叶、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件温凉略干燥;上新统莺歌海组山地植被中针叶林或针阔叶混交林多有分布,常绿阔叶落叶阔叶林混交林继续扩大,草本植物空前发展,气候趋于凉干。孢粉组合所反映的渐新世—上新世气候变化特征与全球气候变化趋势具有较好的可比性。通过孢粉、藻类资料对沉积环境进行了初步研究,研究区渐新世以近岸浅海的沉积环境为主,为陆架边缘到内陆架区,中新统梅山组及其以上地层应形成于距岸较远海水较深的浅海环境。     

山东青东凹陷西部古近纪孢粉组合特征及意义

通过对山东青东凹陷西部古近纪地层孢粉研究,共建立4个孢粉组合:Ⅰ.Ephedripites-Inaperturopollenites-Ulmipollenites minor,Ⅱ.Pinaceae-Ulmoideipites tricostatus-Taxodiaceaepollenites,Ⅲ.QuercoiditeshenriciTaxodiaceaepollenites hiatus,Ⅳ.Alnipollenites-Juglanspollenites-Polypodiaceaes porites。根据与渤海湾地区的孢粉资料对比,确定4个组合的时代分别为早始新世晚期—中始新世早期、中始新世早—中期、中始新世中—晚期、中始新世晚期—晚始新世。该区古近纪植被类型由落叶、阔叶和灌木混交林逐步转变为落叶、常绿阔叶和针叶混交林,古气候经历了干热的亚热带气候到湿热的亚热带气候再到亚热带型温暖气候的变化。沙四段上部到沙三段下部沉积时期是研究区烃源岩最为发育时期。     

南海莺琼盆地渐新世—上新世孢粉组合序列及其古环境意义

本文对莺琼盆地新生代的孢粉资料进行了综合梳理,划分出6个特征明显的孢粉组合。根据孢粉组合的特征及具有时代意义的化石分子对地层的时代进行划分,探讨了各个时代的植被类型、气候条件及沉积环境。孢粉组合显示,莺琼盆地陵水组/三亚组出现的孢粉组合差异大,气候条件发生了较大突变,由偏凉干向偏暖湿变化,是古近纪/新近纪的界线。     

江汉盆地渔洋组上部的古新世孢粉组合

20世纪70至80年代,几乎所有关于江汉盆地跑马岗组和渔洋组的古生物文献都将其时代确定为晚白垩世。李伟同在深入地研究了跑马岗组标准剖面上的轮藻化石后提出跑马岗组大部分属于古新统。取自层位与跑马岗组相当的渔洋组上段上部的岩芯样品经分析后获得了丰富的孢粉化石。这一组合总的面貌与王大宁等获得的晚白垩世渔洋组的第三组合区别明显,而与古近纪的新沟嘴组的第四组合相似处很多。在该孢粉植物群中,常见于当地的晚白垩世分子,如希指蕨孢属、克拉梭粉属、江汉粉属、刺参粉属、鹰粉属等没有或极少见到。而在本组合常见的南岭粉属、五边粉属、漆树粉属等多出现在我国南方古新世地层中。因此,其时代很有可能为古新世。如果是这样,渔洋组上部有可能跨越了白垩系和古近系界线。从当前孢粉植物群含有很多亚热带成分以及麻黄粉属以及胡颓子粉属、忍冬粉属等看,它反映了江汉盆地当时偏干旱的亚热带气候。     

云南植物区系的起源与演化

云南是生物多样性高度富集的地区,其植物种类占中国植物种类的一半以上,几乎包含了欧亚大陆的各种主要植被类型,其错综复杂的生物区系是如何形成与演化的,这个基本问题目前尚未得到解决。本文结合云南的历史地质事件,从植物区系地理学研究上对云南植物区系的起源与演化研究进行了介绍。研究发现,云南植物区系具有一个远古的热带起源背景,在第三纪热带、亚热带性质的东亚植物区系基础上,随着喜马拉雅的隆升,世界性和北温带植物区系成分在北部地区渗透、迅速形成大量物种,使北部地区演化成为现今以世界性和北温带分布的科、属占优势的温带植物区系;在南部地区,因印度支那地质板块向东南亚逃逸,热带亚洲成分渗透、发展,演化成为以热带亚洲成分为主的热带植物区系;云南中部地区第三纪东亚植物区系成分有更多的保持与承袭。对云南南部、中部和北部植物区系系统发育关系(系统发育结构和β多样性格局)的研究支持了植物区系地理学上的推论。此外,思茅-兰坪(印度支那)地质板块自晚始新世以来发生顺时针旋转可能导致了云南西北部与云南东南部一些物种对应分布格局的形成;云南南部与东南部热带地区的植物区系可能因具有不同的地质背景和演化历程而发生了显著的生物地理分异。在晚第三纪各地质事件的影响下,云南植物区系在一个热带、亚热带性质的第三纪东亚植物区系基础上发生了歧化,演化成为现今的南-北、东-西生物地理分异明显的植物区系。     

The Tropical Forests of Southern China and Conservation of Biodiversity

Species-rich tropical forests once occurred along much of China’s southern border, from southeastern Xizang (Tibet) and southern Yunnan to southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan and Hainan, mainly south of 22°30’N latitude. These Chinese forests are similar to Southeast Asian lowland tropical forests in their profiles and physiognomic characteristics, floristic composition and species richness. Studies of these southern forests in China are reviewed. Complete vegetation studies on the physiognomy and floristic composition have been done in southern Yunnan, Hainan and southwestern Guangxi. Forest fragmentation, dispersal patterns of trees, and the maintenance, population dynamics, phylogenetic community structure, tree functionality and phylogenetic diversity and conservation of these tropical Chinese forests have also been studied. Major changes in land use in China have resulted in an increase in rubber and Eucalyptus plantations and a decrease in the extent of southern forests. The direct results have been fragmentation and loss of biodiversity. The underplanting of economic crops in native forests also threatens to destroy saplings and seedlings, causing the forest to lose its regenerative capacity. Limiting further expansion of monoculture tree plantations, restricting underplanting, and promoting multi-species agroforestry systems are needed in China to conserve the biodiversity of its forests.     

中国陆地植被氧气生产量变化模拟及其影响因素

大气中氧气主要来源于陆地绿色植物的光合作用,其含量高低直接影响大气质量。基于植被归一化指数(NDVI)、气温、辐射等要素,运用C-FIX模型,在模拟绿色植物净生态系统生产力(NEP)基础上,依据碳氧平衡原理,并结合Arc GIS空间叠加、裁切、栅格计算、空间统计等方法,估算了2001年、2005年和2009年中国陆地植被年氧气生产量,并通过控制实验分析了影响其变化的因素。结果表明:(1)2001年、2005年、2009年中国陆地植被年平均氧气生产量为531.618×107t,云南省、内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、四川省年氧气生产量最多。中国植被氧气生产量随季节变化明显,夏季最多,其值是春、秋季的2倍,冬季的8倍。(2)中国陆地植被年氧气生产量空间分布为东南高、西北低,以福建省、浙江省、台湾省、云南南部、西藏东南部最高。各季节氧气生产量春季以云南省南部、西藏东南部和中国华东地区为最高,夏季以大、小兴安岭及长白山一带最高,秋季位于东南沿海、云南省、西藏东南部,冬季集中分布在云南南部与海南省。(3)2001—2009年中国陆地植被年氧气生产量呈增加趋势,增加率为7.886%。宁夏回族自治区增加最多,山西省次之。(4)植被覆盖变化是决定年氧气生产量增加的主要因素,贡献率约为60%,CO2浓度增加、气候变化分别承担了28%、12%的贡献率。     

西双版纳森林植被研究

西双版纳是世界生物学多样性保护的关键和热点地区,倍受国际学术界的关注。笔者依据30多年来对西双版纳植被的调查,结合植物群落生态学与植物区系地理学研究,并参考世界类似热带植被的研究成果,对西双版纳植被的分类、物种组成、群落生态表现和植物区系特征等作了系统探讨,还进一步分析比较了其与世界类似热带森林植被的关系。结果显示,西双版纳的森林植被共包括32个较为典型的群系,且分属于7个主要的植被型,即热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季雨林、热带山地(低山)常绿阔叶林、热带棕榈林、暖热性针叶林和竹林。本文对西双版纳植被进行的全面记录和系统归纳,可为科学研究、生物多样性保护和自然保护区的管理提供参考。     

Cenozoic plant diversity of Yunnan: A review

Yunnan in southwestern China is renowned for its high plant diversity. To understand how this modern botanical richness formed, it is critical to investigate the past biodiversity throughout the geological time. In this review, we present a summary on plant diversity, floristics and climates in the Cenozoic of Yunnan and document their changes, by compiling published palaeobotanical sources. Our review demonstrates that thus far a total of 386 fossil species of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms belonging to 170 genera within 66 families have been reported from the Cenozoic, particularly the Neogene, of Yunnan. Angiosperms display the highest richness represented by 353 species grouped into 155 genera within 60 families, with Fagaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae and Juglandaceae being the most diversified. Most of the families and genera recorded as fossils still occur in Yunnan, but seven genera have disappeared, including Berryophyllum, Cedrelospermum, Cedrus, Palaeocarya, Podocarpium, Sequoia and Wataria. The regional extinction of these genera is commonly referred to an aridification of the dry season associated with Asian monsoon development. Floristic analyses indicate that in the late Miocene, Yunnan had three floristic regions: a northern subtropical floristic region in the northeast, a subtropical floristic region in the east, and a tropical floristic region in the southwest. In the late Pliocene, Yunnan saw two kinds of floristic regions: a subalpine floristic region in the northwest, and two subtropical floristic regions separately in the southwest and the eastern center. These floristic concepts are verified by results from our areal type analyses which suggest that in the Miocene southwestern Yunnan supported the most Pantropic elements, while in the Pliocene southwestern Yunnan had abundant Tropical Asia (Indo–Malaysia) type and East Asia and North America disjunct type that were absent from northwestern Yunnan. From the late Miocene to late Pliocene through to the present, floristic composition and vegetation types changed markedly, presumably in response to altitude changes and coeval global cooling. An integration of palaeoclimate data suggests that during the Neogene Yunnan was warmer and wetter than today. Moreover, northern Yunnan witnessed a pronounced temperature decline, while southern Yunnan experienced only moderate temperature changes. Summer precipitation was consistently higher than winter precipitation, suggesting a rainfall seasonality. This summary on palaeoclimates helps us to understand under what conditions plant diversity occurred and evolved in Yunnan throughout the Cenozoic.     

Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of basins in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their implication for the northward growth of the Plateau

The northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, from the Hoh Xil Basin to the Hexi Corridor Basin, demonstrates a basin-ridge geomorphy that is the result of the long-term uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The geological evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is recorded in its associated basins. From the Cenozoic sedimentary filling pattern in the Hoh Xil, Qaidam and Jiuquan Basins, we find that the evolution of these basins is similar: they began as strike-slip basins, evolved into foreland basins, and then to intermontane basins. Foreland basins are the direct result of orogenic activity in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and can be documented to have formed over the following time periods: 49-23 Ma for the Hoh Xil foreland basin, 46-2.45 Ma for the Qaidam foreland basin, and 29.5-0 Ma for the Jiuquan foreland basin. This northward migration in the timing of foreland basin development suggests that the northeastern part of Tibet grew at least in part by accretion of Cenozoic sedimentary basins to its northern margin.     

Ecosystem Evapotranspiration as a Response to Climate and Vegetation Coverage Changes in Northwest Yunnan,China

Climate and human-driven changes play an important role in regional droughts. Northwest Yunnan Province is a key region for biodiversity conservation in China, and it has experienced severe droughts since the beginning of this century; however, the extent of the contributions from climate and human-driven changes remains unclear. We calculated the ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) and water yield (WY) of northwest Yunnan Province, China from 2001 to 2013 using meteorological and remote sensing observation data and a Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. Multivariate regression analyses were used to differentiate the contribution of climate and vegetation coverage to ET. The results showed that the annual average vegetation coverage significantly increased over time with a mean of 0.69 in spite of the precipitation fluctuation. Afforestation/reforestation and other management efforts attributed to vegetation coverage increase in NW Yunnan. Both ET and WY considerably fluctuated with the climate factors, which ranged from 623.29 mm to 893.8 mm and –51.88 mm to 384.40 mm over the time period. Spatially, ET in the southeast of NW Yunnan (mainly in Lijiang) increased significantly, which was in line with the spatial trend of vegetation coverage. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that climatic factors accounted for 85.18% of the ET variation, while vegetation coverage explained 14.82%. On the other hand, precipitation accounted for 67.5% of the WY. We conclude that the continuous droughts in northwest Yunnan were primarily climatically driven; however, man-made land cover and vegetation changes also increased the vulnerability of local populations to drought. Because of the high proportion of the water yield consumed for subsistence and poor infrastructure for water management, local populations have been highly vulnerable to climate drought conditions. We suggest that conservation of native vegetation and development of water-conserving agricultural practices should be implemented as adaptive strategies to mitigate climate change.     

云南被子植物蔷薇分支的进化历史研究

本文以云南被子植物蔷薇分支为研究对象,基于物种间的演化关系,结合其地理分布,从进化历史的角度探讨了物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及系统发育组成的分布格局,并整合自然保护地的空间分布,对生物多样性的重点保护区域进行识别。结果显示：云南被子植物蔷薇分支的物种密度与系统发育多样性、特有种密度、受威胁物种密度均呈显著正相关,云南南部和西北部是物种丰富度与系统发育多样性最为丰富的区域;就云南整体而言,蔷薇分支的标准化系统发育多样性较低;云南南部、东南部、西北部是蔷薇分支的重点保护区域。     

滇石林喀斯特植物群落不同演替阶段的溶痕生境中木本植物的更新特征

喀斯特生境与生物多样性的关系及其对人为干扰的响应是喀斯特地区生态恢复的重要内容。该文以云南石林为例对此进行研究。根据喀斯特溶痕与土壤、植物生长发育关系把石林的溶痕生境划分为溶蚀廊道、溶槽、裂隙溶沟、溶坑和溶蚀石堆等5种。依据石林的现有植被与演替特征, 选择了原生林、次生林、灌丛、灌草丛和石漠化草丛5种群落进行调查。在每一个样地中设置10个10 m × 10 m的样方, 采用记名计数样方法分片调查溶痕生境中的木本植物, 并区分更新层的萌生苗与实生苗; 采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数进行生物多样性计算。调查结果显示: (1)溶痕生境的长度、宽度变化较大。溶痕生境结构比例随群落演替而变化, 其原因可能在于所处演替阶段和干扰程度的差异; (2) 在各种溶痕生境中, 随着群落的退化, 实生更新物种数与实生株数大致表现为递减, 在严重退化阶段部分溶痕生境中没有实生苗的分布, 而萌生更新的物种数则以灌丛为峰值向两极减少, 个体数变化较大。计算结果显示: 在各类溶痕生境(溶蚀石堆除外)中, 实生苗的多样性、丰富度、均匀度大致呈现随群落的退化而降低, 优势度增加; 萌生苗多样性、均匀度、丰富度除溶蚀廊道递减的趋势明显外, 其他类型变化较大。不同演替阶段植物更新策略不同。在喀斯特森林生态系统中, 随着群落的退化, 植物更新逐步趋向于营养繁殖, 其部分原因在于特殊的溶痕生境(除溶蚀廊道)能保存一些植物残体, 而这些残体在反复的干扰下不断萌出茎干(采用营养繁殖)以实现物种的持续生态位, 萌生茎干的成熟为生物多样性维持与生态恢复提供繁殖体来源。     

Notes on the key role of stenochoric endemic plants in the floristic regionalization of Yunnan

With the accumulation and accessibility of information about plant species, it is time to re-evaluate and further divide a global biodiversity hotspot region, Yunnan, located in southwestern China. In this study, we combined data on the distribution of 1010 stenochoric endemic seed plants, vegetation constitution, geological history and climate change, and used these to propose a new system of floristic regions. We identified 11 distinct floristic subregions and 84 floristic provinces within Yunnan. Our work confirmed some views emphasized by Wu Zhengyi that the stenochoric endemic species play a key role in defining floristic provinces; that stenochoric endemic plants with long collection and publication histories are more valuable; that greater attention should be paid to woody plants; and that for Yunnan, a border region, some trans-border distributed elements should be treated cautiously.