天津医务人员和患者双向转诊知晓度及意愿性的调查

目的 了解天津市医务人员和患者对社区卫生服务及双向转诊的知晓利用情况;调查医患双方对双向转诊实施的意愿性,分析其影响因素,为顺利实施双向转诊制度提供理论和政策依据。方法 采用目的抽样方法,抽取天津市内六区3家三级医院和8家社区医院的18周岁及以上的医务人员和患者进行问卷调查,整理录入问卷并分析。结果 （1）医患双方对双向转诊的认知度低。（2）科室、职称和工作年限3个因素是医务人员参与双向转诊意向的影响因素。（3）医务人员在进行双向转诊遇到的问题：转诊标准不统一、医疗机构缺乏信息交流、经济利益驱使、医疗保险政策影响、病人不接受。结论 天津市医务人员和患者对社区卫生服务内容、双向转诊知晓情况普遍较低,但是大部分比较赞同开展双向转诊。应加强对双向转诊制度的宣传和医院与社区机构的沟通交流,平衡医疗机构间经济利益,并且坚持以患者为中心,政府在推动医院和社区卫生服务机构双向转诊发展过程中发挥主导作用。     

3种不同类型医联体模式的实践与思考

医联体是合理分配医疗资源，提高服务效能，促进“小病在社区、大病在医院、康复回社区”的分级诊疗模式的有效举措。对武汉市第五医院、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院、无锡市第二人民医院医联体实践的实地调研及问卷调查，3家医联体均认为要全面推行社区首诊和双向转诊，托管模式首选紧密型直管制，如选择松散型必须建立合理的利益激励机制，同时要建立转诊制度、医保费用支付等配套支撑。     

我院实施双向转诊的实践与探讨

新医改方案中明确提出了健全基层医疗卫生服务体系,建立城市医院与社区卫生服务机构的分工协作机制,引导一般诊疗下沉到基层,逐步实现社区首诊、分级医疗和双向转诊,缓解目前“看病难、看病贵”的就医矛盾。双向转诊是实施医疗卫生体制改革的突破方略。对双向转诊模式进行实践和研究,以期最终实现医疗资源的节约和人民群众的就医方便。     

新形势下双向转诊存在的问题及对策

目的分析新形势下双向转诊存在的问题并提出相应对策,以促进双向转诊政策的落实。方法回顾性分析我院近年来双向转诊工作中存在的问题,找出相关问题的解决措施,以加强双向转诊的服务理念、优化服务流程,提高双向转诊工作的服务质量。结果双向转诊的成功经验能有效解决基层群众的"三难"问题,提高医院的工作质量。结论实行双向转诊既方便了群众,又有利于促进上级医院与基层医院医疗事业的发展。     

芜湖药品福利管理模式的利益集团分析

利用利益相关者理论分析芜湖实行的“慢病PBM(Pharmacy Benefit Management）”模式中的各方利益者。其中主要的利益相关者是PBM公司,老年慢性病患者,社区卫生服务中心,次要利益相关者是社保部门和药品流通企业,外部利益相关者是医院药房,社区药房和药品生产企业。对其支持的利益相关者有PBM公司,社区卫生服务中心,老年慢性病患者以及社保部门。而医院药房,社会药房和药品流通产业反对该模式的实施。     

基于远程医学平台的互联网双向转诊路径探讨

针对现阶段双向转诊“上下联动”疲软的现象,华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院从2016年开始进行了“基于远程医学平台的互联网双向转诊路径”建设,通过采取成立双向转诊办公室、建立转诊对接机制、融入远程医学功能、健全转诊联络通道、优化转诊落地细节等系列措施,实现了转诊范围广泛覆盖、远程医学作用凸显、转诊疾病结构合理、上下联动频率增加等预期效果。     

院前急救与社区卫生服务中心联合建立的探讨

院前急救和社区卫生服务中心联合建立,可合理利用卫生资源,完善院前急救网络建设,充分发挥各级医疗机构的作用,提高基层医疗服务技术和质量,实现社区居民健康档案信息共享和突发事件应急救援联动,完善双向转诊和分级诊疗体系,形成有效衔接的联动机制,为居民提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的基本医疗卫生服务。     

大医院“直管”社区卫生服务机构转诊模式实施效果评价

目的 评价武汉市大医院“直管”社区卫生服务机构转诊模式的实施效果。 方法 通过对转诊组与非转诊组各200例患者进行对照比较分析,从治疗效果、治疗费用及费用构成等方面进行评价。 结果 “直管”项目有效促进了社区与大医院之间双向转诊的开展,减少了患者住院天数与住院费用。结论 建议明确界定“直管”模式的政策定义、加快建设区域信息网络共享机制和加大政府医疗保险政策的支持力度,从而进一步发挥“直管”项目在促进双向转诊上的作用。     

北京市双向转诊信息化模式研究

针对北京市双向转诊的3种典型模式，通过现场调研分析不同的双向转诊信息化实现模式在实施过程中的现状、经验和存在的问题，为双向转诊的实施提供技术支撑工作，为提高双向转诊信息化建设水平和质量提出相应的政策建议，从而提高医疗资源利用效率和水平。     

深圳市社区健康服务运行机制改革试点成效比较分析

目的 比较分析深圳市社区健康服务运行机制改革试点措施的最新进展及实施效果。方法 对深圳市未实施社区健康服务中心改革试点的TR1区、TR2区以及改革试点地区RE3区共计65家社区健康服务中心进行问卷调查。结果 社区健康服务中心改革试点地区本科及以上学历人员（P=0.003）、中级职称及以上人员（P=0.000）比例均高于非试点地区,学历及职称构成比差异有统计学意义;2008—2009年改革试点地区双向转诊人次增长率高于非改革试点地区。结论 社区健康服务中心运行机制改革试点进一步促进了社区健康服务中心与举办医院之间在人员、技术和管理等方面的协作发展。     

Moving ethnography online: researching Brazilian migrants' online togetherness

Abstract

This article contributes to recent scholarship on the changing nature of fieldwork practices within migration research, focusing on the practice of online ethnography. It makes a case for the significance of the internet and, more specifically, social network sites, in the experience of many migrants. I state that online togetherness is an integral part of the lives of many migrants which also interrelates with ‘offline’ aspects of their social lives. Therefore, I argue that current research on migration would benefit from a more balanced combination of offline and online ethnography, taking into account how online connectivity affects the nature of migration and the conditions of being a migrant. Methodologically, I suggest that ethnography is well suited for generating understandings of the significance of the internet in the experience of migrants, but that a number of adjustments in methods of data collection and analysis must be made.     

自由基稳衡性动态

虽然自由基具有很活泼的化学性质 ,但在需氧生物的进化中却一直保持着自由基稳衡性动态的特征 ,体现于某些生物程序 ,包括 :在生理情况下履行其生理作用 ;维持其产生与清除于接近平衡 ;余剩的自由基引发生物大分子的损伤及其损伤可被修复。营养素及其代谢物和“必需”抗氧化剂对自由基稳衡态的正常维持起着关键性作用。谷胱甘肽及其它生物物质的稳衡性动态与自由基稳衡性动态有着协调的相互关系。在各种生活条件下 ,不同年龄的健康人体内自由基稳衡性动态应维持良好 ,以预防衰老前氧化应激与氧化损伤的发生     

Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? or Life in the slow lane

A major goal of life history studies is to identify and explain features of the life history of individual species that follow broad rules across many groups of organisms, features that are characteristic of particular phylogenetic lineages, and features that are specific adaptations, to local ecological situations. In recent years we have developed a general theory of life history that interrelates many aspects of ontogeny and reproduction across a wide range of organisms. Contrasted to most other mammals, primates have long average adult lifespans and few babies per year for their adult body size. This new theory suggests that these aspects of life history follow directly from the fact that primates have slow individual growth rates. This slow growth rate is thus the basic phenomenon that needs explanation to understand primate slowness.     

Elderly and younger patients selected to undergo coronary angiography.

OBJECTIVE--To establish and compare the characteristics of older (greater than or equal to 70 years) and younger patients with chest pain selected to undergo coronary angiography and by analysis of their subsequent management to assess the value of coronary angiography for older patients with chest pain. DESIGN--Retrospective analysis of clinical case notes and coronary angiography reports. SETTING--Cardiology department with referral population of one million in an Edinburgh hospital. PATIENTS--134 consecutive patients with chest pain aged 70 years or over investigated by coronary angiography between 1978 and 1988; 134 randomly selected patients aged under 70 investigated over the same period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Clinical and angiographic features at time of angiography and management after angiography. RESULTS--Older patients represented a small, but increasing, proportion of those investigated. Older patients had more severe symptoms at the time of angiography, were taking more antianginal drugs, and had had their symptoms for longer than younger patients. At angiography more older patients had triple vessel coronary disease, left main stem stenosis, or left ventricular impairment. After angiography similar proportions of older and younger patients underwent coronary artery surgery, with more elderly patients requiring urgent operation; although operative mortality was higher for elderly patients, symptomatic benefit was similar to that in younger patients. CONCLUSIONS--Older patients with angina selected to undergo coronary angiography and subsequent coronary surgery have more severe symptoms and underlying cardiac disease. Earlier referral and investigation might yield a population with lower operative risk. Selection of patients for coronary angiography and coronary artery surgery should be based on the potential for benefit and should avoid "agism."     

How valuable is feedback of information on hospital referral patterns?

OBJECTIVES--To determine general practitioners'' responses to and explanations for variation in rates of referral to hospital and how feedback of data on rates of referral could be used to facilitate practices in auditing their own referral behaviour. DESIGN--Visits by audit facilitators to general practices after feedback of details of rates of referral to hospital derived from annual reports in general practice. SETTING--92 general practices in East Anglia. RESULTS--General practitioners judged that access to specialist care, the individual skill of general practitioners, patient demand, and fear of litigation were major determinants of referral behaviour. Because there was widespread scepticism about the accuracy of the data on which the feedback was based and because there is no clear relation between rates of referral and quality of care, it was extremely difficult to encourage doctors to use the feedback as a basis for auditing their own hospital referrals. CONCLUSION--If general practitioners are to contribute meaningfully to monitoring future changes in referral patterns it will be essential to develop reliable information systems in which doctors have confidence. Furthermore, audits need to be based on analysis of clinical cases rather than on rates of referral.     

The Effects of Experimentally Induced Polyandry on Female Reproduction in a Monandrous Mating System

Females of most insect species maximize their fitness by mating more than once. Yet, some taxa are monandrous and there are two distinct scenarios for the maintenance of monandry. While males should always benefit from inducing permanent non‐receptivity to further mating in their mate, this is not necessarily true for females. Since females benefit from remating in many species, cases of monandry may reflect successful male manipulation of female remating (i.e. sexual conflict). Alternatively, monandry may favor both mates, if females maximize their fitness by mating only once in their life. These two hypotheses for the maintenance of monandry make contrasting predictions with regards to the effects of remating on female fitness. Here, we present an experimental test of the above hypotheses, using the monandrous housefly (Musca domestica) as a model system. Our results showed that accessory seminal fluid substances that males transfer to females during copulation have a dual effect: they trigger female non‐receptivity but also seem to have a nutritional effect that could potentially enhance female fitness. These results suggest that monandry is maintained in house flies despite potential benefits that females would gain by mating multiply.     

Statistical inference for net benefit measures in biomarker validation studies

Referral strategies based on risk scores and medical tests are commonly proposed. Direct assessment of their clinical utility requires implementing the strategy and is not possible in the early phases of biomarker research. Prior to late-phase studies, net benefit measures can be used to assess the potential clinical impact of a proposed strategy. Validation studies, in which the biomarker defines a prespecified referral strategy, are a gold standard approach to evaluating biomarker potential. Uncertainty, quantified by a confidence interval, is important to consider when deciding whether a biomarker warrants an impact study, does not demonstrate clinical potential, or that more data are needed. We establish distribution theory for empirical estimators of net benefit and propose empirical estimators of variance. The primary results are for the most commonly employed estimators of net benefit: from cohort and unmatched case-control samples, and for point estimates and net benefit curves. Novel estimators of net benefit under stratified two-phase and categorically matched case-control sampling are proposed and distribution theory developed. Results for common variants of net benefit and for estimation from right-censored outcomes are also presented. We motivate and demonstrate the methodology with examples from lung cancer research and highlight its application to study design.     

Discovery of novel dual inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and PDGFR-β related to anticancer drug resistance

With ongoing resistance problems against the marketed EGFR inhibitors having a quinazoline core scaffold there is a need for the development of novel inhibitors having a modified scaffold and, thus, expected lower EGFR resistance problems. An additional problem concerning EGFR inhibitor resistance is an observed heterodimerization of EGFR with PDGFR-β that neutralises the sole inhibitor activity towards EGFR. We developed novel pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles with varied substitution patterns at the 4-anilino residue to evaluate their EGFR and PDGFR-β inhibiting properties. We identified dual inhibitors of both EGFR and PDGFR-β in the nanomolar range which have been initially screened in cancer cell lines to prove a benefit of both EGFR and PDGFR-β inhibition.     

Astrocytic regulation of human monocytic/microglial activation

Recent reports have described reduced immunological responsiveness and stimulatory capacity among monocytes/microglia that infiltrate malignant human gliomas. Herein, we demonstrate that culture of ex vivo human monocytes or primary human microglia with tumor cells isolated from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens renders them tolerogenic, capable of suppressing the function of ex vivo monocytes in the absence of tumor cells or their soluble factors. We demonstrate that the tolerance induced in monocytes/microglia by GBM tumor cells is not associated with interference with the signaling cascade associated with TLR- or CD40-induced monocyte activation. Rather, these tumor cells appear to up-regulate pathways that antagonize positive signaling pathways, including but not limited to STAT3 and STAT5. Finally, we demonstrate that the tolerogenic properties of GBM tumor cells amplify properties inherent to nontransformed astrocytes. Future studies that identify all of the molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes and malignant gliomas suppress monocyte/microglial function will have dual therapeutic benefits: suppressing these pathways may benefit patients with astrocytic tumors, while enhancing them may benefit patients with autoimmune processes within the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis.     

Should all patients receive dual chamber pacing ICDs? The rationale for the DAVID trial

All of the prospective multicenter trials that support the use of implantable defibrillators have used single chamber pacemakers/implantable cardiovertor defibrillators (ICDs). Despite the significantly increased cost of dual chamber pacemaker/ICD devices and the lack of outcome data, these devices accounted for approximately two-thirds of the ICDs implanted in the United States during the 12 months ending April 2001. Dual chamber pacemaker trials have not provided data that would support this trend, but the high incidence of atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, and congestive heart failure, as comorbid conditions, suggest that the situation could be different in the defibrillator patient population. The DAVID (Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator) trial is designed to measure the incremental benefit of dual chamber pacemaker/ICDs.