甲醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯在果蝇幼虫外周神经系统的协同毒理作用

本文运用细胞内微电极记录技术研究了甲醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯对果蝇Drosophila melanogaster幼虫神经一肌肉突触兴奋性接点电位(EJP₅)的影响。用甲醚菊酯(1.49x10^-8m01/L)处理后引起果蝇EJP₅的自发释放增加和刺激后的重复后自发释放。而用溴氰菊酯(1.0x10^-8mol/L)处理的则无明显影响。这显示甲醚菊酯对果蝇外周神经主要为I型毒理作用。而溴氰菊酯则主要为Ⅱ型作用,甲醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯联合应用后,则产生兼具I型和II型特征的自发释放或诱发EJP₅发放。自发释放或重复后自发释放的频率和幅值随联合处理中甲醚菊脂和溴氰菊酯的配比而变化。这些结果说明甲醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯对果蝇幼虫外周神经的毒理具有协同作用。     

棉铃虫对菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性的神经电生理研究

本文用神经电生理方法研究了氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)相对敏感(HD-S)种群和抗性(HJ-R)种群的神经毒理作用。10^-5mol/L的氰戊菊酯、10^-5mol/L的氯菊酯诱发腹神经索自发发放频率的增加和随后的神经传导阻断,10-^-5mol/l的氯菊酯抑制HD-S种群的神经兴奋,直接阻断神经传导。以兴奋时间、神经传导阻断时间、对药剂作用反应时间的个体分布频率3个参数比较两种群对杀虫剂的反应,均发现HJ-R种群比相对HD-S种群表现了2～3倍的神经不敏感机制,并且发现这种神经不敏感机制对毒理I型和Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯同样有作用。     

几种杀虫剂对拟水狼蛛捕食功能的影响。

研究了稻田常用杀虫剂杀虫双、甲胺磷、扑虱灵3种农药对稻田主要捕食性天敌拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus 捕食褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens 功能的影响。提出用功能减退率来综合评价农药对天敌的影响。结果表明24h杀虫双常用浓度540mg/L、810mg/L对狼蛛的杀伤力为12.63%、27.57%。功能减退率分别高达65.41%和81.3%;甲胺磷100mg/L24h对狼蛛的杀伤力和功能减退率分别为49.8%和68.56%。这2种药剂对狼蛛的作用机制不同,甲胺磷毒性大,狼蛛死亡率高,但对非致死狼蛛的捕食功能减退率比杀虫双处理略小,狼蛛的捕食功能恢复快于杀虫双处理。杀虫双处理的浓度越高,狼蛛的功能减退率越大、功能恢复越慢。扑虱灵对狼蛛的杀伤和功能减退均不大。2种药剂处理后狼蛛功能恢复到正常水平约需7d左右。田间试验表明频繁地使用甲胺磷削弱了天敌功能导致飞虱再猖獗。     

杀虫环对黑胸大蠊神经突触传递的阻遏作用

用电生理糖间隙法研究杀虫环对黑胸大蠊神经突触传递的作用,并以α-银环蛇毒素作比较。结果证明:1)杀虫环阈浓度1×10^-5M即显著地抑制兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)。作用开始使之阈值递增,此时只有增加刺激强度方可诱出EPSP。2)(虫非)蠊第Ⅵ腹神经节是胆碱能的。已知突触后阻遏剂如α-银环蛇毒素的作用是N型乙酰胆碱受体(n-AchR)的专一性配基,与杀虫环阻遏神经突触的传递颇为相似,二者均不影响突触后神经元的静息电位和动作电位的传导;而杀虫环对非胆磁能的神经肌肉接头则无影响。3)自发突触后电位随杀虫环处理时间的不同而变化。开始自发释放电位的振幅、频率逐渐增加,继之产生持续期较长的阵发性高频发放,以后又逐渐消失。     

灭多威对美洲大蠊腹六神经节突触传递的阻断作用

用电生理学方法研究了灭多威对美洲大蠊Periplanetaamerwana腹六神经节(A6节)突触传递的影响。用灭多威溶液浸泡A6节,电刺激尾须神经粗支,用甘露醇间隙法记录兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)和突触后动作电位。给予弱刺激只记录到EPSP时,灭多威作用初期EPSP幅度增加、时程延长,能诱发突触后动作电位,随后EPSP逐渐减小至消失,冲洗可恢复,突触前反应保持不变。增加电刺激强度记录到突触后动作电位时,灭多威可阻断A6节的突触传递,阻断时间是浓度依赖性的,阻断是可逆的,但冲洗30 min仍保留一定的后作用。对美洲大蠊雄性成虫腹腔注射灭多威测定致死中量(LD₅₀)为(3.56±0.01) μg/g体重。根据灭多威的作用机理对其阻断A6节突触传递的特点以及对虫体的毒杀机制进行了讨论。     

论淡色库蚊敌百虫抗性品系的抗药性机理

分别测定了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens)敏感品系(SEN)及敌百虫抗性品系(RD)雌成蚊的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)对硫代乙酰胆碱(Atch)的米氏常数(K_m)和最大反应速度(V_max).SEN雌成蚊头部AchE的K_m=1.2×10^-4mol/L,V_max=7.7×10^-3mol/L(产物);胸部的K_m=0.8×10^-4mol/L,V_max=6.5×10^-3mol/L(产物).RD雌成蚊头部AchE的K_m=5.7×10^-4mol/L,V_max=25×10^-3mol/L(产物);胸部的K_m=0.8×10^-4mol/L,V_max=9.5×10^-3mol/L(产物).结果表明:1.SEN和RD二者的雌成蚊,它们自身头、胸间AchE是不同质的,是以同工酶的形式存在,因此RD雌成蚊头部AchE的性质与SEN雌成蚊的头部有显著差异也是由AchE同工酶的变异所造成.2.RD雌成蚊头部AchE在量上与SEN间也存在明显的差异.因此可以认为RD雌成蚊对有机磷产生抗性的主要机理是头部AchE在质和量上产生了变异.由于羧酸酯酶不是对具有磷酸酯键的有机磷制剂作用的靶子酶,因而不是敌百虫抗性产生的主要原因.     

氯氰菊酯异构体对黑胸大蠊神经钠钾通道的调制作用

用电生理油间隙、单纤维、电压钳位技术研究了氯氰菊酯顺、反异构体对黑胸大蠊[Periplaneta fulginosa(Serville)]中枢神经大轴突钠通道的调节抑制作用,并探讨了反式异构体与钾通道的作用关系.结果证明:1.2×10^-3mol/L顺式异构体作用于钠通道,先使其开放,然后抑制.2.出现钠尾电流,表明有更多数量的钠通道处于开放状态.3.5.4×10^-4mol/L反式异构体可阻滞迟缓钾通道并降低钾电流I_K的峰值.     

光学活性拟除虫菊酯对棉铃虫神经细胞钠通道电流的影响

用全细胞膜片钳技术对比分析了alpha体氯氰菊酯与theta体氯氰菊酯对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养中枢神经细胞Na⁺通道门控过程的影响。结果表明,alpha体氯氰菊酯作用后,神经细胞Na⁺通道电流（I_Na）先增大,同时通道的激活电压向负电位方向移动约10 mV,提示alpha体氯氰菊酯使通道激活电位降低,通道更容易被激活。药剂作用约10 min后,I_Na又迅速降低,表明alpha体氯氰菊酯对开放状态的Na⁺通道有抑制作用。另外,alpha体氯氰菊酯使I_Na到达峰值的时间缩短,但对失活时间无明显影响。Theta体氯氰菊酯也使I_Na激活电位左移,幅值降低,但降低速率较慢。总的结果表明alpha体氯氰菊酯与theta体氯氰菊酯对棉铃虫中枢神经细胞处于关闭和开放状态的钠通道均有作用,且alpha体氯氰菊酯对钠通道电流的抑制作用强于theta体氯氰菊酯。     

神经递质释放与家蝇对拟除虫菊酯抗性关系研究

通过生物测定比较溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和DDT对Dec-R,2C1-R,DDT-R和敏感(SP)家蝇Musca domestica vicina的毒力,表明三个抗性品系对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和DDT均有很高的抗性,抗性倍数分别达120 912,6 032和112.2倍,并对上述三种杀虫剂有明显的交互抗性和抗击倒效应。杂交试验表明Dec-R对溴氰菊酯的抗性是一个隐性基因,电生理试验表明抗性家蝇中枢神经系统(CNS)对药剂敏感度的降低是其产生抗性和交互抗性的重要机制。研究结果表明Dec-R和2CLR家蝇品系中存在有击倒抗性因子(Kdr)。当用1×10^-7mol/L溴氰菊酯对SP家蝇脑突触体在提高K+浓度去极化后,可加强3H-胆碱的释放,而在Dec-R品系中,溴氰菊酯浓度提高到1×10^-4m0l/L也未能加强³H-胆碱的释放,表明溴氰菊酯与神经递质的释放和钠通道亲和性的降低是抗性的主要机制。     

慢性吗啡预处理减弱急性吗啡对伏隔核谷氨酸能突触传递的影响

吗啡长期作用后会产生成瘾(addiction),严重影响其临床应用。前额叶(prefrontal cortex,PFC)投射至伏隔核(nucleus accumbens,NAc)的谷氨酸能突触对奖赏效应有重要的调节作用,但该突触在吗啡成瘾中的具体作用尚不完全清楚。为探讨PFC至NAc的谷氨酸能突触在成瘾形成过程中的具体作用及其机制,本研究利用成年大鼠在体记录的方式,记录电刺激PFC至NAc谷氨酸能传入纤维引起的NAc壳区场兴奋性突触后电位(filed excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP),观察慢性吗啡/盐水预处理后依次急性皮下注射吗啡及腹腔注射纳络酮对fEPSP幅值和配对脉冲比率(paired-pulse ratio,PPR)的影响。结果显示,与基础fEPSP相比,慢性盐水预处理组急性皮下注射吗啡能够增强fEPSP幅值并减小PPR,纳络酮能够反转这种现象。慢性吗啡预处理组急性皮下注射吗啡增强的fEPSP幅度较盐水预处理组减小,纳络酮同样能够反转吗啡作用;吗啡注射后PPR仅有降低的趋势,而纳络酮注射能够显著增高基础PPR。这些结果表明,吗啡首次作用可通过突触前机制增强PFC到NAc的谷氨酸能突触传递,而慢性吗啡预处理后,由吗啡再次作用诱导的突触前谷氨酸能突触传递增强有所减弱,提示NAc中可能存在对成瘾药物的神经适应性现象。     

灭虫精的杀虫活性及田间防治褐飞虱的应用研究

灭虫精(Imidacloprid通用名称吡虫啉)系一种内吸性杀虫剂,属硝基亚甲基化合物,对稻飞虱具有极强的生物活性。室内测定褐飞虱付Nilapavarta lugens Stal 3龄与5龄若虫LD₅₀值分别为2.55x10^-5μ/头与6.78x10^-5μg/头,其毒力回归方程分别为Y=r5.6231+1,0486X和Y=5.2091+1.2389X。实验表明,该药具有极好的触杀和胃毒作用,稻田应用的有效剂量为15～30g/hm²,是扑虱灵常规用量的1/5～1/10。田间药效特征突出地表现为速效(1-3d)、持效(4-10d)和残效(11d以上)的三段效应,90%以上的防治效果可维持在40d以上.试验还表明,灭虫精田间应用表现出在飞虱和天敌之间的良好选择性,对稻田益蛛基本无害,是一种很有前途的稻田应用杀虫剂。     

Cupric oxide nanoparticles‐enhanced chemiluminescence method for measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics

A simple, sensitive cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium. The method was based on suppression of the CuO NPs–luminol–H₂O₂ CL reaction by β‐lactam antibiotics. Experimental parameters that influenced the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic drugs on the CL system, such as NaOH (mol/L), luminol (µmol/L), H₂O₂ (mol/L) and CuO NPs (mg/L) concentrations, were optimized. Calibration graphs were linear and had dynamic ranges of 1.0 × 10^–6 to 8.0 × 10^–6 mol/L and 3.0 × 10^–5 to 5.0 × 10^–3 mol/L for amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium, respectively, with corresponding detection limits of 7.9 × 10^–7 mol/L and 1.8 × 10^–5 mol/L. The relative standard deviations of five replicate measurements of 5.0 × 10^–6 amoxicillin and 5 × 10^–4 cefazolin sodium were 5.43 and 5.01%, respectively. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The developed approach was exploited successfully to measure antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

七种抑制剂对两种白蚁谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性抑制作用的比较

利用分光光度酶动力学方法,确定了白蚁谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）的最适反应条件,并进一步研究了7种抑制剂对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)和黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder GSTs活性的体外影响。结果表明：白蚁GSTs测定的最适反应条件为pH 6.5,温度25℃,最适反应时间2 min。黑翅土白蚁GSTs的米氏常数(K_mCDNB和K_mGSH)分别为0.11±0.02 mmol/L和0.81±0.16 mmol/L,最大反应速度(V_maxCDNB和V_maxGSH)分别为425.92±19.67 nmol/(min·mg)和534.86±39.05 nmol/(min·mg)。黑胸散白蚁GSTs的米氏常数(K_mCDNB和K_mGSH)分别为0.12±0.03 mmol/L和1.03±0.31 mmol/L,最大反应速度(V_maxCDNB和V_maxGSH)分别为544.39±37.19 nmol/(min·mg)和715.45±83.68 nmol/(min·mg)。浓度为2×10^-5 mol/L时,槲皮素和辛硫磷对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用要强于黑翅土白蚁,对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为62.28％和44.89％,对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为54.96％和28.36％。高效氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、啶虫脒和单宁酸对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用要强于黑胸散白蚁,对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为39.43％,72.07％,52.24％和82.19％;对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为14.96％,40.23％,39.96％和57.80％。阿维菌素对黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用没有显著差异,对黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为76.21％和76.88％。这表明两种白蚁对药剂的敏感性完全不同。实验结果还表明,在3.2×10^-8～2×10^-5 mol/L内,上述植物次生物质和杀虫剂对两种白蚁GSTs活性的抑制率存在明显的剂量-效应关系。     

Direct rooting and hardening of tea microshoots in the field

Micropropagation of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) has been widely attempted but commercial exploitation of this method is limited by heavy losses during the hardening procedures. In the present study, optimization of time of harvesting (spring and early summer) of microshoots, shoot size, soil pH (4.0–6.4), plant growth regulator treatment (IBA; 500 mg l^-1, 30 min) CO₂ (9.09/10×10⁻⁵ mol l^-1 to 10.22/10×10^-5 mol l^-1 and 20/11×10⁻⁵ mol l^-1 to 80/13×10⁻⁷ mol l^-1) enrichment and light (15 μ mol m^-2 s^-1) conditions in specially designed hardening chambers, made a significant impact on the percent of success for hardening. Following the standardized procedure, up to 71.6% root induction and 73% survival could be achieved. Successful field transfer was also accomplished. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Continuous preparation of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate by asymmetric reduction of 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionic acid ethyl ester with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis> CGMCC No.2266 in a membrane reactor

In this study, (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate was prepared continuously by coupling microbial transformation and membrane separation. The effect of several factors on membrane flux, reactor capacity, and reaction conversion were investigated. A kinetic model of the continuous reduction process was also developed. The appropriate molecular weight cut-off of the ultrafiltration membrane was 30 kDa. The reactor capacity reached a maximum of 0.136/h at a biomass concentration and membrane flux of 86 g/L (dry weight/reaction volume) and 20 mL/h, respectively. The (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate yield was 3.68 mmol/L/day after continuous reduction over seven days. The enantiometric excess of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate reached above 99.5%. The kinetic constants of continuous reduction were as follows: r _m = 3.00 × 10⁻³ mol/L/h, k _cat = 3.49 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L/h, k ₁ = 3.09 × 10⁻² mol/L, and k ₂ = 5.00 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L. The kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental data obtained during continuous reduction. Compared with batch reduction, continuous reduction can significantly improve the catalytic efficiency of microbial cells and increase the reactor capacity.     

A novel chemiluminescent method for determination of phloroglucinol

It was found that the inhibition and enhancement by phloroglucinol of the chemiluminescence from the luminol–K₃Fe(CN)₆ system were dependent on the pH of luminol solution and the concentration of phloroglucinol. In Na₂CO₃–NaHCO₃ buffer, phloroglucinol exhibited strong chemiluminescent enhancement at pH 9.4. On this basis, a flow injection method was developed for the determination of phloroglucinol. The method was simple, rapid, convenient and sensitive, with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10^?9 mol/L. It is effective for determining phloroglucinol in the range of 1.0 × 10^?5–5.0 × 10^?9 mol/L. The relative standard deviation is 1.3% within one day and 3.2% between days for the determination of 5.0 × 10^?7 mol/L phloroglucinol. The method has been successfully used to determine phloroglucinol in environmental water, with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Highly sensitive fluorescence detection of glycoprotein based on energy transfer between CuInS2 QDs and rhodamine B

A highly sensitive fluorescence method for glycoprotein detection has been established based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CuInS₂ quantum dots (QDs) and rhodamine B (RB). Lectins comprise a group of proteins with unique affinities toward carbohydrate structures, so the process of FRET can occur between lectin‐coated QDs (CuInS₂ QDs–Con A conjugates, acceptors) and carbohydrate‐coated RB (RB–NH₂‐glu conjugates, donors). The fluorescence of lectin‐coated QDs was recovered in the presence of a glycoprotein such as glucose oxidase (GOx) and transferrin (TRF), which significantly reduced the FRET efficiency between the donor and the acceptor. Under optimal conditions, a linear correlation was established between the fluorescence intensity ratio I₆₅₄/I₅₇₇ and the TRF concentration over the range of 6.90 × 10^‐10 to 3.45 × 10^‐8 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10^‐10 mol/L. The linear range for GOx is 3.35 × 10^‐10 to 6.70 × 10^‐8 mol/L, with a detection limit of 1.5 × 10^‐10 mol/L. The proposed method was applied to the determination of glycoprotein in human serum and cell‐extract samples with satisfactory results. Furthermore, CuInS₂ QDs–Con A conjugates are used as safe and efficient optical nanoprobes in HepG2 cell imaging. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capillary electrophoresis coupled with end‐column electrochemiluminescence for the determination of ephedrine in human urine,and a study of its interactions with three proteins

A tris(2,2‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺)‐based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been established for the sensitive determination of ephedrine for the first time. Under the optimized conditions [ECL detection at 1.15 V, 25 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS), pH 8.0, as running buffer, separation voltage 12.5 kV, 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ with 60 mmol/L PBS, pH 8.5, in the detection cell] linear correlation (r = 0.9987) between ECL intensity and ephedrine concentration was obtained in the range 6.0 × 10^–8–6.0 × 10^–6 g/mL. The detection limit was 4.5 × 10^–9 g/mL (S:N = 3). The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of ephedrine in human urine and the investigation of its interactions with three proteins, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome C (Cyt‐C) and myoglobin (Mb). The number of binding sites and the binding constants between ephedrine and BSA, Cyt‐C and Mb were 8.52, 12.60, 10.66 and 1.55 × 10⁴ mol/L, 6.58 × 10³ mol/L and 1.59 × 10⁴ mol/L, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method was developed for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ). The method is based on the enhancing effect of NPZ on the weak CL signal from the reaction of KIO₄ with H₂O₂. Experimental parameters that affected the CL signal, including the pH of the KIO₄ solution, concentrations of KIO₄, H₂O₂ and disodium‐EDTA and flow rate were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of NPZ in the range 5.0 × 10^?6 to 70 × 10^?6 mol/L. The detection limit was 1.0 × 10^?6 mol/L and the relative standard deviation for 50 × 10^?6 mol/L NPZ solution was 2.8% (n = 11). In addition, a high throughput of 120 samples/h was achieved. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining NPZ in pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑翅土白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及药剂敏感度比较

用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响。通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定黑翅土白蚁AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为12.5 g/L,底物浓度为8 mmol/L,pH值8.0,反应温度40℃,反应时间5 min。此外,研究了6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的影响。结果表明：灭多威、辛硫磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷和氧化乐果6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁AChE抑制中浓度(IC₅₀)分别为3.52×10^-4,1.86×10^-3,5.13×10^-3,9.55×10^-4,8.81×10^-3,和1.39×10^-2 mol/L。在3.3×10^-7～5×10^-3 mol/L的浓度范围内,上述6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的抑制作用都具有明显的剂量效应关系。