摇瓶的体积氧传递系数和氧通透率的测定

通过设计特殊摇瓶,用亚硫酸钠法测出摇瓶的体积氧传递系数和氧透过纱布层的通透率。以氧电极测其内外氧的分压降后,可以算出摇瓶表观体积氧传递系数(k_La)app及真实体积氧传递系数k_La,并进一步求出氧通透率。由实验得出：氧分压降低6．1％,氧传递系数增加一倍;在37c、220r／min、500m1摇瓶(内盛液50m1)8层纱布的氧通透率Pm=43．7moI／m²·h·arm;并且关联出摇瓶容积V、装液量VL、转速n、摄氏温度t之间的模型式：(k_La)_app=1．84×10^-7[t]1.8479·[n]2.3906.(VLV]-0.6360(kLa)=2．02×10^-7[t]1.8525·[n]2.39441·[VLV]-0.6370     

H18杂交瘤抗凋亡能力的改造

利用PCR从pGEMTbcl-X_L质粒中获得bcl-X_L基因,构建真核表达载体pEF-bcl-X^{L,脂质体法转染杂交瘤细胞,G418筛选稳定表达株,Western blotting检测目的蛋白表达,流式细胞仪检测Bcl-X_L提高杂交瘤抗正丁酸钠诱导凋亡的功能。 将构建的编码鼠bcl-X_L基因的真核表达载体pEF-bcl-X_L,转染H18细胞后,获得稳定的表达株细胞;稳定表达Bcl-X_L的细胞具有抗正丁酸钠诱导凋亡的功能。鼠bcl-X_L基因在杂交瘤细胞中稳定表达,提高了杂交瘤抗凋亡的能力,对高密度大规模培养杂交瘤细胞具有重要意义。}     

沼泽红假单胞菌乙酸光合放氢研究

依据光合细菌生长代谢特性和有机废水降解主要产物类型,11种有机物被用于沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）Z菌株的光合产氢研究,其中,乙酸反应体系产氢活性最高。在此基础上,研究了该菌株的生长与产氢动力学行为,探求了影响该菌株光合放氢的主要限制性影响因素。结果表明,该菌株产氢与生长部分相关。种子培养基和菌龄对产氢活性有明显影响。细胞最适产氢和生长所需要的光照强度和温度基本一致。当种子来源于硫酸铵高菌龄预培养物或谷氨酸钠对数期预培养物时,该菌株产氢活性显著增加,产氢延滞期明显缩短。氧浓度和接种量对产氢活性也有显著影响。供氢体和氮源浓度直接决定细胞的生长与光放氢活性。在低于70 mmol/L乙酸钠和15 mmol/L谷氨酸钠时,产氢活性随底物浓度的增加而增强。谷氨酸钠浓度高于15mmol/L时,由于游离NH₄⁺的出现,产氢活性受到抑制,但却明显刺激细胞的生长。在标准状况下,该菌株的最大产氢速率可达19.4 mL·L^-1·h^-1。     

怀槐细胞悬浮培养的结构化动力学模型

为探明怀槐细胞生长、异黄酮染料木素合成与底物消耗间的关系,建立了怀槐细胞悬浮培养的结构化动力学模型。模型预测分析了胞内外的蔗糖代谢、胞内结构组分变化、胞内中间组分的变化、细胞呼吸损失以及胞内外异黄酮染料木素的合成情况。模型各参数灵敏度的分析表明kM_b1、k_b2 和k_p是最为灵敏的参数,其调节10%时,目标函数变化的最大比例分别达12.8%、4.61%和2.54%,其它参数对目标函数变化的影响均小于0.5%。该模型预测值与实验值具有较好的吻合性。     

纤维蛋白对尿激酶原激活纤溶酶原反应动力学的影响

反应体系中存在的纤维蛋白（fibrin）对尿激酶（UK）、scu-PA以及组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA）激活纤溶酶原（plasminogen）的反应有不同的作用：UK、t-PA激活plasminogen的反应可被反应体系中存在的fibrin所加强;fibrin对scu-PA激活plasminogen反应的动力学常数无明显影响;但对小分子质量scu-PA与单链抗体的嵌合分子激活plasminogen的反应起明显的抑制作用.为确定反应体系中存在的fibrin对scu-PA的K区插入突变体-InB激活plasminogen反应的影响,测定了在反应体系中存在fibrin的情况下的InB激活plasminogen反应的K_m^fibrin以及k_cat^fibrin.K_m^fibrin＝4.2 μmol·L^-1,远远大于无fibrin时的K_m＝0.379 μmol·L^-1,说明有fibrin存在时突变体InB与天然底物plasminogen的亲和性降低了.k_cat^fibrin＝0.107 s^-1,也远远大于无fibrin时k_cat＝0.0165 s^-1,说明有fibrin存在时突变体InB对plasminogen的反应活性增强了.原因可能是：与fibrin结合的plasminogen的构象发生了有利于被纤溶酶原激活剂水解的变化.     

热带假丝酵母细胞内pH的测定及其与生长代谢活性的关系

应用荧光探针5(6)-双醋酸羧基荧光素 (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) 测定了产长链二元酸热带假丝酵母 (Candida tropicalis) 细胞内pH (pHi) 值,确定了该探针载入C. tropicalis细胞的适宜条件。用摇瓶培养C. tropicalis细胞,考察了细胞外pH和生长碳源对pH_I的影响,实验结果表明：细胞外pH对pH_I略有影响,而生长碳源对pH_I的影响略为明显。利用5L发酵罐进一步研究了细胞生长代谢活性与pHi的关系,结果表明：细胞比生长速率、CO₂比生产速率和葡萄糖比消耗速率与pHi变化密切相关,pH_I的增加伴随着细胞生长活力的增加,反之亦然。在pH6.0条件下用葡萄糖和醋酸钠共作碳源培养C. tropicalis细胞时,测得的pH_I值维持在5.72～6.15范围内。     

抗CD20嵌合抗体片段Fab′突变体的表达和活性研究

利用PCR方法从抗CD20单链抗体（ScFv）表达载体上扩增抗CD20抗体轻链可变区基因（V^L）、重链可变区基因（V^H）,同时在抗体的可变区引入突变,然后将V^H、V^L基因重组到Fab′表达载体pYZF1中,构建抗CD20嵌合抗体Fab′片段表达载体,并在大肠杆菌16c9中进行高效可溶性分泌表达。经大量的筛选,获得一个产量和活性均有所提高的突变克隆。其突变位点在轻链可变区的CDR1区,即G77→A（Ser→Asn）。突变的抗体的表达量为每克干菌3.8 mg,而未突变抗体的表达量为每克干菌1.3 mg。突变体的亲和力常数K_a为2.2×10⁹ L/mol,约为突变前的2倍。竞争性免疫荧光抑制实验表明,突变的Fab′片段能竞争性抑制鼠源性抗CD20抗体HI₄₇和CD20表达细胞Raji细胞的结合,使HI₄₇的结合阳性率由98%下降至37.55%,体外细胞生长抑制试验亦证明突变的Fab′片段的抑制活性明显高于未突变的抗体。     

半连续灌注培养中杂交瘤细胞的生长和代谢

考察了在半连续灌注培养中WuT₃杂交瘤细胞在不同灌注速率下细胞生长的动态变化,培养基中主要基质的消耗和代谢物的生成。当灌注速率D从1.0/d升高到2.0/d时,乳酸得率系数Y_lac/glu降低18%,氨得率系数Y_amm/gln降低40%,丙氨酸得率系数Y_ala/gln升高58%,甘氨酸得率系数Y_gly/gln基本恒定。说明在灌注速率升高的条件下,细胞会调整代谢机制,丙酮酸和过量的谷氨酸通过转氨作用生成丙氨酸而非甘氨酸。     

小球藻病毒基因调控序列在大肠杆菌和真核藻中的调控活性研究

以小球藻病毒腺嘌呤甲基转移酶基因(amt)和主要外壳蛋白VP54基因的5′上游调控序列构建大肠杆菌和真核藻转化载体。以P_RP_L及CaMV35S启动子为阳性对照,研究了小球藻病毒来源的两种调控序列在E.coli和真核藻细胞中的启动活性。发现P_AMT在4种E.coli菌株中都具有极强的调控活性,启动Luc基因表达而产生的酶活性高于P_RP_L 50～400倍;P_VP54在DH5α中也具有较强的启动活性。同时PAMT在两种小球藻中启动GUS基因瞬时表达的能力也明显高于CaMV35S启动子,表明它们有可能在真核藻类遗传转化中具有很好的应用前景。     

碳酸氢盐处理下桑树和构树的生长、光合和抗逆性差异

为探究喀斯特生境中,在碳酸氢盐的胁迫下HCO^-₃对植株生长及生理特性的影响,该文以构树和桑树幼苗为研究对象,对不同浓度NaHCO₃溶液(0、15、30 mmol·L^-1)处理下植株的生长情况、光合能力、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和细胞膜系统损伤情况进行研究。结果表明:(1)在HCO^-₃处理下,构树和桑树的生长和光合能力均受到抑制,叶片细胞内均发生显著的抗氧化和抗渗透胁迫生理响应。(2)HCO^-₃对构树和桑树生长的抑制作用与其浓度有关,并有显著差异性(P<0.05)。(3)30 mmol·L^-1 HCO^-₃处理对植株生长、光合、抗氧化酶系统和渗透调节系统的抑制作用以及植物细胞的损伤情况要显著强于15 mmol·L^-1 HCO^-₃处理的效果。(4)同等浓度的HCO^-₃处理下,构树的生长、光合能力、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量显著高于桑树,其叶片细胞损伤情况显著低于桑树。综上结果均表明,构树对碳酸氢盐胁迫的耐受能力要优于桑树。该研究为阐明桑科植物对喀斯特环境适应机制提供科学支撑。     

体外培养和冷冻保存对微囊化细胞生长和内皮抑素表达的影响

微囊化基因工程细胞移植治疗肿瘤是一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方法,如果将此技术应用到临床研究,就需要制备大量的细胞活性良好、重组蛋白表达量高的生物微胶囊。体外培养和冷冻保存是生物微胶囊制备过程中两个重要的环节,因此需要考察体外培养和冷冻保存对微囊化重组基因细胞生长和蛋白表达的影响。以重组CHO细胞为模型,考察了体外培养时间和冷冻保存对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长和内皮抑素表达的影响及体外培养时间对微囊化细胞冷冻保存的影响。结果表明:体外培养时间对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长、内皮抑素表达和微囊稳定性具有较大的影响,体外不培养和培养4d的微囊化细胞在小鼠腹腔内生长良好、内皮抑素表达量高,并且微囊稳定性好,而体外培养8d的微囊化细胞在移植后的第26天破裂。体外培养时间对微囊化细胞冷冻保存也具有较大的影响,体外培养4d和8d的微囊化细胞在液氮中冷冻保存40d,复苏后细胞生长良好、内皮抑素表达量高,而冻存前未经过体外培养的微囊化细胞,复苏后细胞几乎全部死亡。综上所述,生物微胶囊在体外比较适宜的培养时间为4d。并且冷冻保存对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长、内皮抑素表达和微囊稳定性没有显著的影响。     

表达内皮抑素的rCHO细胞的微囊化培养

微囊化重组基因细胞移植治疗肿瘤是一种新兴的肿瘤基因治疗方法,如果将此技术应用到临床研究,就需要制备大量的细胞活性良好、重组蛋白表达量高的生物微胶囊。种子细胞是生物微胶囊治疗作用的执行者, 是构建微囊微反应器的基本元素。如何获得大量高活性的种子细胞已经成为规模化制备生物微胶囊所面临的最关键的限制因素。本实验考察了搅拌式生物反应器内扩增的重组CHO细胞进行包囊及微囊化细胞在生物反应器内规模化培养的可行性。实验结果显示:重组CHO细胞在生物反应器内可以快速生长,并且对数期细胞包囊,微囊化细胞活性良好。制备的微囊化细胞可以在生物反应器内培养,与培养板培养比较细胞生长较快、内皮抑素表达量较高。应用生物反应器培养技术能够在体外快速、大量扩增重组CHO细胞,满足微囊化细胞制备对种子细胞量与质的要求,微囊化细胞可以在生物反应器内培养。     

3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine as a cell adhesion molecule in serum-free cell culture

In this article, we examined the feasibility of using 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L ‐phenylalanine (DOPA) as a cell adhesion molecule in serum‐free cultures of anchorage‐dependent mammalian cells. DOPA is a critical, functional element in mussel adhesive proteins and is known to bind strongly to various natural or synthetic materials. DOPA coating on culture plates was confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were cultured on DOPA‐coated, fibronectin‐coated, or no material‐coated culture plates in serum‐free medium. HDFs cultured on DOPA showed the highest cell adhesion ratio, spreading, and viability but the lowest apoptotic activity. Therefore, DOPA may be a useful cell‐adhesion molecule for serum‐free culture. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 1055–1060, 2012     

Microcalorimetric study on the growth and metabolism of microencapsulated microbial cell culture

The rate of heat output is one of the suitable measurements of metabolic activity of the organism or its parts, down to the cellular or even the sub-cellular levels. In this paper, microcalorimetry was first applied to study the metabolic activity of microbial in both alginate-polylysine-alginate and alginate-chitosan-alginate microencapsulated cultures as well as in free non-encapsulated culture. The organisms used for the measurements were Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a result of this work, it was found that, despite E. coli cell in free non-encapsulated culture has the highest metabolic rate due to the highest value of heat output, the proliferation of the cells terminates quickly with a lowest biomass formed. And we found also an obviously longer stationary phase in microencapsulated culture. As far as S. cerevisiae was concerned, it was found that there was also the highest value of heat output in free non-encapsulated culture, but the cell density was lower than that in microencapsulated culture. On account of the microcalorimetric and metabolic measurements, it can be concluded that more substrate can be used to convert to biomass in microencapsulated culture which means a higher biomass yield existed.     

The effects of cell density, attachment substratum and dexamethasone on spontaneous apoptosis of rat hepatocytes in primary culture

Summary The rates of spontaneous cell detachment, cell viability, and apoptosis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes plated at high and low density were compared. Apoptosis was frequent in detached cells, and the rates of cell detachment and apoptosis were greater in high-density than in low-density cultures. Among attached cells, more cells had condensed or fragmented nuclei in high-density than in low-density cultures. Further, ladder-like DNA fragmentation was not seen in low-cell-density cultures but was clearly evident in high-density cultures. Bax was more highly expressed in cells cultured at high density, and on collagen vs. matrigel, whereas changes of Bcl-2 and Fas expression observed in culture appeared unrelated to the rate of apoptosis. The rate of hepatocyte apoptosis appeared to be identical in low-density cultures on collagen 1 and matrigel, but when cells were cultured at high density, matrigel suppressed apoptosis by more than 50% at 36 h. In hepatocytes cultured on collagen 1, dexamethasone (0.1 μM) suppressed apoptosis in both low- and high-density cultures; higher doses had no further effects. In high density cultures, aurintricarboxylic acid (10 μM) suppressed apoptosis and this improved cell attachment at 48 h. It is concluded that cell viability in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes grown on collagen I is dependent on optimal culture density and that the cell population is regulated, at least in part, by apoptosis. Corticosteroids suppress spontaneous apoptosis of cultured hepatocytes in a non-dose-dependent manner, whereas matrigel abolishes apoptosis induced by increasing cell density. Bax may be an important protein in the cell density and cell matrix-dependent regulation of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes.     

微囊化重组CHO细胞制备和培养条件的优化

微囊化重组基因细胞移植治疗肿瘤是一种新兴的肿瘤基因治疗方法,然而由于目前微囊化细胞规模化制备和培养技术还不成熟,阻碍了其在临床治疗中的推广与应用。以重组CHO细胞为模型,考察了不同的微囊制备和培养条件对微囊化细胞生长和内皮抑素表达的影响。实验表明,种子细胞所处的生长阶段和细胞接种密度对微囊化细胞生长和内皮抑素表达的影响较大,对数生长期的细胞进行包囊并且细胞接种密度为1×106~2×106cells/mL微囊时微囊内细胞生长良好、内皮抑素表达量高。微囊制备时间对细胞活性和内皮抑素表达也有较大的影响,制备时间延长对细胞的损伤增大,因此制备时间应控制在5h以内。生物微胶囊在制备过程中会造成细胞损伤,而体外培养是恢复细胞活性的良好方法,在培养过程中微囊接种量为5%时对细胞生长和内皮抑素表达有利。     

Cell membrane stability and biochemical response of cultured cells of groundnut under polyethylene glycol-induced water stress

Cell membrane stability (CMS) in suspension cultures of two groundnut cultivars was studied under polyethylene glycol(PEG)-induced water stress. There was a negative relationship between PEG concentration in the medium and membrane stability measured as electrolyte leakage. The CMS values in the cell cultures correlated well with the whole plant tissue and permitted the differentiation of cultivars based on their known response to drought stress. The cell membrane stability was lower (more electrolyte leakage) when cells were grown in culture as compared to the intact plant tissue. Kadiri-3, the drought tolerant cultivar maintained higher CMS than JL-24, the drought susceptible one. With increasing PEG levels the concentration of Potassium in cultured cells declined in both cultivars. However, Kadiri-3 maintained higher K values than JL-24 accompanied with greater cell membrane stability. Total soluble sugars also increased with increasing stress in both cultivars; the increase being higher in Kadiri-3. There was no significant change in the total free amino acids but proline accumulated markedly in both varieties. However, no relationship was found between proline levels and CMS. The results demonstrated that CMS test can also be used under in vitro conditions to differentiate the drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars and the cellular K level has a positive relationship with membrane stability.     

Serial culturing of human bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies

Summary In the present study we describe the establishment of serial cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The cell cultures were initiated from small amounts of material (2 mm forceps biopsies) using either explants or epithelial cell suspensions in combination with a feeder-layer technique. The rate of cell proliferation and the number of passages (up to 8 passages) achieved were similar, irrespective of whether the explants or dissociated cells were used. To modulate the extent of differentiation, the bronchial epithelial cells were cultured either under submerged, low calcium (0.06 mM) (proliferating), normal calcium (1.6 mM) (differentiation enhancing) conditions, or at the air-liquid interface. Characterization of the bronchial epithelial cell cultures was assessed on the basis of cell morphology, cytokeratin expression, and ciliary activity. The cells cultured under submerged conditions formed a multilayer consisting of maximally three layers of polygonal-shaped, small cuboidal cells, an appearance resembling the basal cells in vivo. In the air-exposed cultures, the formed multilayer consisted of three to six layers exhibiting squamous metaplasia. The cytokeratin profile in cultured bronchial epithelial cells was similar in submerged and air-exposed cultures and comparable with the profile found in vivo. In addition to cytokeratins, vimentin was co-expressed in a fraction of the subcultured cells. The ciliary activity was observed in primary culture, irrespective of whether the culture had been established from explants or from dissociated cells. This activity was lost upon subculturing and it was not regained by prolongation of the culture period. In contrast to submerged cultures and despite the squamous metaplasia appearance, the cells showed a reappearance of cilia when cultured at the air-liquid interface. Human bronchial epithelial cell cultures can be a representative model for controlling the mechanisms of regulation of bronchial epithelial cell function.     

Long-term culture of human esophageal explants and cells

Human esophageal epithelium obtained from intermediate autopsies (<12 h) was maintained as cell and explant cultures. In order to develop a serum-free, defined media culture model, several medias and additives were evaluated. The viability and differentiation of the epithelial cells cultured with serum-free, Keratinocyte Growth Media (KGM, Clonetics Co., San Diego, CA) was improved over that of esophageal cells and explants cultured in either serum-supplemented CMRL 1066 (OCM), serum-free additive-supplemented CMRL 1066, or cimetidine-supplemented CMRL 1066. The KGM component EGF was determined to be trophic for esophagus cells on the basis of findings of increased ³H-TdR tabelling in KGM cultures when compared to control cells grown in KGM without EGF (KBM). The morphologic pattern of the cytoskeletal proteins actin, keratin, and vimentin were characterized in isolated cell populations. The intermediate filaments, keratin, and vimentin were co-expressed in these epithelial cells. Esophageal explant viability, differentiation, and outgrowth from 15 cases were also evaluated in dishes coated with basement membrane associated proteins. Explants cultured in these dishes were equally well-preserved and differentiated. There were no significant differences in the explant histology when there was protein coating of the culture dishes, although one case showed improved outgrowth with laminin coating. A main advantage for using this culture system is that the same medium (KGM) can be used for both the culture of explants and isolated epithelial cells. Future applications of this model include determining: (1) the effect different concentrations of EGF and calcium in the media will have on esophageal proliferation and differentiation, and (2) the role of different basement membrane associated proteins on the plating efficiency of either isolated or outgrowth epithelial esophageal cells.This is publication #2544 from the Pathobiology Laboratory.     

Trypanosoma theileri: In vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems

Epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma theileri were grown at 25°C in insect cell culture media and in Glossina tissue cultures for more than 6 months. Doubling times of 10–14 h during exponential growth were observed. In cell cultures which had been derived from pupal tsetse flies growth rates were higher than in cell free media; in a larval cell line, however, growth of T. theileri was inhibited. Ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone I reduced multiplication of T. theileri in cell free media. When T. theileri was incubated in different sera only fetal calf serum (FCS) supported growth. Epimastigote forms transformed into trypomastigote bloodforms when cultured at 37°C in FCS, vertebrate cell cultures, and Eagle's medium, but not in insect media or Glossina cell cultures. Oxygen uptake of epimastigotes could be inhibited by rotenone antimycin A and cyanide; trypomastigotes were not affected by these inhibitors.