H~+诱导心磷脂的六角形Ⅱ相和H~+的跨膜转运

本文报告H~ 能诱导心磷脂由双层排列转变为六角形Ⅱ相.含心磷脂的多层脂囊泡的~(31)P中核磁共振谱显示高场峰低场肩的双层排列特点,当pH降到2时,~(31)P核磁共振谱表现为低场峰高场肩的六角形Ⅱ相特点,表明H~ 对心磷脂多形性转变的诱导作用.用oxonol-V作为探剂.H~ 可使结合在人工脂膜上的oxonl-V的吸收峰红移和光吸收增加,表明心磷脂的六角形Ⅱ相在人工脂膜上具有H~ 的载体特性,易化H~ 的跨膜转运.     

金褐霉素（Aureofuscin）在人工脂双层形成的离子通道

本工作利用双室系统观察了金褐霉素对平板脂双层(Planar lipid bilayer)的作用。双室系统包括一个带直径为700μm 小孔的 Teflon 薄膜中隔,和由它隔开的两个充满盐溶液的小室。用脂双层(成膜液为卵磷脂和胆固醇的正癸烷溶液,重量比4∶1)覆盖小孔,在电压箝位下,研究脂双层的电学和通透性质。记录金褐霉素产生的电导变化和单通道电流。实验观察到,在将金褐霉素(终浓度10—20μg/ml)加入小室,20min 左右可记录出通道样活动噪音,脂双层膜电阻下降。它们的发生不依赖于跨膜电位差和离子浓度梯度的存在。将加入的金褐霉素的浓度降低至1.4μg/ml,可获得离散的单位电导涨落的记录。在对称100mmol/L 的 KCl 溶液中,这种单通道活动的优势电导为4—6pS。通过改变两小室的离子浓度,测定平衡电位,可由 Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz 电场方程推算出通道的离子选择性。结果表明,金褐霉素在脂双层形成的离子通道对 K~+比对 Cl~有较高的通透性(P_K:P_(Ol)≈5.2)。这些结果为金褐霉素增加神经末梢的递质释放,降低肌细胞膜电位,以及为它在临床上的抑菌作用提供了解释。     

大肠杆菌葡糖醇通透酶信号肽及其类似物与脂质体的相互作用

合成了大肠杆菌葡糖醇通透酶的N端信号肽(Gut22)和它的一个类似物(Gut22Ana),原第7位组氨酸残基在类似物中为脯氨酸残基所替换,且第10位谷氨酸残基为缬氨酸残基所替换.信号肽及其类似物的内源荧光光谱表明Gut22结合脂双层的能力远强于Gut22Ana,包埋钙氯黄素的脂质体的渗漏实验表明Gut22能强烈扰动脂双层而Gut22Ana不能扰动脂双层.也测定了Gut22与磷脂酰胆碱/磷脂酰丝氨酸脂双层的表观分配常数,研究了膜电位于Gut22与脂双层相互作用的影响,并利用圆二色谱分析研究了Gut22和Gut22Ana在加入脂质体后的构象变化.     

嵌入膜蛋白的结构及其在脂双层中的排布

部分或全部肽链嵌入膜脂双层、在破解脂双层结构后才能释放的蛋白质,谓之嵌入膜蛋白。它们极其重要,参与了细胞的许多调节和代谢过程。其中包括:细胞间的相互作用与识别;激素刺激作用;离子或代谢物的定向运输;氧化与光合磷酸化反应,乃至脂类的生物合成等等。近年来,由于单克隆抗体亲和法和基因顺序分析技术的应用,使得原来所知不多的有关嵌入膜蛋白结构、性质,以及在膜中的拓扑图形等信息增加许多,使我们有可能总结出一些有价值的概念。作者提出,根据嵌入膜蛋白在脂双层中的     

膜融合剂对脂质体及血影膜膜流动性的影响

本文用荧光探针ANS,DPH与A研究了几种膜融合剂对脂质体与血影膜流动性的影响.蔗糖使PS脂质体的脂双层流动性降低,探针越是在极性区流动性越小,说明蔗糖主要作用于脂双层的极性区;蔗糖也使血影膜流动性降低,此作用是可逆的.油酸甘油脂(GMO)使PS脂质体的流动性增加,且越是在疏水区内部,流动性增加得越大,说明GMO主要是作用于脂双层的非极性区:GMO也使血影膜流动性增加,此作用是不可逆的.二甲亚砜(DMSO)对血影膜的作用,两种不同荧光探针不一样,对DPH的作用出现双相让,低浓度与高浓度的作用结果分别与蔗糖和GMO的作用一致.     

溶血磷脂对磷脂脂质体行为和结构的影响

利用差示量热扫描、荧光标记和X-射线衍射法测定了16:0溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)混合脂质体的物化性质:脂双层相变温度、相变热熔、荧光偏振度、双层脂酰链的厚度,证明含有摩尔分数为14.1%和27.0%LPC的DPPC脂质体可以被LPC诱导呈交插脂双层结构,而交插的深度是LPC浓度的函数,当含量超过摩尔分数为30%LPC,混合脂质体趋向于微团化,脂双层膜结构逐渐被破坏,直至最后形成微团结构.     

金环蛇毒膜活性多肽B在脂双层中形成离子通道的作用

利用由卵磷脂和胆固醇(分别为20和5mg/ml)的正癸烷溶液形成的平板脂双层,观察了由金环蛇毒纯化的膜活性多肽B(BMAP B)形成通道的作用。实验结果表明,在膜两侧有一定电位差或盐浓度梯度的条件下,BMAP B参入脂双层形成离子通道,在电压箝位下可记录出不同电导的单位电导涨落,随着更多通道的形成,脂双层稳态膜电阻明显降低;通过在不对称盐溶液中测定平衡电位,确定BMAP B通道的阴阳离子选择性不强,P_K/P_Cl≈1.4;和在生物膜的作用一样,二价金属离子Ba~(2+),Ca~(2+)抑制BMAP B通道的活动。这些结果为金环蛇毒膜活性多肽在生物膜的去极化作用提供了解释。     

含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白与脂类双分子层的相互作用—脂类-蛋白相互作用的一种模型

基于作者已经发表的实验结果,本文认为脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可来自脂双层内疏水区的相互作用,也可来自膜表面的吸附作用.本文对含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白(如血型糖蛋白和胰岛素受体)与脂双层的相互作用的热力学估计(正则溶液近似)表明,脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可能主要来自胰蛋白的亲水链团在膜表而吸附的贡献.本文理论分析的结论与已经发表的实验结果相一致.     

含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白与脂类双分子层的相互作用—脂类-蛋白相互作用的一种模型

基于作者已经发表的实验结果,本文认为脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可来自脂双层内疏水区的相互作用,也可来自膜表面的吸附作用.本文对含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白(如血型糖蛋白和胰岛素受体)与脂双层的相互作用的热力学估计(正则溶液近似)表明,脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可能主要来自胰蛋白的亲水链团在膜表而吸附的贡献.本文理论分析的结论与已经发表的实验结果相一致.     

刺激醛固酮释放的新因子——β-趋脂素

虽然已知血管紧张素 II、ACTH 及 K~ 都能刺激醛固酮释放,但对于醛固酮的释放仍然有一些现象不能以这些刺激物的作用来解释。已有报告指出,垂体中存在着一些非 ACTH 的因子能刺激醛固酮的释放。β-趋脂素(β-lipotropin,β-LPH)和 ACTH 都是由垂体细胞中的一种前体物质分裂后形成的。β-LPH又可以进一步分解成β-内啡肽。这些微妙的关系引起了人们对它们的重视。最近,美国俄亥俄州医学院的Matsuoka 等报告指出,β-LPH 也是一种刺激醛固酮释放的促激素。他们把大鼠的肾上腺皮质放在含有胶元酶的基质中孵育并结合离心的方法,将其分解成球状带细胞和非球状带细胞(束状带、网状带和髓质细胞)。球状带细胞在含有羊或人的垂体β-LPH 的基质中孵育,能释放醛固酮。β-LPH 的浓度在10~(-9)M 时,即可引起醛固酮的明显增加;在3×10~(-8)M 至10~(-7)M 的浓度范围内可引起醛固酮释放的半最大反应(half-maximum increase)。β-LPH 引起醛固酮释放的最大反应比血管紧     

用荧光探剂NBD-PE测定脂多型性转变及探讨TSIL的形成、内含物靶向释放机理

 本文报道用荧光探剂NBD-PE研究DMPC、EPE、DOPE、DOPE/DMPC、DOPE/EPC几种脂质体的多型性转变及影响PE类脂质体多型性的因素。另外,在本实验室原有关于TSIL研究的基础上,对其形成及内含物靶向释放机理进行了探讨,提示TSIL的形成及靶向释放均与脂多型性转变有关。实验结果表明了NBD-PE在脂多型性研究中的应用前景与优点。     

Characterization of a heat-stable fraction of human IgG

Heat aggregation of human IgG has been studied by photon correlation spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism, and differential scanning calorimetry. It is found that pooled human IgG can be separated into two fractions of molecules, one that easily aggregates and one that is stable upon heating. In a buffer atpH=7.6 and 0.2 M NaCl it is found that about half of the original monomeric molecules do not aggregate even after heating at 62°C for 24 h. No differences in the antigen binding capacity of the heat-stable fraction and normal IgG are observed. Heat-stable molecules can partially be transformed to heat-aggregating molecules by a rapid acid denaturation followed by neutralization. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the major heat denaturation, which is a two-phase process atpH=7.6, starts at about 63°C. Only minor differences between the heat-stable and the heat-labile fractions are observed in the thermograms. No differences are observed in the far-UV region of the CD spectra, indicating that the secondary structure of the heat-stable IgG does not differ from the native IgG molecule. While the aggregation of normal human IgG can be described by Smoluchowski kinetics, the heat-stable fraction follows another kinetics, which includes an activation step.     

Membrane fusion and inverted phases

We have found a correlation between liposome fusion kinetics and lipid phase behavior for several inverted phase forming lipids. N-Methylated dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE-Me), or mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), will form an inverted hexagonal phase (HII) at high temperatures (above TH), a lamellar phase (L alpha) at low temperatures, and an isotropic/inverted cubic phase at intermediate temperatures, which is defined by the appearance of narrow isotropic 31P NMR resonances. The phase behavior has been verified by using high-sensitivity DSC, 31P NMR, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The temperature range over which the narrow isotropic resonances occur is defined as delta TI, and the range ends at TH. Extruded liposomes (approximately 0.2 microns in diameter) composed of these lipids show fusion and leakage kinetics which are strongly correlated with the temperatures of these phase transitions. At temperatures below delta TI, where the lipid phase is L alpha, there is little or no fusion, i.e., mixing of aqueous contents, or leakage. However, as the temperature reaches delta TI, there is a rapid increase in both fusion and leakage rates. At temperatures above TH, the liposomes show aggregation-dependent lysis, as the rapid formation of HII phase precursors disrupts the membranes. We show that the correspondence between the fusion and leakage kinetics and the observed phase behavior is easily rationalized in terms of a recent kinetic theory of L alpha/inverted phase transitions. In particular, it is likely that membrane fusion and the L alpha/inverted cubic phase transition proceed via a common set of intermembrane intermediates.     

Reversed hexagonal phase formation in lecithin-alkane-water systems with different acyl chain unsaturation and alkane length

Investigations of lipid-alkane systems are important for an understanding of the interactions between lipids and hydrophobic/amphiphilic peptides or other hydrophobic biological molecules. A study of the formation of nonlamellar phases in several phosphatidylcholine (PC)-alkane-2H2O systems has been performed. The PC molecules chosen in this work are dipalmitoyl-PC (DPPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-PC (POPC), dioleoyl-PC (DOPC), and dilinoleoyl-PC (DLiPC), lipids that in excess water form just a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase up to at least 90 degrees C. The addition of n-alkanes (C8-C20) to these PC-2H2O systems induces the formation of reversed hexagonal (HII) and isotropic phases. The water and dodecane concentrations required to form these phases depend on the degree of acyl chain unsaturation of the PC molecules and increase in the order DLiPC approximately DOPC less than POPC less than DPPC. The most likely explanation to this result is that the diameter of the lipid-water cylinders in the HII phase grows gradually larger with increased acyl chain saturation and more water and dodecane are consequently needed to fill the water cylinders and the void volumes between the cylinders, respectively. The ability of the alkanes to promote the formation of an HII phase is strongly chain length dependent. Although the number of alkane carbon atoms added per DOPC molecule in the DOPC-n-alkane-2H2O mixtures was kept constant, this ability decreased on going from octane to eicosane. The thermal history of a DPPC-n-dodecane-2H2O sample was important for its phase behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Formation of the regular, optical isotropic phase of low molecular weight DNA molecules modified by cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum

It is shown that condensation of DNA molecules of low molecular mass (less than 1 X 10(6) in NaClO4-containing solution of poly(ethylene glycol) brings about formation of cholesteric liquid crystal phase; pattern of this phase is presented. It has been found by means of X-ray analysis and polarization microscopy that at certain level of modification with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) the DNA molecules instead of cholesteric structure form an ordered optically isotropic phase. The problem about the causes of the formation of such phase and about the pattern of spatial organisation of adjacent DNA molecules in it remains open.     

Interactions of the local anesthetic tetracaine with glyceroglycolipid bilayers: a 2H-NMR study

We have examined the effects of the local anesthetic tetracaine on the orientational and dynamic properties of glycolipid model membranes. We elected to study the interactions of tetracaine with the pure glycolipid 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (beta-DTGL) and a mixture of beta-DTGL (20 mol%) in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) by deuterium NMR (2H-NMR) spectroscopy. 2H-NMR spectra of beta-DTGL have been measured as a function of temperature in the presence of both the charged (pH 5.5) and uncharged forms (pH 9.5) of tetracaine. The results indicate that the anesthetic induces the formation of non-lamellar phases. Specifically, the incorporation of uncharged tetracaine results in the formation of a hexagonal phase which is stable from 52 to 60 degrees C. At lower pH, the spectrum at 52 degrees C is very reminescent of that of the beta-glucolipid alone in a bilayer environment, while as the temperature is elevated to 60 degrees C, a transition from a spectrum indicative of axial symmetry to one due to nearly isotropic motion or symmetry occurs, which may result from the formation of a cubic phase. Although it leads to an alteration in the phase behavior, the presence of tetracaine does not induce large changes in the headgroup orientation of beta-DTGL. In contrast to the pure glycolipid situation, the interaction of tetracaine with beta-DTGL (20 mol%) in DMPC does not trigger the formation of non-lamellar phases, but leads to a slight reduction in molecular ordering. The presence of the charged form of the local anesthetic near the aqueous interface of the bilayer appears to induce a small change in the conformation about the C2-C3 bond of the glycerol backbone of beta-DTGL in the mixed lipid system. Thus, the major influence of the local anesthetic on glycolipids is a change in the stability of the lamellar phase, facilitating conversion to phases with hexagonal or isotropic environments for the lipid molecules.     

Side chain and backbone dynamics of phospholamban in phospholipid bilayers utilizing 2H and 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy

2H and 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate both the side chain and backbone dynamics of wild-type phospholamban (WT-PLB) and its phosphorylated form (P-PLB) incorporated into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine (POPC) phospholipid bilayers. 2H NMR spectra of site-specific CD3-labeled WT-PLB (at Leu51, Ala24, and Ala15) in POPC bilayers were similar under frozen conditions (-25 degrees C). However, significant differences in the line shapes of the 2H NMR spectra were observed in the liquid crystalline phase at and above 0 degrees C. The 2H NMR spectra indicate that Leu51, located toward the lower end of the transmembrane (TM) helix, shows restricted side chain motion, implying that it is embedded inside the POPC lipid bilayer. Additionally, the line shape of the 2H NMR spectrum of CD3-Ala24 reveals more side chain dynamics, indicating that this residue (located in the upper end of the TM helix) has additional backbone and internal side chain motions. 2H NMR spectra of both WT-PLB and P-PLB with CD3-Ala15 exhibit strong isotropic spectral line shapes. The dynamic isotropic nature of the 2H peak can be attributed to side chain and backbone motions to residues located in an aqueous environment outside the membrane. Also, the spectra of 15N-labeled amide WT-PLB at Leu51 and Leu42 residues showed only a single powder pattern component indicating that these two 15N-labeled residues located in the TM helix are motionally restricted at 25 degrees C. Conversely, 15N-labeled amide WT-PLB at Ala11 located in the cytoplasmic domain showed both powder and isotropic components at 25 degrees C. Upon phosphorylation, the mobile component contribution increases at Ala11. The 2H and 15N NMR data indicate significant backbone motion for the cytoplasmic domain of WT-PLB when compared to the transmembrane section.     

Thermal induction of an alternatively folded state in human IgG-Fc

We report the formation of a non-native, folded state of human IgG4-Fc induced by a high temperature at neutral pH and at a physiological salt concentration. This structure is similar to the molten globule state in that it displays a high degree of secondary structure content and surface-exposed hydrophobic residues. However, it is highly resistant to chemical denaturation. The thermally induced state of human IgG4-Fc is thus associated with typical properties of the so-called alternatively folded state previously described for murine IgG, IgG-Fab, and individual antibody domains (V(L), V(H), C(H)1, and C(H)3) under acidic conditions in the presence of anions. Like some of these molecules, human IgG4-Fc in its alternative fold exists as a mixture of different oligomeric structures, dominated by an equilibrium between monomeric and heptameric species. Heating further induces the formation of fibrous structures in the micrometer range.     

Phosphorylation of histone H1 through the cell cycle of Physarum polycephalum. 24 sites of phosphorylation at metaphase

H1 phosphorylation has been studied through the precise nuclear division cycle of Physarum polycephalum. The number of sites of phosphorylation of Physarum H1 is very much larger than the number of sites reported for mammalian H1 molecules which is consistent with the larger molecular weight of Physarum H1. At metaphase all of the Physarum H1 molecules contain 20-24 phosphates. Immediately following metaphase, these metaphase-phosphorylated H1 molecules undergo rapid dephosphorylation to give an intermediate S phase set of phosphorylated H1 molecules containing 9-16 phosphates. Progressing into S phase newly synthesized H1 is phosphorylated and eventually merges with the old dephosphorylated H1 to give a ladder of bands 1-20. By the end of S phase or early G2 phase, there is a ladder of bands 1-16 all of which undergo phosphate turnover. Further into G2 phase the bands move to higher states of phosphorylation, and by prophase all of the H1 molecules contain 15-24 phosphates which increases to 20-24 phosphates at metaphase. These results support the proposals that H1 phosphorylation is an important factor in the process of chromosome condensation through G2 phase, prophase to metaphase.     

Nmr studies of mixtures of poly-L-lysine hydrobromide with water

¹H, ²H, ¹³C, and ⁸¹Br nmr measurements of mixtures of poly-L -lysine hydrobromide with water have been carried out over a range of temperatures and water contents. When n (number of molecules of water per residue) ～13 at room temperature, a transition occurs from a gel to a liquid phase. The liquid phase contains polymer molecules that are flexible, but contain more intramolecular structure than the same molecules in trifluoracetic acid solution. The gel phase contains junction zones of hexagonally packed α-helices, linked by flexible regions of polypeptide chain. The α-helical residues impart to their associated water molecules a slight anisotropy of motion, which is dectable by ²H nmr. These residues bind up to about seven molecules of water each; the other six required to complete the gel–liquid transition space out the polymer molecules, allowing increased segmental motion of the residues in the flexible regions. This increased motion reduces the energy of the flexible regions and thus increases the proportion of residues in them (increasing the temperature has the same effect); the transition occurs when insufficient residues remain in the α-helical junction zones.