B27K—去B链C端三肽胰岛素的制备、生物活力与自聚合性质

液相合成五肽Gly Phe Phe Tyr Lys(Boc)Obut,与B链C端去八肽胰岛素酶促缩合得到B2 7K 去B链C端三肽胰岛素(B2 7K DTrI,B2 7K destripeptideinsulin)。用小鼠惊厥法和小鼠降血糖法测得B2 7K DTrI的整体生物活力为标准胰岛素的 80 % ,B2 7K DTrI与人胎盘细胞膜胰岛素受体结合能力为标准胰岛素的 ( 12 5± 13 ) %。用凝胶过滤法证明B2 7K DTrI自聚合性质降低 ,具有与去B链C端五肽胰岛素相同的单体性质。在B2 7K DtrI结构中 ,B2 7T被K取代 ,其优点是在酵母中表达其前体后 ,可以很方便地通过胰蛋白酶水解获得     

猪B_1色氨酸去五肽胰岛素的制备及性质

本文采用甲基磺酰乙氧羰酰基(MSC)作为酸稳定性氨基可逆保护基,在二甲亚砜溶剂中与去五肽胰岛素(DPI)氨基选择性反应。经Sp-Sephadex C-25纯化得[MSC]~(?),单取代去五肽胰岛素。再经Edman 降解制得[MSC]~(?)desB_1DPI。作为半合成起始物与甲基磺酰乙氧羰酰色氨酸对硝基苯酯(Msc·Trp·ONP)在N-乙基吗啉存在下,在二甲亚砜溶液中进行缩合。缩合产物经Sp-Sephadex C-25分离,所得[MSC]_2Trp~(B_1)DPI 在0℃下以二氧六环∶甲醇∶水∶2N氢氧化钠(3∶0.5∶3.5∶1,V/V)混合溶剂脱保护。脱保护产物经Sephadex G-50纯化,制得[Trp]~(B_1)DPI。氨基酸组成和紫外吸收光谱分析,证实产物是[Trp]~(B_1)DPI。[Trp]~(B_1)DPI 经肝膜胰岛素受体结合活力分析,其受体结合活力为胰岛素的26%.     

去B链羧端五肽胰岛素的结构研究——Ⅰ.制备及性质

本文报道了一种改进的去B链羧端五肽胰岛素(DPI)的制备方法。按此法可获适宜单晶培养用的DPI制剂。其结晶制剂的受体结合活力为胰岛素的88%。其小白鼠惊厥活力为20I.U./毫克。在Zn~( )存在下和胰岛素有免疫交叉反应。     

去B链羧端七肽(B24～30)胰岛素的制备——羧肽酶-A限制性水解去五肽胰岛素

用羧肽酶-A对去B链羧端五肽胰岛素进行限制性酶解,得到去B链羧端七肽胰岛素,反应条件是pH7.4,0℃,10小时。水解产物经Sephadex G-50柱分离,并经羧端顺序与氨基酸组成分析鉴定。用小白鼠惊厥法测定,这一去七肽胰岛素制剂有4.7%的胰岛素活力。     

胰岛素类似物的内源萤光光谱

为了进一步了解胰岛素构象与功能的关系,测定了不同条件下胰岛素和它的类似物的内源萤光光谱,胰岛素类似物包括去B链羧端五肽胰岛素,去B链羧端七肽胰岛素和去B链羧端八肽胰岛素。它们的发射光谱的峰在306nm,激发光谱峰在277nm。不同pH值,不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠和温度变化对胰岛素的荧光光谱的影响和对类似物的影响非常相似。说明这些类似物的环境酪氨酸残基的微环境是相似的。由于去五肽胰岛素有接近于天然胰岛素的生物活力,去七肽胰岛素没有生物活力,因此说明,胰岛素分子的受体结合部位中,B_(24～25)两个苯丙氨酸侧链本身具有重要的地位。并不是因为失去它们后引起胰岛素构象变化而失活的。     

胰岛素类似物的内源萤光光谱

为了进一步了解胰岛素构象与功能的关系,测定了不同条件下胰岛素和它的类似物的内源萤光光谱,胰岛素类似物包括去B链羧端五肽胰岛素,去B链羧端七肽胰岛素和去B链羧端八肽胰岛素。它们的发射光谱的峰在306nm,激发光谱峰在277nm。不同pH值,不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠和温度变化对胰岛素的荧光光谱的影响和对类似物的影响非常相似。说明这些类似物的环境酪氨酸残基的微环境是相似的。由于去五肽胰岛素有接近于天然胰岛素的生物活力,去七肽胰岛素没有生物活力,因此说明,胰岛素分子的受体结合部位中,B_(24～25)两个苯丙氨酸侧链本身具有重要的地位。并不是因为失去它们后引起胰岛素构象变化而失活的。     

B链N端去二肽(B1～2)C端去五肽(B26～30)胰岛素晶体结构的分子置换法研究

以B链羧端去五肽胰岛素(DPI)结构为模型,应用分子置换法对B链N端去二肽(B1～2)C端去五肽(B26～30)胰岛素(DesB1～2DPI)晶体结构进行了研究.DesB1～2DPI晶体单位晶胞中每个结晶学不对称单位包含1个DesB1～2DPI分子.交叉旋转函数和平移函数搜索均找到了明显突出的峰,确定了DesB1～2DPI分子在晶胞中的取向和位置.进一步的三维模型重建和结构精化结果巩固了DesB1～2DPI的分子置换法研究的正确性.     

[B2-Lys]-胰岛素的制备与性质

本文报道了用化学半合成途径从天然猪胰岛素制备[B2-Lys]-胰岛素的过程。人胎盘细胞膜胰岛素受体结合试验表明:[B2-Lys]-胰岛素的受体结合能力只有天然胰岛素的80％,降兔血糖作用与时间关系的结果表明它没有长效作用。本文还对这些结果进行了讨论。     

胰岛素蛋白质工程: [B16Ala]胰岛素和[B26Ala]胰岛素——两个新型的速效人胰岛素

用大动物(猪)降血糖实验证明[B16Ala]胰岛素和[B26Ala]胰岛素是快速降血糖胰岛素. 它们的前体[B16Ala]PIP和[B26Ala]PIP, 在甲醇酵母体系中的分泌表达量分别为650和130 mg/L. 由于它们是新型的分别保留全部和几乎全部胰岛素体内生物活力的速效胰岛素, 且在甲醇酵母表达体系中得到比较高的表达量, 所以具有很好的临床应用前景.     

胰岛素研究的一些新进展——记一次非正式的专题讨论会

1984年3月14—15日在中国科学院生物物理所,由该所蛋白质晶体学研究室主持召开了一次非正式的专题讨论会,就国内外胰岛素的结构与功能关系研究动向作了广泛而热烈的讨论。会上有八个中心发言。梁栋材同志就他们最近获得的去五肽胰岛素晶体结构的仔细研究结果,与已知的胰岛素分子结构对比作了“去五肽胰岛素疏水面的启示”的发言。他说去五肽胰岛素之所以仍保有相当高的胰岛素活力,是由于它仍大体具备了胰岛素的那种能与其靶细胞膜表面受体分子相结合的疏水面。为     

Semisynthetic des-(B27-B30)-insulins with modified B26-tyrosine

Semisynthetic des-(B27-B30)-insulins containing modified B26-tyrosine residues were prepared to refine the understanding of the importance of position B26 with regard to biological and structural properties of the hormone. The following shortened insulin analogues were synthesized by trypsin-catalysed peptide-bond formation between the C-terminal amino acid ArgB22 of des-(B23-B30)-insulin and synthetic tetrapeptides as amino components: des-(B27-B30)-insulin, des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-methyl ester, -B26-carboxamide with varying C-terminal hydrophobicity of the B-chain, and [Tyr(NH2)B26]-, [Tyr(NO2)B26]-, [Tyr(I2)B26]-, [D-TyrB26]des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-carboxamide containing non-proteinogenic amino acids in position B26. Starting from insulin and an excess of synthetic Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-OMe as nucleophile, des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-methyl ester--the formal transpeptidation product at ArgB22--was formed in one step. Biological in vitro properties (binding to cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes, relative lipogenic potency in isolated rat adipocytes) of all semisynthetic analogues are reported, ranging from slightly decreased to two-fold receptor affinity and nearly three-fold biopotency relative to insulin. If the C-terminal tetrapeptide B27-B30 is removed, full relative insulin activity is still preserved, while the shortening results in the loss of ability to associate in solution. Only after carboxamidation or methyl esterification of TyrB26 the self-association typical of native insulin can be observed, and the CD-spectral effects in the near UV spectrum related to association and hexamerization of the native hormone are qualitatively reestablished. The results of this investigation underline the importance of position B26 to the modulation of hormonal properties and solution structure of the shortened insulins.     

Self-association of des-(B26-B30)-insulin. The effect of Ca2+ and some other divalent cations

It has been confirmed by sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity experiments that des-(B26-B30)-insulin does not self-associate at neutral pH. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments at pH 7, 25 degrees C were conducted to investigate the effects of the structurally and physiologically important divalent cations Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Ca2+ on the aggregation state of des-(B26-B30)-insulin (pig) in solution. It was found that all of these ions bring about association of this insulin analogue; Zn2+ and Cd2+ to a more marked degree than Pb2+ and Ca2+. The predominant species in solutions containing Zn2+ appear to be hexamers and hexameric aggregates, in those containing Cd2+, species up to and including tetramers, and in those containing Pb2+ and Ca2+, monomers and dimers of des-(B26-B30)-insulin appear to be the only species present. The possible significance of these findings, especially in relation to a role for Ca2+ in the action of insulin, is discussed.     

The solution structure of a monomeric insulin. A two-dimensional 1H-NMR study of des-(B26-B30)-insulin in combination with distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics.

The solution conformation of des-(B26-B30)-insulin (DPI) has been investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. A set of 250 approximate interproton distance restraints, derived from two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectra, were used as the basis of a structure determination using distance geometry (DG) and distance-bound driven dynamics (DDD). Sixteen DG structures were optimized using energy minimization (EM) and submitted to short 5-ps restrained molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations. A further refinement of the DDD structure with the lowest distance errors was done by energy minimization, a prolonged RMD simulation in vacuo and a time-averaged RMD simulation. An average structure was obtained from a trajectory generated during 20-ps RMD. The final structure was compared with the des-(B26-B30)-insulin crystal structure refined by molecular dynamics and the 2-Zn crystal structure of porcine insulin. This comparison shows that the overall structure of des-(B26-B30)-insulin is retained in solution with respect to the crystal structures with a high flexibility at the N-terminal part of the A chain and at the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the B chain. In the RMD run a high mobility of Gly A1, Asn A21 and of the side chain of Phe B25 is noticed. One of the conformations adopted by des-(B26-B30)-insulin in solution is similar to that of molecule 1 (Chinese nomenclature) in the crystal structure of porcine insulin.     

Structure-function relationships of shortened [LeuB25]insulins, semisynthetic analogues of a mutant human insulin

Replacement of B25-phenylalanine by leucine in the insulin sequence causes marked inactivation. The effect of this sequence variation was studied here in des-(B26-30)-insulin. [LeuB25]des-(B26-30)-insulin and its B25-amide were prepared by trypsin-mediated semisynthesis from N-terminally protected des-(B23-30)-insulin and synthetic tripeptides. The relative lipogenic potency in isolated rat adipocytes was 8.0% for the truncated analogue with a free B25-carboxyl function, and 18.1% for the amidated analogue. Binding to cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes was 4% and 9%, respectively. Thus, both shortened insulins are markedly more active than [LeuB25]insulin. The PheB25----LeuB25 substitution in both the shortened and the full sequence has a moderate effect on the CD spectrum, indicating that the gross main chain conformation is largely retained in both molecules. Independent of the substitution an absolute increase of the circular dichroism is observed upon amidation of the B25-carboxyl group.     

TyrB26位点改变的人类胰岛素类似物的化学合成与体外活性

摘要：为了研究人类胰岛素B链第26位的酪氨酸对胰岛素和受体之间的结合的影响,包括单独的氨基酸替换或化合物替换的不同的胰岛素类似物被合成,其中化合物替代的类似物的B链C末端都减少了4个氨基酸。在对它们与胰岛素受体的亲和力进行研究中,结果发现它们与胰岛素受体的亲和力没有丢失, HisB26类似物和N-MeHisB26类似物的结合能力与胰岛素相比改变不大,分别是胰岛素的72 %和107 %。N-MeGluB26类似物,AadB26类似物和Phe (4-carboxy) B26类似物的结合能力有很大的提高,分别是130 %, 234 %和160 %。     

Preparation of [B23-D-alanine]des-(B25-B30)-hexapeptide-insulin by a combination of enzymic and non-enzymic synthesis.

Des-(B25-B30)-hexapeptide-insulin with B23-glycine replaced by D-alanine was prepared by a combination of enzymic and non-enzymic syntheses. The purified product was homogeneous in polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and could be crystallized. The biological activity in vivo of crystalline [B23-D-Ala]des-(B25-B30)-hexapeptide-insulin was determined as 58% of that of standard pig insulin (27 i.u./mg).     

Insulin analogues with modifications at position B26. Divergence of binding affinity and biological activity

In this study, we prepared several shortened and full-length insulin analogues with substitutions at position B26. We compared the binding affinities of the analogues for rat adipose membranes with their ability to lower the plasma glucose level in nondiabetic Wistar rats in vivo after subcutaneous administration, and also with their ability to stimulate lipogenesis in vitro. We found that [NMeHisB26]-DTI-NH 2 and [NMeAlaB26]-DTI-NH 2 were very potent insulin analogues with respect to their binding affinities (214 and 465%, respectively, compared to that of human insulin), but they were significantly less potent than human insulin in vivo. Their full-length counterparts, [NMeHisB26]-insulin and [NMeAlaB26]-insulin, were less effective than human insulin with respect to binding affinity (10 and 21%, respectively) and in vivo activity, while [HisB26]-insulin exhibited properties similar to those of human insulin in all of the tests we carried out. The ability of selected analogues to stimulate lipogenesis in adipocytes was correlated with their biological potency in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that the B26 residue and residues B26-B30 have ambiguous roles in binding affinity and in vivo activity. We hypothesize that our shortened analogues, [NMeHisB26]-DTI-NH 2 and [NMeAlaB26]-DTI-NH 2, have different modes of interaction with the insulin receptor compared with natural insulin and that these different modes of interaction result in a less effective metabolic response of the insulin receptor, despite the high binding potency of these analogues.     

High resolution 1H-NMR studies of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin; assignment of resonances and properties of aromatic residues

The assignments of 1H resonances of the eight aromatic residues of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin are reported, based on pH titration, selective spin decoupling and its 500 MHz 1H two-dimensional (2D)-COSY spectrum. The pK values of the three tyrosines A14, A19 and B16 are 10.84, 11.27 and 10.40, respectively. Tyrosine A19 is buried in a hydrophobic environment, while Tyrosine B16 is exposed in a relatively hydrophilic state. Among the three phenylalanines, the ring proton resonances of Phe-B25 undergo abnormal upfield shifts, probably due to the ring currents of the nearby Phe-B24 and Tyr-B16. From this study of the low-field region of 1H-NMR spectrum of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin, we conclude that this molecule probably maintains the major structural features of insulin in aqueous solution, but there are some readjustments of the peptide conformation.     

The use of Fmoc-Lys(Pac)-OH and penicillin G acylase in the preparation of novel semisynthetic insulin analogs.

In this paper, we present the detailed synthetic protocol and characterization of Fmoc-Lys(Pac)-OH, its use for the preparation of octapeptides H-Gly-Phe-Tyr-N-MePhe-Thr-Lys(Pac)-Pro-Thr-OH and H-Gly-Phe-Phe-His-Thr-Pro-Lys(Pac)-Thr-OH by solid-phase synthesis, trypsin-catalyzed condensation of these octapeptides with desoctapeptide(B23-B30)-insulin, and penicillin G acylase catalyzed cleavage of phenylacetyl (Pac) group from Nepsilon-amino group of lysine to give novel insulin analogs [TyrB25, N-MePheB26,LysB28,ProB29]-insulin and [HisB26]-insulin. These new analogs display 4 and 78% binding affinity respectively to insulin receptor in rat adipose membranes.     

1H n.m.r. studies of insulin. Assignment of resonances and properties of tyrosine residues.

The assignment of the aromatic 1H n.m.r. resonances of the four tyrosine residues of bovine 2-zinc insulin is reported, based on double resonance techniques, use of Hahn spin echo pulse sequences and examination of specific derivatives nitrated at tyrosines A14 and A19 as well as des-(B26-B30)-insulin. Titration curves of the four tyrosine residues show that residues A14 and B16 have normal pK' values of 10.3-10.6 in solution, consistent with their accessibility to solvent in monomer and dimer in the crystal. Tyrosine residues A19 and B26 have pK' values of 11.4 and exhibit other features in their titration curves that are consistent with limited accessibility to solvent and a nonpolar environment. The meta protons of residues B16 and B26 both observe the titration of a nearby tyrosine residue, probably A19. Interpretation of the n.m.r. data obtained in solution is consistent with the crystallographic data for the monomer and dimer obtained on insulin crystals [Blundell, Dodson, Hodgkin & Mercola (1972) Adv. Protein Chem. 26, 279-402].