一种适用于生产转染色体动物的微细胞制备方法

微细胞介导的染色体转移技术(MMCT)是一项将外源染色体转入哺乳动物细胞的技术,具有广阔的应用前景.与体细胞核移植技术结合,MMCT可用于生产具有重要医学药用价值和优良农业生产性状的转染色体动物.制备高质量的微细胞是关系MMCT技术成功的关键步骤之一.通过荧光染色和吉姆萨染色分析,结果表明,A9(neo12)细胞经0.2mg/L秋水仙素酰胺处理48h后,89%的细胞产生微核化,每个细胞平均形成10个微核.微核化的细胞在含有20mg/L细胞松弛B的Percoll密度梯度介质中,经39000g高速离心后,包含微细胞、完整细胞、细胞核和细胞碎片的混合液,依次通过8μm和5μm孔径的滤膜过滤后可获得纯化的微细胞溶液.通过光学显微镜和吉姆萨染色观察,可见微细胞为一群直径约为3～5μm的类细胞核的球形物质.微细胞PCR技术首次用于检测微细胞溶液的质量,检测结果显示,所制备的溶液中均匀分布着带有目的染色体的微细胞,适用于进一步作转染色体动物实验.     

产生人抗体的转染色体动物研究进展

现已证明,应用抗体治疗疾病是一种非常成功的方法。单克隆抗体的生产使免疫治疗达到一个新水平,但鼠源单抗在治疗人体疾病方面有很多问题,而人源化抗体可以解决这些问题。目前抗体人源化已由鼠嵌合抗体发展到了转基因动物表达完全人抗体阶段,而人类人工染色体(HAC)载体的发展和微细胞介导的转染色体技术使得产生携带人类免疫球蛋白基因位点的转染色体动物成为可能。通过HAC将人的免疫球蛋白基因转入后,这类转染色体动物可以产生大量人源化多克隆抗体,这对预防及治疗疾病,甚至防御生物武器都有很重要的作用。转染色体技术可以使动物携带大而复杂的人类基因或基因簇,这些转基因动物有助于研究人类基因组在体内的功能作用,并用于各种疾病研究和生产药物蛋白。     

人类新型Krüppel类转录因子hBKLF的cDNA克隆、亚细胞定位及表达特征

人胎肝cDNA文库FLD4585克隆可能编码一种造血相关的转录因子,本文旨在从22周孕龄人胎肝中获得其编码基因的全长cDNA序列,分析其编码蛋白的功能域、基因组结构、染色体定位、亚细胞定位及表达谱特征.采用5′RACE方法获得FLD4585克隆全长;生物信息学方法确定hBKLF基因结构、染色体定位及功能域特征;GFP融合蛋白技术确定hBKLF亚细胞定位;Northern 杂交、RT-PCR、Western印迹方法分析其表达谱.结果获得了FLD4585克隆编码的hBKLF cDNA全长序列,它含1810 bp,编码345个氨基酸,与小鼠BKLF同源,C端含3个特征性C2H2结构的锌指,是KLF转录因子家族的新成员.hBKLF基因跨越33 kb,含6个外显子和5个内含子,位于4号染色体4p15.2～p16.1.GFP-hBKLF融合蛋白在COS-7细胞中呈细小点状分布于核内,核仁区无分布.hBKLF含有两个转录本,大小为4.4 kb～7.5 kb和1.35 kb～2.4 kb.大转录本在成人及胎儿组织广泛表达,小转录本在外周血白细胞、肝脏和骨髓表达量最高,红系和粒系细胞均表达hBKLF.hBKLF表达量随肝脏发育成熟而下降,随红系、粒系成熟而升高.以上研究提示hBKLF可能是一种在体内广泛发挥作用的转录因子,在造血的调控中可能有重要作用.     

13q14断裂重排与非小细胞肺癌转移潜能关系的研究

肿瘤转移的细胞经常存在染色体数目异常和结构畸变,在多种有转移潜能的肿瘤细胞中都涉及到13q14的异常。以往研究表明在同一组织来源但转移潜能不同的肺腺癌细胞系AGZY83-a和Anip973中存在13q14的断裂重排。采用mRNA差异展示技术（mRNA DD）分析这一对细胞系得到的差异表达基因BRI基因位于13q14。为了进一步分析肺癌细胞的转移潜能与13q14断裂重排间的关系,采用13q涂染探针对具有不同转移潜能的非小细胞肺癌细胞系PAa、SPC-1-A和95D中期分裂相进行G显带后的荧光原位杂交分析。结果发现在3个肺癌细胞系中有多种13号染色体长臂的结构异常,其中此3个细胞系均涉及13q32-33的频发断裂。但是低转移肺癌细胞系PAa、SPC-1-A均未涉及13q14的断裂,而高转移肺癌细胞系95D的两种细胞克隆均可见13q14的断裂。提示13q14断裂点与肺癌细胞的转移能力有一定的相关性,两者之间的遗传学意义需要进一步研究探索。     

鸡源细胞基因沉默及快速筛选的实用型双标记RNAi载体

利用人H1 RNA启动子、EGFP基因及Neomycin抗性基因,构建用于禽类细胞基因持续沉默和快速筛选的实用型RNAi载体。在将pCDNA3.1(+)载体上的SV40启动子替换为鸡源的β-actin启动子后,装入EGFP基因表达框以及用于驱动外源shRNA转录的人H1 RNA启动子,构建成同时具有EGFP和Neomycin抗性双标记的RNAi载体,并为载体引入独特设计的含媒介序列的多克隆位点以方便外源shRNA编码小片断插入后的快速筛选,载体设计非常实用。插入靶向EGFP和sIgM λ基因的shRNA编码序列后分别瞬时转染DF-1和DT40细胞,结果显示靶基因表达得到了明显抑制。联用EGFP和Neomycin双标记快速筛选sIgM λ轻链基因稳定沉默的DT40细胞克隆的结果也证实,H1启动子转录shRNA的干扰效果是高效的,双标记筛选策略不仅有效而且方便、快捷。     

人—小鼠淋巴细胞杂交瘤中抗体分泌和人染色体丢失的关系

本文应用G带,G11和C带染色体制片的方法分析16个人一小鼠杂交瘤抗体分泌和人染色体丢失的关系。结果表明抗体阳性的9株杂交瘤保留人的染色体较多,7/9在13条以上,阴性的7株中4/7在5条以下。Ig基因相关的三对人染色体中,14号(重链基因相关)最稳定,22号(入链基因相关)其次,2号(K链基因相关)最易丢失。9株以SHM-D33为融合亲本瘤系的杂交瘤,没有1株保留第2号染色体,而用RF瘤系建立的4株杂交瘤中有3株拥有2号染色体,提示2号的丢失可能也与瘤系相关。     

敲除山羊胎儿成纤维细胞中的抗体重链基因

在针对大动物的精确基因修饰研究中,基于体细胞的同源重组是唯一可行与有效的方法．其中,沉默基因位点的重组尤为困难．为获得抗体基因功能缺失的山羊用于人源化抗体的研究,通过体细胞同源重组技术,首次成功地获得了抗体基因敲除的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞株,该细胞株可用于体细胞克隆制备抗体基因功能缺失的转基因山羊．以35日龄的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞（GEF88）基因组DNA为模板,扩增山羊抗体重链J-Cμ基因作为同源臂,构建了同基因型的正负筛选打靶载体GTIgH．将此打靶载体经电穿孔的方法转染GEF88细胞,并通过0．8mg／L的嘌呤霉素进行药物筛选,获得了362个抗性细胞克隆,PCR、测序及DNA印迹鉴定结果显示,其中的GT211抗性细胞克隆为中靶细胞,该细胞克隆中的抗体重链基因的一条等位基因已被成功敲除．     

基于细菌人工染色体的大基因质粒制备及应用研究

细菌人工染色体(BAC)最多可克隆300 kb的DNA片段且遗传特性稳定,是目前常用的克隆载体.但如何高效提取BAC装载的大基因及其大基因操作等方面还需不断的摸索完善.本研究采用超大基因质粒提取法从BAC中提取出165 kb的大基因,经Nanodrop测定浓度、酶切、脉冲场电泳,表明获得目标基因;将获得的大基因质粒转染猪胎儿成纤维细胞,经抗性筛选,获得细胞克隆;克隆细胞经PCR检测,证明大基因质粒被完整地导入猪胎儿成纤维细胞.本研究为构建细菌人工染色体提够基础数据.     

潮霉素抗性3T3细胞的建立和鉴定

目的　建立具有潮霉素 (hygromycin)抗性的 3T3细胞系 ,用于转染目的基因 (pTRE Ins human)的ES阳性细胞克隆筛选的饲养层。方法　通过脂质体转染的方法 ,将含有潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因的质粒pHyg导入 3T3细胞中 ,利用潮霉素的药物选择特性 ,对转染细胞进行压力筛选 ,并对其进行PCR鉴定。结果　经 5 0 0 μg ml的潮霉素压力筛选后 ,获得了抗性细胞克隆。抗性 3T3细胞的形态和生长速度与正常 3T3细胞没有差异 ,特异性核苷酸引物检测抗性细胞基因组DNA ,可以扩增出对应的核苷酸片段。结论　成功地培育了潮霉素抗性的 3T3细胞 ,为进行目的基因 (pTRE Ins human)转染ES细胞的阳性细胞克隆筛选奠定了基础。     

Human Artificial Chromosome with a Conditional Centromere for Gene Delivery and Gene Expression

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs), which carry a fully functional centromere and are maintained as a single-copy episome, are not associated with random mutagenesis and offer greater control over expression of ectopic genes on the HAC. Recently, we generated a HAC with a conditional centromere, which includes the tetracycline operator (tet-O) sequence embedded in the alphoid DNA array. This conditional centromere can be inactivated, loss of the alphoid^tet-O (tet-O HAC) by expression of tet-repressor fusion proteins. In this report, we describe adaptation of the tet-O HAC vector for gene delivery and gene expression in human cells. A loxP cassette was inserted into the tet-O HAC by homologous recombination in chicken DT40 cells following a microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). The tet-O HAC with the loxP cassette was then transferred into Chinese hamster ovary cells, and EGFP transgene was efficiently and accurately incorporated into the tet-O HAC vector. The EGFP transgene was stably expressed in human cells after transfer via MMCT. Because the transgenes inserted on the tet-O HAC can be eliminated from cells by HAC loss due to centromere inactivation, this HAC vector system provides important novel features and has potential applications for gene expression studies and gene therapy.     

吊兰染色体核型分析

对吊兰体细胞染色体计数,并进行核型分析。结果表明,吊兰染色体数目为2n=28;核型公式为2n=2x=28=4m+14sm+10st;染色体相对长度组成为2n=28=4L+14M2+10M1,属于3B型;全组染色体总长73.84μm,长臂总长为53.59μm;核型不对称系数为72.58%;染色体总体积为101.94μm³。     

Measurement of transcribed human X-chromosomal DNA sequences transferred to rodent cells by chromosome-mediated gene transfer.

Transfer of genetic information can be effected by incubation of cultured eucaryotic cells with isolated metaphase chromosomes. In most cases, a resulting transformed cell contains only a fragment of a donor chromosome. The amount of transferred donor DNA has been quantified in 11 independent mouse A9 transformants by nucleic acid hybridization analysis. Each transformant had been selected for hprt (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.8) transfer and contained part of the human X chromosome. A labeled probe of transcribed human X-chromosomal DNA was prepared by hybridization of nick-translated unique-sequence human DNA with whole cellular RNA from a human-mouse hybrid cell line, A9/HRBC2-A, containing a single human chromosome., X. The amount of human X-chromosomal DNA in the transformants was quantitated by comparing the hybridization of this probe with transformant and A9/HRBC2-A DNAs. Two unstable transformants which had a microscopically detectable donor chromosome fragment contained 15% of the human X-chromosomal single-copy DNA. Four other unstable transformants contained 4 to 7% of human X-chromosomal DNA sequences. The transferred DNA was below the level of detection in three other unstable and in all three stable transformants. We conclude that the initial transfer event can introduce a substantial amount of genetic information but only smaller amounts of DNA are stably incorporated by integration.     

The transfer of human artificial chromosomes via cryopreserved microcells

Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) technology enables a single and intact mammalian chromosome or megabase-sized chromosome fragments to be transferred from donor to recipient cells. The conventional MMCT method is performed immediately after the purification of microcells. The timing of the isolation of microcells and the preparation of recipient cells is very important. Thus, ready-made microcells can improve and simplify the process of MMCT. Here, we established a cryopreservation method to store microcells at −80 °C, and compared these cells with conventionally- (immediately-) prepared cells with respect to the efficiency of MMCT and the stability of a human artificial chromosome (HAC) transferred to human HT1080 cells. The HAC transfer in microcell hybrids was confirmed by FISH analysis. There was no significant difference between the two methods regarding chromosome transfer efficiency and the retention rate of HAC. Thus, cryopreservation of ready-to-use microcells provides an improved and simplified protocol for MMCT.     

Determination of the chromosomal site for the human radiosensitive ataxia telangiectasia gene by chromosome transfer

The chromosomal localization of the gene which complements radiation hypersensitivity of AT cells was studied by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. A 6-thioguanine-resistant derivative of an immortalized AT cell line, AT2KYSVTG, was used as a recipient for microcell-mediated chromosome transfer from 4 strains of mouse A9 cells, 3 of which carried a human X/11 recombinant chromosome containing various regions of chromosome 11, while the other carried an intact X chromosome. HAT-resistant microcell hybrids were isolated and examined for their radiosensitivity and chromosome constitution. The microcell hybrid clones obtained from the transfer of an intact X chromosome or an X/11 chromosome bearing the pter → q13 region of chromosome 11 did not show a difference in radiosensitivity from parental AT cells, while those obtained from the transfer of X/11 chromosomes bearing either the p11 → qter or the pter → q23 region of chromosome 11 exhibited a marked radioresistance which was comparable to normal human fibroblasts. A HAT-resistant but radiosensitive variant was further obtained from the microcell fusion with an A9 cell strain carrying an X/11 chromosome bearing the 11p11 → qter region, in which a deletion at the 11q23 region was found. The results indicate that the gene which complements a radiosensitive phenotype of AT is located at the q23 region of chromosome 11.     

Introduction of new genetic markers on human chromosomes

The purpose of this study was to use DNA transfection and microcell chromosome transfer techniques to engineer a human chromosome containing multiple biochemical markers for which selectable growth conditions exist. The starting chromosome was a t(X;3)(3pter----3p12::Xq26----Xpter) chromosome from a reciprocal translocation in the normal human fibroblast cell line GM0439. This chromosome was transferred to a HPRT (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase)-deficient mouse A9 cell line by microcell fusion and selected under growth conditions (HAT medium) for the HPRT gene on the human t(X;3) chromosome. A resultant HAT-resistant cell line (A9(GM0439)-1) contained a single human t(X;3) chromosome. In order to introduce a second selectable genetic marker to the t(X;3) chromosome, A9(GM0439)-1 cells were transfected with pcDneo plasmid DNA. Colonies resistant to both G418 and HAT medium (G418r/HATr) were selected. To obtain A9 cells that contained a t(X;3) chromosome with an integrated neo gene, the microcell transfer step was repeated and doubly resistant cells were selected. G418r/HATr colonies arose at a frequently of 0.09 to 0.23 x 10(-6) per recipient cell. Of seven primary microcell hybrid clones, four yielded G418r/HATr clones at a detectable frequency (0.09 to 3.4 x 10(-6)) after a second round of microcell transfer. Doubly resistant cells were not observed after microcell chromosome transfers from three clones, presumably because the markers were on different chromosomes. The secondary G418r/HATr microcell hybrids contained at least one copy of the human t(X;3) chromosome and in situ hybridization with one of these clones confirmed the presence of a neo-tagged t(X;3) human chromosome. These results demonstrate that microcell chromosome transfer can be used to select chromosomes containing multiple markers.     

Efficient modification of a human chromosome by telomere-directed truncation in high homologous recombination-proficient chicken DT40 cells.

Truncation of human chromosomes at desired sites by homologous recombination techniques enables functional and structural analyses of human chromosomes and development of human artificial chromosomes. However, this targeted truncation has been inefficient. We describe here an efficient method for targeted truncation in the chicken DT40 cells with a high homologous recombination rate. The human chromosome 22 was transferred into DT40 cells, where human telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n was targeted to the LIF locus on the chromosome. Molecular and cytogenetic analyses showed that the predicted truncation at the LIF locus occurred in all of the targeted clones.     

High yields of isochromatid breaks and successive formation of chromosome exchanges may lead to reproductive cell death following high-LET irradiation

To clarify the relationship between cell death and chromosomal aberrations following exposure to heavy-charged ion particles beams, exponentially growing Human Salivary Gland Tumor cells (HSG cells) were irradiated with various kinds of high energy heavy ions; 13 keV/μm carbon ions as a low-LET charged particle radiation source, 120 keV/μm carbon ions and 440 keV/μm iron ions as high-LET charged particle radiation sources. X-rays (200 kVp) were used as a reference. Reproductive cell death was evaluated by clonogenic assays, and the chromatid aberrations in G2/M phase and their repairing kinetics were analyzed by the calyculin A induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) method. High-LET heavy-ion beams introduced much more severe and un-repairable chromatid breaks and isochromatid breaks in HSG cells than low-LET irradiation. In addition, the continuous increase of exchange aberrations after irradiation occurred in the high-LET irradiated cells. The cell death, initial production of isochromatid breaks and subsequent formation of chromosome exchange seemed to be depend similarly on LET with a maximum RBE peak around 100–200 keV/μm of LET value. Conversely, un-rejoined isochromatid breaks or chromatid breaks/gaps seemed to be less effective in reproductive cell death. These results suggest that the continuous yield of chromosome exchange aberrations induced by high-LET ionizing particles is a possible reason for the high RBE for cell death following high-LET irradiation, alongside other chromosomal aberrations additively or synergistically.     

Human chromosome 9 can complement UV sensitivity of xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells

A single human chromosome derived from normal human fibroblasts and tagged with the G418 resistance gene was transferred into SV40-transformed xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP-A) cells via microcell fusion. When chromosome 1 or 12 was transferred, UV sensitivity of microcell hybrid cells was not changed. By contrast, after transferring chromosome 9, 7 of 11 recipient clones were as UV-resistant as normal human cells. Four other clones were still as UV-sensitive as the parental XP-A cells. Southern hybridization analysis using a polymorphic probe, pEKZ19.3, which is homologous to a sequence of the D9S17 locus on chromosome 9, has confirmed that at least a part of normal human chromosome 9 was transferred into the recipient clones. However, amounts of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in the UV-resistant clones were only one-third of those in normal human cells. These results indicate that a gene on chromosome 9 can confer complementation of high UV sensitivity of XP-A cells although it is still possible that 2 or more genes might be involved in the defective-repair phenotypes of XP-A.