川西亚高山3个优势树种不同径级根系分解特征

采用埋袋法对川西亚高山3个优势树种(岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦)细根(≤2 mm)、中根(2～5 mm)和粗根(≥5 mm)质量损失率及碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)在经历生长季和非生长季之后释放特征进行研究.结果表明： 红桦质量残留率低于岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉.同一树种,质量残留率总体上随根系径级增加而增加.非生长季的质量损失率占全年质量损失率的52.1%～64.4%.红桦C释放率最高,岷江冷杉最低,且随根系直径的增粗,C释放率降低.岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉N释放模式为非生长季富集、生长季释放,而红桦反之.富集期间,径级越大,富集量越多.3个树种各径级根系P动态在非生长季和生长季皆表现为富集-释放模式,且岷江冷杉P富集程度显著高于粗枝云杉和红桦,但各径级之间差异总体不显著.根系径级对川西亚高山森林根系分解具有显著影响,而径级影响与树种和分解时期有一定关系.     

青藏高原东缘红桦-岷江冷杉次生林中大径级保留木对其他林木的影响

为了研究森林采伐后保留木在次生群落恢复过程中对其他林木的影响, 采用Hegyi单木竞争指数(CI)和标记相关点格局k_d(r)函数对4 hm ²红桦-岷江冷杉(Betula albosinensis-Abies faxoniana)次生林样地中大径级保留木与其他林木的空间关系进行了分析。结果表明: 1)优势树种红桦(Betula albosinensis)与岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的种间、种内竞争中, 种间Hegyi单木竞争指数(CI) (2.484) >红桦种内CI (1.711) >岷江冷杉种内CI (1.548); 2)大径级保留木与其他径级林木间的竞争指数中, 红桦大径级保留木与红桦小树的竞争指数最大, 红桦大径级保留木与岷江冷杉小树、岷江冷杉大径级保留木与红桦小树和岷江冷杉小树这三组的竞争指数之间无显著差异, 且三者的值最小; 3)在14.5-15.5 m尺度上, 红桦大径级保留木与岷江冷杉幼树呈显著的空间正关联; 在6.5-7.5 m的尺度上, 岷江冷杉大径级保留木与岷江冷杉幼树呈显著的空间负关联; 0-100 m尺度上, 岷江冷杉幼苗(树龄≥4年)与两种大径级保留木均呈相互独立的空间关系。     

闽东沿海防护林台风灾害的影响因子

以2010年台风"鲇鱼"(编号1013)为例,调查闽东主要海防林树种台风受灾情况,并对其影响因子进行分析,结果表明:1)不同树种受害程度差异明显,阔叶树种受害重于针叶树种,平均受害级和受害指数分别高出79.1%和76.7%。其中,桉树受灾最重,平均受害级和受害指数分别比湿地松、木麻黄高出90.5%、36.2%和86.7%、36.6%。受灾类型中,折干现象最严重,比例高达40.7%。2)林木不同形态特征受灾程度差异显著,折干类型集中于12～14cm径级,比例为56.8%,倒伏、掘根类型集中10～12cm,比例为57.9%,弯干、断稍现象径级分布较均匀,但同在14cm比例最高,分别为28.6%和18.3%。林木抗风性能与植株尖削度成正相关,而与树高、树冠面积、树冠相对高度成负相关。3)地形条件是影响林木受灾的重要因素,表现为受灾程度迎风坡大于背风坡,陡坡大于缓坡,同一坡向上,迎风坡下腹大于上腹,背风坡正好相反。4)割脂对湿地松抗风性能有较大影响,割脂林木受害指数比未割脂高40.6%,因割脂发生折干植株比例为92.7%。     

光质对东北次生林生态系统主要树种种子萌发的影响

以东北次生林生态系统5个主要树种(日本落叶松、黄檗、色木槭、水曲柳和红松)种子为对象,采取室内控制(5个主要树种)和野外模拟(红松和日本落叶松)相结合的方法,研究光质对种子萌发的影响.室内和实际林分下分别设置了4种不同光质类型处理(以黑暗为对照)和3个红光/远红光比值(R/FR)梯度.结果表明:不同光质类型除对日本落叶松种子萌发的影响不显著外,对其他4个树种种子萌发影响均显著.其中,黄檗种子萌发率在白光下达到最高,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发率在红光-远红光-红光照射下达到最高.林分内试验结果与室内一致,红松种子萌发率随林内R/FR下降而明显下降,落叶松种子萌发则不受光质的影响.在自然林分条件下,R/FR随着光斑活动不断变化,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发格局可能是对森林光斑环境适应的结果.大粒种子萌发显著受光质的影响.     

腐烂等级和径级对天宝岩长苞铁杉林木质残体理化性质的影响

木质残体是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其理化性质影响木质残体的分解.本研究以集中分布于天宝岩国家级自然保护区的长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata)林木质残体为对象,将4个不同类型林分的木质残体划分为5个腐烂等级和4个径级,研究林分类型、腐烂等级、径级及其交互作用对木质残体理化性质的影响.结果 表明:从物...     

云冷杉天然次生林死木分布格局及空间关联性

为揭示天然次生林群落演替规律,以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的云冷杉天然次生林为对象,采用相邻网格法调查样地(100 m×100 m)内每株林木(DBH≥1 cm)的基本特征及坐标位置,研究死木的分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: 死木的径级分布呈左偏单峰山状分布,其中枯倒木呈多峰山状分布;各树种的死木株数与该树种的总株数没有必然联系;树种死木株数与树种混交度之间存在显著负指数关系;死木主要在0～8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,逐渐转变为随机分布或均匀分布,以随机分布为主;中(10 cm≤DBH＜20 cm)、小径级(1 cm≤DBH＜10 cm)死木在8 m以下的小尺度上的聚集分布是造成死木总体在小尺度上呈聚集分布的主要原因。不同径级死木与不同径级活立木的空间关联性差异较大,死木与幼树(1 cm≤DBH＜5 cm)的关系较为明显,尤其是大径级死木与幼树在2～25 m尺度上呈显著正关联性;死木与小树(5 cm≤DBH＜15 cm)没有明显的关联性;中、小径级死木与中树(15 cm≤DBH＜25 cm)在0～3 m尺度上呈正关联性,与大树(DBH≥25 cm)分别在9、11～14 m以及15、42～45 m尺度上呈负关联性。树种在生物学特性、径级分布和空间布局上的差异影响着死木的株数和径级分布;混交程度低的树种可能出现较多的死木;死木空间分布格局随林木径级和研究尺度的大小产生变化;死木与活立木的空间关联性在不同径级和不同尺度上呈现出明显差异。     

光质对东北次生林生态系统主要树种种子萌发的影响

以东北次生林生态系统5个主要树种（日本落叶松、黄檗、色木槭、水曲柳和红松）种子为对象,采取室内控制(5个主要树种)和野外模拟(红松和日本落叶松)相结合的方法,研究光质对种子萌发的影响.室内和实际林分下分别设置了4种不同光质类型处理（以黑暗为对照）和3个红光/远红光比值(R/FR)梯度.结果表明： 不同光质类型除对日本落叶松种子萌发的影响不显著外,对其他4个树种种子萌发影响均显著.其中,黄檗种子萌发率在白光下达到最高,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发率在红光-远红光-红光照射下达到最高.林分内试验结果与室内一致,红松种子萌发率随林内R/FR下降而明显下降,落叶松种子萌发则不受光质的影响.在自然林分条件下,R/FR随着光斑活动不断变化,色木槭、水曲柳和红松种子萌发格局可能是对森林光斑环境适应的结果.大粒种子萌发显著受光质的影响.     

基于结构方程模型的兴安落叶松天然林更新影响因素

以大兴安岭新林林业局翠岗林场49块兴安落叶松不同蓄积占比的固定样地调查数据为基础,分别从林分非空间结构、林分空间结构、林木多样性、土壤条件和立地条件5个方面37项观测指标,在相关性分析的基础上,构建林分尺度更新密度和更新多样性(包括树高和地径)的结构方程模型,并计算各路径的直接、间接和总影响系数,量化和提取影响大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林更新密度和更新多样性的关键可控因素,为该地区森林的可持续经营提供理论基础和技术依据。结果表明: 对林分更新密度影响最大的潜变量依次为:林分非空间结构(-0.410)>林木多样性(0.380)>土壤条件(0.250)>立地条件(0.249)>林分空间结构(0.197);对林分更新多样性影响最大的潜变量依次为:土壤条件(0.778)>立地条件(0.748)>林分空间结构(0.684)>林分非空间结构(0.287)>林木多样性(0.105)。综合来看,影响更新密度和多样性的共性观测变量主要为:pH值、全钾、树种多样性、树高多样性、角尺度和单位蓄积。在后续经营中,可通过采伐或补植阔叶树种的方式来优化和调整林分的树种组成、多样性、土壤pH值和养分等特征,最终达到促进天然更新的目的。     

地形和林分空间结构对浙江省天然阔叶混交林主要先锋树种胸径生长的影响

基于2019、2021年浙江省森林资源连续清查数据,选取天然阔叶混交林样地,运用多项式回归等统计方法,分析地形和林分空间结构对主要先锋树种年均胸径生长量的影响。结果表明：木荷、青冈、白栎、柯、甜槠和苦槠胸径分别介于5～50.8、5～41.5、5～50.8、5～43.9、5～55.5和5～46.1 cm,划分为小径级(6～12 cm)、中径级(14～24 cm)和大径级(>26 cm)3个径级。木荷和青冈的年均胸径生长量分别以半阴坡和阴坡最高,各径级增幅分别为2.9%～15.7%和1.1%～41.2%。随坡度的增加,大径级木荷、柯、甜槠和苦槠年均胸径生长量均降低,木荷降幅最高,为27.0%;而各小、中径级林木整体上无显著差异。坡位对各小径级林木年均胸径生长量整体上无显著影响,而中、大径级木荷、青冈和大径级白栎、柯年均胸径生长量随着从下坡、中坡、上坡到山脊的坡位变化整体上均降低,其中柯降幅最高,为28.1%,甜槠的变化则相反。适当提高混交度有利于中、大径级林木年均胸径生长量的增加,木荷以中度混交为宜,青冈、白栎和柯以低、中度混交为宜,而苦槠和甜槠以强度混交为宜;小径级林木各混交度下无...     

影响天然林下层植物物种多样性的林分因子的研究

以我国东北过伐林区3种典型森林类型为对象,用多元逐步回归方法来研究影响天然林下层植物多样性的林分因子,尤其是与森林经营有关的林分因子,从而通过经营来维持和增加物种多样性。研究表明,与经营有关的因子中对下层植物多样性有显著影响的有林分郁闭度、公顷株数和树种多样性。因此,在林分发展的一定阶段,应采取合理经营措施如采伐来控制林分密度,保持多树种的混交,来维持和增加树种多样性。     

台风对森林的影响

台风通过树枝折断、吹落叶果、产生倒木和折干等许多途径影响林分结构和动态。森林受害程度随树种、林龄、森林类型、树高和地形而异。高密度的森林通常具有较差的根系和较大的树高/胸径比值,在台风袭击下,往往具有较高的受损和死亡的风险。台风疏开郁闭的林冠层,促进了先锋树种的大量增加、生长和成熟,形成的林隙也为个体更新提供了机会。强风造成了土壤基质的多样化,从而促进了实生苗和幼树的更新和生物多样性的增加。台风也通过改变粗木质残体,枯枝落叶层,地洞和土墩,以及繁殖可用性来影响生物多样性。台风产生的粗死木和枯枝落叶使森林的碳储量迅速归还土壤,并影响土壤的养分分布。台风减少了动物的食物供应和恶化栖息地的环境,减少鸟的数量,促进昆虫扩散。受害森林给害虫滋生提供了场所。今后的研究热点是受台风干扰森林的长期监测,不同森林土壤的有机碳贮藏,土壤和养分流失规律,台风和其他自然灾害的交叉影响,改进数学模型以准确预测台风损害。     

飓风和台风对沿海地区森林生态系统的影响

飓风和台风是影响热带和温带沿海区域的主要灾害性气候之一,飓风和台风对于森林生态系统的影响是生态学关注的课题。综述了飓风和台风登陆对于森林生态系统树木和林分的危害影响形式及主要影响因素,着重举例阐述了树种和森林类型是影响台风危害程度的一个重要因素。分析了目前国际上开展的关于飓风和台风登陆对于森林生态系统碳、氮循环的影响,结果表明飓风、台风干扰导致的森林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解速率以及森林碳储存量动态变化较为复杂,与森林类型、林分空间位置以及台风过后的时间段密切相关。飓风引起的森林受损的恢复途径和机理与树冠受损严重程度直接相关,并受到光和水分条件的影响,及时的开花、结果以及充足的土壤种子库对森林植被恢复具有促进作用。在景观和区域尺度量化飓风和台风对沿海地区森林生态系统的影响也日益引起关注,在这方面,整合气象数据、遥感数据和地面调查的模型模拟方法起到重要的作用。今后应加强对于我国东南沿海地区森林生态系统遭受台风影响损失的生态监测和长期定位研究,加强关于台风对于不同森林生态系统类型和不同树种的危害形式和危害程度的研究,以及台风对于森林生态系统碳、氮循环影响的研究,弥补我国在以上领域的空白。     

Vulnerability to strong winds for major tree species in a northern Japanese mixed forest: analyses of historical data

This study examined historical census data to evaluate the vulnerability of major tall-tree species in northern Japan to strong winds. Intensive data, which measured more than 20,000 damaged trees (defined as trees that were killed or lost their major crown) in >500 ha of a natural mixed forest, were collected immediately after a severe typhoon in 1954. More than half of the damaged trees had been uprooted, and the negative size-dependency was found for the proportion of uprooting throughout species. Simple correlation analyses with respect to the averaged species-specific characteristics suggested that tree species with a high crown-depth/height tended to uproot (against to stem breakage) in a size-class with diameter at breast height 30–50 cm. Although the census data had yielded no information about non-damaged trees, the estimation of pre-disturbed stand (based on 63 1-ha plot data together with aerial photographs and GIS) revealed that the observed damage reached ca. 25% in terms of basal area. The proportion of damaged trees seemed to be doubled among species (15–42% in basal area). A higher proportion of uprooting, which indicates a large supply of tip-up mounds, and mixture of less vulnerable species, might contribute to recovery process after a wind disturbance in this type of mixed forests.     

The effects of a typhoon on Japanese warm temperate rainforests

A powerful typhoon (Typhoon No. 13) affected stands of primary warm temperate rainforest in Yakushima, southern Japan, in 1993. Censuses in three sites 1–5 months after the typhoon showed low levels of mortality resulting from the typhoon (0.4–3.0% of stems). Stems killed by the typhoon were generally larger than surviving stems. Among surviving stems there were generally low levels of damage (e.g. 0.5–1.3% of surviving stems lost crowns) and not all damage was widespread (e.g. defoliation was apparent only in one of three sites). The sizes of uprooted stems, stems that lost crowns and relatively undamaged stems were not different. Different species appeared to be damaged in different ways at different sites. Damage was most evident in higher altitude seaward sites but gap formation was more frequent in lower altitude sites near valley floors. After the typhoon the resultant gap area occupied 9.4% of one site and 8.6% of another, which is greater than that before the typhoon. Fresh sprouts were found on 17.35% of 2161 stems after the typhoon, including many apparently undamaged stems as well as those that were damaged. Species which sprouted most frequently were those that regenerate by seed least frequently in these forests; these species may maintain their relative abundance in part by sprouting. Most tree species in these forests may be relatively resistant to typhoons and there may be more opportunities for their regeneration following gap formation caused by the typhoon.     

Wind damage and response in New Zealand forests: a review

The literature on wind damage in New Zealand forests is reviewed to investigate how abiotic and biotic factors influence damage severity, damage type, and forest recovery. Winds that damage forests tend to result from extra-tropical depressions or from topographically enhanced westerly air flows. Severe wind damage can occur when wind speeds exceed c. 0 km/hr, although investigating the relationship between damage and wind speeds is difficult, as gusts, for which speed is usually unrecorded, are important. Damage is often quantified by estimates of area affected, with some authors detailing the size and species of damaged trees within a given area. Key abiotic factors that influence damage patterns are topographical position, edaphic conditions, and disturbance history. Important biotic factors are tree height, tree health, position of the tree within the stand, and species. Damage type (uprooting or breakage) is primarily controlled by canopy position and rooting depth. Forest responses to wind damage include sprouting, recruitment, release, and suppression, with the dominant mode of forest recovery being strongly influenced by the severity of damage, and the species composition of the stand. As noted in international literature on wind damage, a lack of consistent methods, combined with poor species and spatial coverage, makes identifying general trends difficult. Investigating the role of wind damage in New Zealand forests has focused to date on Nothofagus forests and plantations of exotic trees and few studies have investigated long term dynamics following wind disturbance events.     

达维台风对海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林群落的影响

 海南岛地处我国台风的频发地带, 台风是影响海南岛热带雨林的一个重要的自然干扰因子。该文对2005年达维台风前后海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林天然次生林2 600 m²固定样地的物种组成、胸高断面积、植株数目、风倒木的影响因子、物种多样性、生物量变化及碳储量归还进行比较分析。结果显示, 台风后森林内产生大量的风倒木、断枝和落叶, 导致群落郁闭度减少、透光性增强, 并产生大量的林窗。台风后群落的组成结构发生显著变化, 受损株数达514株(占总株数26.1%); 其中风倒木比例较大, 达206株(占总株数10.5%)。方差分析结果显示, 受台风影响产生的风倒木与未明显受损树木的胸径面积、树高和木材密度均无显著差异; 但与树种组成有较紧密的关联, 对乔木层、幼树层和下木层造成的损害存在种类上的明显差异。台风产生的损害可以分为直接性损害和间接性损害两种: 1)直接性损害主要作用于乔木层, 造成大径级植株严重受损; 部分树种重要值降低, 变成伴生种, 或者次优势种和原有优势种成为共同优势种; 2)间接性损害主要通过风倒木作用于幼树层和下木层, 产生的倒木、断枝和落叶压倒其它植株, 表现为小面积范围内的个体死亡, 甚至有种类消失; 部分优势种的个体数减少较多, 但占该种群所有个体数目的比例较小。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均略有下降, 而幼树层和下木层均略有上升, 但3个林层均表现为不同程度的种类消失和一些种类的个体数目减少。此次台风还造成该样地至少占台风前总生物量10.42%的生物量归还给林地, 并对森林生态系统碳循环产生重大影响。     

Mechanical stability of trees under static loads

Wind affects the structure and functioning of a forest ecosystem continuously and may cause significant economic loss in managed forests by reducing the yield of recoverable timber, increasing the cost of unscheduled thinning and clear-cuttings, and creating problems in forestry planning. Furthermore, broken and uprooted trees within the forest are subject to insect attack and may provide a suitable breeding substrate, endangering the remaining trees. Therefore, an improved understanding of the processes behind the occurrence of wind-induced damage is of interest to many forest ecologists, but may also help managers of forest resources to make appropriate management decisions related to risk management. Using fundamental physics, empirical experiments, and mechanistic model-based approaches in interaction, we can study the susceptibility of tree stands to wind damage as affected by the wind and site and tree/stand characteristics and management. Such studies are not possible based on statistical approaches alone, which are not able to define the causal links between tree parameters and susceptibility to wind damage. The aim of this paper is to review the recent work done related to tree-pulling and wind tunnel experiments and mechanistic modeling approaches to increase our understanding of the mechanical stability of trees under static loading.     

辽东山区天然次生林雪／风灾害成因及分析

对2003年春发生在辽东山区的森林雪/风灾害的成因、过程、受灾情况、造成的危害、与林分结构特征的关系以及对未来次生林生态系统的影响等进行了调查分析。结果表明,雪/风的发生是在一个大的降水天气过程基础上,由于气温的异常变化形成的,受灾严重区多分布于海拔高、坡度大,林型比较单一的桦树、柞树、色树、胡桃树和杨树等林分,林分密度和受灾率及土层厚度和受害株数均呈显著的线性负相关;受灾数量与径级和树高分别呈指数负相关和指数正相关,同时探讨了雪/风害对天然次生林生态系统内病虫害发生、林下植被、生境因子和建群种变化产生的可能影响。     

森林的风/雪灾害研究综述

风／雪灾害不仪极大影响木材生产,同时对森林生态系统的稳定性也造成很大影响。森林风／雪危害的主要类型有树干弯曲、干(冠)折、掘根以及后续危害等;其发生主要依赖于气象条件、立地因子、树木和林分特征及其之间的相互作用。其中．林木尖削度(胸径／树高)和林分结构特征(树种、组成、密度等)是控制树木和林分对风／雪荷载抵抗的主要特征量。因此．通过造林、调整林分结构．加强林分管理如间伐、施肥等措施一直是用来减少林木的风／雪灾害的主要措施。另外．林木或林分发生风／雪害的模型分析研究也取得了很大进展,但由于森林风／雪害受诸如地形、天气等多种因素影响、目前所建立的模型系统在实际应用中普适性较芹。通过综述以往研究结果认为：在气象和立地条件难以控制的情况下．通过改变可控因子林分结构来减少森林风／雪害是可行的。因此．研究如何加强森林经营管理,尤其是不同形式的间伐技术和不同处理的造林措施与风／雪灾害发生的关系、如何增加林木和林分抵抗风／雪灾害的能力等是今后该研究领域的重点和难点。与此同时．应加强风／雪灾害危险率评估研究．进而对森林进行风／雪灾害危险率管理;并注重对受灾前后林地内生态效应的研究,以便为灾后的森林经营管理和调控提供坚实的理论依据。     

Treefall gap disturbance in an old‐growth beech forest in southwestern Japan by a catastrophic typhoon

Abstract. In 1991, the catastrophic Typhoon 9119 created many treefall gaps in an old‐growth beech (Fagus crenata) forest on Mt. Garyu, southwestern Japan. In a 3.3‐ha plot, the density and basal area of fatally damaged trunks (DBH ≥ 20 cm) were 29.1 trunks/ha (16.9% of all pre‐typhoon trunks) and 9.1 m²/ha (24.4% of total pre‐typhoon basal area), respectively. Many of the dominant beech were lost and larger trunks were damaged. The pre‐ and post‐typhoon DBH distribution both had an inverse J‐shape. Spatial distribution of living trunks was not random but clustered irrespective of typhoon damage or DBH size, suggesting that the stand structure of the study plot would be an unusual one as compared with the previous study stands in Japanese beech forests. The death of pre‐typhoon trunks, seemed to die standing or to be killed by snap‐off, occurred singly; however, the typhoon fatally damaged many clustered trunks at the same time. Uprooting was the most frequent cause of gaps created by the typhoon. The intermediate DBH size class (40–70 cm) would be more likely to be uprooted than snapped‐off. The DBH distribution of snap‐off may reflect the total pre‐typhoon trunk distribution. Branch‐fall had a flat DBH distribution. Uprooting might have a clustered distribution, while snap‐off and branch‐fall both had random distributions. The smaller trunks of snap‐off and branch‐fall seemed to result from injuries caused by the fall of larger trunks.