酶技术发展与酶定向进化

在分子水平改良酶的结构和功能是对工业微生物菌种传统诱变育种的发展和扬弃。采用ＤＮＡ改组,酶定向进化,分子孵化技术改良产酶编码基因可大大提高产酶基因在宿主中的表达,从而提高酶的活力,增加酶的稳定性并产生其它附加功能。本文除了分析酶学研究和应用的一些最新观点和实施技术,还对当前酶制品的国际市场,传统酶与特殊酶的市场份额等作了介绍。     

热稳定型α-半乳糖苷酶的应用及基因工程研究进展

α-半乳糖苷酶是一种水解酶,可以将食品、饲料中的不良寡糖等抗营养因子水解,改变其营养成分并被动物吸收利用。该酶广泛存在于植物、动物及微生物中,在饲料、食品等工业以及现代医学中都有应用。目前,开发热稳定的α-半乳糖苷酶并利用基因工程方法进行分子改造和外源表达已成为研究热点。本文对近年来热稳定的α-半乳糖苷酶的应用和基因工程研究进展进行综述。     

嗜热β-甘露聚糖酶的研究进展

β-甘露聚糖酶在生物能源、饲料、食品和纺织等工业中均有着重要的应用前景。其属于半纤维素酶类,广泛存在于动植物和微生物中,微生物来源尤为广泛。随着极端微生物和极端酶的广泛研究,嗜热甘露聚糖酶因其在高温环境中具有较高酶活性和稳定性而倍受关注,并取得了较大的研究进展。本文综述了β-甘露聚糖酶的来源、分类和水解催化方式,以及嗜热甘露聚糖酶的优势和其在基因资源挖掘、重组表达以及分子改良方面的研究进展,展望了嗜热β-甘露聚糖酶未来可能的研究方向和发展前景。     

微生物信号分子降解酶研究进展

微生物细胞之间存在的信息交流称为群体感应。群体感应在实现微生物的生物学功能方面具有重要作用,包括调节致病性、参与生物膜的形成等。微生物能够分泌特定的信号分子,通过对信号分子的检测及应答,调控目的基因的表达。抑制信号分子的积累,能够干扰群体感应系统,使微生物丧失生物学功能。研究较为全面的一类信号分子是酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acylhomoserine lactone,AHL),此类信号分子可以通过酶法降解。目前已鉴定出的AHL降解酶主要分为AHL内酯酶和AHL酰化酶两类。综述了信号分子降解酶的来源、筛选方法、纯化技术、酶学性质、作用机制及在病害防治方面的应用。对信号分子降解酶的研究有助于完善群体感应系统的调控机制,并为微生物疾病的防治提供新策略。     

微生物脂肪酶稳定性研究进展

脂肪酶广泛应用于食品、药物、生物燃料、诊断、生物修复、化学品、化妆品、清洁剂、饲料、皮革和生物传感器等工业领域,微生物脂肪酶是商品化脂肪酶的重要来源。高温、酸性、碱性和有机溶剂等恶劣的工业生产环境使得脂肪酶的进一步工业应用受到限制,获取稳定性好的脂肪酶成为打破这一限制的关键环节。本文重点对提高微生物脂肪酶稳定性的策略进行了综述:挖掘极端微生物脂肪酶资源;利用定向进化、理性设计和半理性设计等蛋白质工程策略改造脂肪酶;利用物理吸附、封装、共价结合和交联等酶的固定化技术提高脂肪酶的稳定性;利用物理/化学修饰、表面展示以及多种改良策略相结合提高脂肪酶的稳定性。结合作者前期对酶工程的研究发现,新型酶催化剂的获得应该基于明确的设计思路,结合多种改造方法,基于定向进化-理性设计、定向进化-半理性设计、蛋白质工程-酶的固定化、蛋白质工程-物理/化学修饰、酶的固定化-物理/化学修饰等组合改造,比单一的改造方法具有更高的效率。     

工业真菌高效产酶突变技术与高产机制

工业真菌是酶制剂的重要生产微生物,其菌种改良具有重要应用价值。综述了产酶工业真菌的应用、突变育种技术进展和高效产酶机制的分析策略,尤其是基于组学水平的基因组、转录组和蛋白质组的分析等,最后总结了高产机制在菌株改良上的应用。     

微生物几丁质酶研究进展

微生物几丁质酶不仅在生物降解几丁质方面起着重要作用,而且可通过水解病原真菌的细胞壁而有效地抑制其生长。到目前为止,人们已经分离和克隆出了大量的微生物几丁质酶及其基因。尽管这些几丁质酶各不相同,但它们却具有类同的蛋白质结构域:信号肽、催化结构域和几丁质结合结构域等。本文着重介绍几丁质酶的结构和分子特征、表达和调控机理,并且分析了该酶的应用前景。     

基因工程国内外进展和差距

基因工程是分子水平上的遗传工程。它主要运用重组DNA技术,在特殊酶的作用下,在体外人工连接来自不同生物体的目的基因于有自主复制能力的载体(质粒)DNA中,建成重组DNA的质粒:将此重组质粒送入受体生物细胞去复制和表达,达到遗传物质的转移,产生所需蛋白质。重组DNA技术的主要环节有:目的基因的分离或克隆、体外重组、载体传递或转染和复制、受体细胞繁殖和表达、蛋白质提纯和制备等。基因工程的最大特点是,打破了生物种间界限,使微生物、动植物、甚至人类之间的遗传物质可以互相转移和重组。     

微生物酶分子改造研究进展

近年来,越来越多的酶蛋白已经采用重组微生物反应器进行高效生产。为了改善酶蛋白的催化性能,提高其环境适应性,同时提高酶蛋白的表达量,降低生产成本,各种针对酶蛋白分子改造的基因工程技术已经得到大量的应用。综述了用于酶分子改造和进化的主要分子生物学方法,如定点突变、易错PCR、基因改组、密码子优化等技术及其应用成就。     

转植酸酶基因玉米的研究与安全评价

植酸酶是应用最广泛的饲料添加剂之一,它在自然界中广泛存在,能提高饲料中磷的利用率,对减轻动物高磷粪便导致的环境水域污染有着重要意义.玉米是动物饲料的主要原料,在玉米饲料中添加植酸酶易造成饲料成本升高和生产效率降低等问题.近年来随着基因工程技术的发展,已克隆出多个真菌植酸酶基因,并成功在微生物、植物系统中表达.本文主要介绍了植酸酶基因的微生物来源与相关研究成果,阐述了转基因技术的常用方法和转植酸酶基因玉米的研究进展,并详细评价了转植酸酶基因玉米的安全性.通过对转植酸酶基因玉米的深入探讨,对改善玉米的品质,降低成本及推广植酸酶在饲料工业中的应用具有重要意义.     

酶工程专刊序言

酶工程是酶学与工程科学融合的综合性科学技术,是现代生物技术的支柱之一。近年来我国在酶工程研究方面取得了较大进步,为促进国内酶工程研究的发展,本期"酶工程专刊"集中展现了我国酶工程专家学者在酶促生物转化、医药用酶、饲料用酶、环境修复用酶和生物能源用酶等领域所取得的最新进展。     

食品及饲料中马属动物源性成分的PCR检测研究

采用马和驴mtDNA中特异性片段引物 ,利用聚合酶链反应技术 (polymerasechainreaction ,PCR) ,建立了饲料中马属动物源性动物成分的快速检测方法。通过内切酶HaeⅢ、Sau3A和AluⅠ可对扩增结果进行验证并能够区分马成分和驴成分。扩增产物测序结果表明 :驴扩增产物序列与数据库序列完全一致 ,马样品扩增产物与数据库序列的同源性达 99%。该方法的检测低限分别为 0 5 %(w w)和 0 2 5 %(w w) ,可作为食品及饲料中马属动物成分鉴别检测的有效方法。     

Genetic engineering of complex feed enzymes into barley seed for direct utilization in animal feedstuff

Currently, feed enzymes are primarily obtained through fermentation of fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Although the manufacturing technology for feed enzymes has evolved rapidly, the activities of these enzymes decline during the granulating process and the cost of application has increased over time. An alternative approach is the use of genetically modified plants containing complex feed enzymes for direct utilization in animal feedstuff. We co-expressed three commonly used feed enzymes (phytase, β-glucanase, and xylanase) in barley seeds using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method and generated a new barley germplasm. The results showed that these enzymes were stable and had no effect on the development of the seeds. Supplementation of the basal diet of laying hens with only 8% of enzyme-containing seeds decreased the quantities of indigestible carbohydrates, improved the availability of phosphorus, and reduced the impact of animal production on the environment to an extent similar to directly adding exogenous enzymes to the feed. Feeding enzyme-containing seeds to layers significantly increased the strength of the eggshell and the weight of the eggs by 10.0%–11.3% and 5.6%–7.7% respectively. The intestinal microbiota obtained from layers fed with enzyme-containing seeds was altered compared to controls and was dominated by Alispes and Rikenella. Therefore, the transgenic barley seeds produced in this study can be used as an ideal feedstuff for use in animal feed.     

Stoned olive pomace fermentation with Pleurotus species and its evaluation as a possible animal feed

The use of stoned olive pomace (SOP) as an unconventional feedstuff for livestock is limited by its inherently low crude protein (CP) content and by the presence of anti-nutritional compounds such as phenols. Aim of this study was to assess whether solid-state fermentation of SOP with selective lignin-degrading fungi might ameliorate nutritional properties of the waste. Incubation of SOP, mixed (25%, w/w) with various conventional feedstuffs (i.e., wheat bran, wheat middlings, barley grains, crimson clover, wheat flour shorts and field beans), with Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius led to significant CP increases, ranging from 7 to 29%, and marked removal (from ca. 50–90%) of phenols after 6 weeks. Both species, however, led to moderate delignification associated with significant consumption of hemicelluloses. Consequently, no improvements of both organic matter digestibility (OMD) and net energy of SOP–feedstuff mixtures occurred after the fungal colonization.     

草鱼生长阶段对赖氨酸需要量的研究

采用生长研究法来确定约草鱼的赖氨酸需要量,并对血清、肌肉和肝脏的游离赖氨酸迸行了检测.结果表明,按生长率最大值所确定的幼草鱼赖氨酸需要量为饲料中的1.611%按血清游离赖氨酸浓度最大值所确定的赖氨酸需要量为饲料的1.28%,明显低于生长研究法确定的结果.用肝脏和肌肉游离赖氨酸浓度为指标确定的赖氨酸需要量分别为饲料的1.46%和1.49%,这与生长研究法确定的赖氨酸需要量较接近.     

A value added manure management system using the black soldier fly

A manure management system for laying hens using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) converted manure to a 42% protein, 35% fat feedstuff, reduced manure accumulation by at least 50% and eliminated house fly breeding. No extra facility or added energy was required. Mature larvae self-harvested producing a feedstuff as they attempted to pupate. Optimal feedstuff to manure dry matter yield was 7·8%. This insect occurs worldwide in tropical and warm-temperature regions and can digest many biological wastes.     

饲料膨化加工方法对其营养成分的影响

目的观察饲料生产过程中的膨化处理对各种营养素的影响情况。方法随机选取不同批次的膨化饲料按GB/T14924.9-2001标准,进行水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸、维生素及矿物质的测定,得出膨化前后理化检测数据并进行分析。结果饲料中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸、维生素经过膨化处理后,均出现了不同程度的损失,其中维生素损失较大,致使维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、叶酸大部分损失。结论膨化加工方法对于饲料中的常规营养成分、氨基酸、维生素水平有较大程度的影响,为满足动物生长、发育、繁殖等需要,应采取添补措施,以保证其营养成分。     

Investigations on possible genotoxic effects ofFusarium toxins in boars

For several weeks, boars were fed feedstuff containing mycotoxins (zearalenone, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol). To determine a possible mutagenic effect of this feedstuff, the boars were examinated for structural chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes. The investigations indicate a genotoxic effect on the boars’ lymphocytes.     

底栖海藻用作饲料添加剂

野生底栖海藻含有丰富的营养,尤其是微量元素和生物活性物质,用以加工成复合海藻粉,2％－6％的比例到饲料喂动物,对提高其产量和品质及降低料耗等方面,均有显著的效果。     

Induction of a protective antibody response to FMDV in mice following oral immunization with transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stylosanthes</Emphasis> spp. as a feedstuff additive

The expression of antigens in transgenic plants has increasingly been used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for the development of experimental vaccines, and it remains one of the real challenges in this field to use transgenic plant-based vaccines effectively as feedstuff additives. We report herein the development of a new oral immunization system for foot and mouth disease with the structural protein VP1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) produced in transgenic Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Reyan II. The transgenic plantlets were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting, and northern blotting; and the production of VP1 protein in transgenic plants was confirmed and quantified by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six transformed lines were obtained, and the level of the expressed protein was 0.1–0.5% total soluble protein (TSP). Mice that were orally immunized using studded feedstuff mixed with desiccated powder of the transgenic plants developed a virus-specific immune response to the structural VP1 and intact FMDV particles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transgenic plants expressing the antigen protein of FMDV as feedstuff additives that has demonstrated the induction of a protective systemic antibody response in animals. These results support the feasibility of producing edible vaccines from transgenic forage plants, and provide proof of the possibility of using plant-based vaccines as feedstuff additives.