普鲁兰酶改性瓜尔胶及其与黄原胶复配性能研究

通过红外光谱表征、稳态流动和动态应力扫描法考察了普鲁兰酶对瓜尔胶的脱支效应和改性瓜尔胶与黄原胶的复配性能。结果表明,普鲁兰酶不仅降低了瓜尔胶中半乳糖的含量,也降低了瓜尔胶的分子量及粘度,但未改变瓜尔胶主链的主体结构和糖苷键的构型,也未改变其流变学性质。与天然瓜尔胶-黄原胶复配胶相比,改性瓜尔胶-黄原胶复配胶表现出了较强的屈服应力,能在更高的压力范围内维持较高的弹性模量。随着混合温度升高,复配胶的弹性模量逐渐增大,并且在60℃时达到最大值。研究说明,普鲁兰酶改性瓜尔胶与黄原胶复配具有显著的协同增效效应。     

改性瓜尔胶的制备及其絮凝性能的研究

对瓜尔胶进行铵基化阳离子改性,得到一种天然絮凝剂.研究了改性瓜尔胶絮凝剂处理污水的效果,以及pH值、反应温度、粘度、取代度等因素对高岭土悬浮液絮凝效果的影响.结果表明,粘度为3 000～5 000mPa·s,阳离子取代度为13%的改性瓜胶对高岭土悬浮液有较好的絮凝效果,在胶加入量为0.2 mL/L,搅拌速度为500r/min、搅拌时间为15 min等条件下,沉降15 min可达到彻底絮凝和澄清.此外,该絮凝剂基本不受温度和水质pH影响,且絮凝性能明显优于聚丙烯酰胺、硫酸铝以及三氯化铁等絮凝剂,因而在工业废水处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

瓜尔胶与结冷胶复配协效作用规律及粘度流变性研究

瓜尔胶是一种天然高分子化合物,作为增稠剂、稳定剂被广泛使用。瓜尔胶可以与多种多糖胶复配,得到凝胶或高粘度溶液。结冷胶是一种优良的微生物多糖胶,具有极佳的稳定及悬浮效果,在含乳饮料及液态产品中应用广泛。由于其价格较高,溶胶受pH及阳离子浓度影响较大,结冷胶的应用常常受到限制。本文研究了结冷胶-瓜尔胶的配比、pH、离子种类和浓度对瓜尔胶-结冷胶复配体粘度的影响。研究结果表明:复配胶具有协同增粘效果;复配胶粘度在pH值7~11范围内随pH值升高而下降,在pH值为3~7范围内随pH值升高而上升;在盐离子达到一定浓度时,单独的结冷胶无法形成均一体系,而瓜尔胶-结冷胶复配体系能够形成稳定溶胶。     

我国三种半乳甘露聚糖胶粉比较研究

本文阐述了瓜尔豆胶、胡芦巴胶、田菁胶的胶粉形态及其１％基液粘度、冷水不溶物的情况,讨论了它们之间的差异,为不同胶粉的粉未鉴定提供了一些基础资料。并指出胡芦巴胶粉冷水不溶物低,对其化学改性十分有利。     

胡芦巴多糖胶开发现状及发展对策

胡芦巴胶是我国自主研制开发的新一代半乳甘露聚糖胶.胡芦巴胶性能优良,资源丰富,在半乳甘露聚糖胶的一些应用领域完全可以替代进口瓜尔胶使用.但是近年来在进口瓜尔胶较低价格的形势下,国内胡芦巴胶产业走向发展的低谷.针对目前现状,对胡芦巴胶应用前景和产业发展的制约因素进行了讨论.     

白芨多糖胶-瓜尔胶复配溶液的流变性

考察了瓜尔胶溶液和白芨多糖胶-瓜尔胶复配溶液的流变特性。两组溶液呈现典型的假塑性,不同浓度下两组溶液表观黏度(ηa)随剪切速率(τ)的变化可以用Ostwald-Dewaele方程描述。白芨多糖胶和瓜尔胶复配产生协同增效作用,复配溶液的ηa大于单一组分的白芨多糖胶溶液或瓜尔胶溶液的ηa。复配溶液中白芨多糖胶与瓜尔胶的最佳配比是质量比为9∶1。     

瓜尔豆中的蛋白质与胰蛋白酶抑制剂

瓜尔豆(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)是一种重要的胶类和半乳甘露聚糖资源,具有多种工业用途。瓜尔豆在提取瓜尔胶后,留下的子叶部分含丰富的蛋白质(38～55％),可作动物或家禽的饲料。然而,据报导,用瓜尔饼作饲料会造成家禽生长缓慢,甚至引起死亡。人们认为这是由于瓜尔饼中含胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血胶精和皂角甙。     

瓜尔豆的资源分布及引种栽培

瓜尔豆作为生产瓜尔胶的工业原料在国外有大量种植。介绍了瓜尔豆在我国的引种栽培情况。     

增稠剂在油炸方便面中的应用研究

作为增稠剂的酯化淀粉、瓜尔豆胶对方便面品质的改善起到了重要作用,本文就玉米酯化淀粉、马铃薯酯化淀粉、马铃薯酯化淀粉和瓜尔豆胶复合使用在油炸方便面中的应用效果进行探讨。     

利用转基因技术生产瓜尔豆胶

AgBiotech 2004年21卷4期6页报道：瓜尔豆胶又称长角豆胶,富含半乳甘露聚糖,是一种传统使用的增稠剂、稳定剂和胶凝剂。瓜尔豆胶常作为添加剂,广泛用于化妆品工业、纺织工业、保健品工业和造纸工业。瓜尔豆胶有保持水分、乳化和保持松脆性等作用。例如可防止冰淇淋中冰晶的形成,可使洗发剂具有光滑性能和产生丝状光泽。亦常用于制造口香糖。     

Irradiation depolymerized guar gum as partial replacement of gum Arabic for microencapsulation of mint oil

Spray dried microcapsules of mint oil were prepared using gum Arabic alone and its blends with radiation or enzymatically depolymerized guar gum as wall materials. Microcapsules were evaluated for retention of mint oil during 8-week storage during which qualitative changes in encapsulated mint oil was monitored using principal component analysis. The microcapsules with radiation depolymerized guar gum as wall material component could better retain major mint oil compounds such as menthol and isomenthol. The t(1/2) calculated for mint oil in microcapsules of gum Arabic, gum Arabic:radiation depolymerized guar gum (90:10), gum Arabic:enzyme depolymerized guar gum (90:10) was 25.66, 38.50, and 17.11 weeks, respectively. The results suggested a combination of radiation depolymerized guar gum and gum Arabic to show better retention of encapsulated flavour than gum Arabic alone as wall material.     

Analysis of proteins associated with growth of Bacteroides ovatus on the branched galactomannan guar gum.

Bacteroides ovatus, a gram-negative obligate anaerobe from the human colon, can ferment the branched galactomannan guar gum. Previously, three enzymes involved in guar gum breakdown were characterized. The expression of these enzymes appeared to be regulated; i.e., specific activities were higher in extracts from bacteria grown on guar gum than in extracts from bacteria grown on the monosaccharide constituents of guar gum, mannose and galactose. In the present study, we used two-dimensional gel analysis to determine the total number of B. ovatus proteins enhanced during growth on guar gum. Twelve soluble proteins and 20 membrane proteins were expressed at higher levels in guar gum-grown cells than in galactose-grown cells. An unexpected finding was that the expression of the two galactomannanases was induced by glucose as well as guar gum. Three other proteins, one membrane protein and two soluble proteins, had this same expression pattern. The remainder of the guar gum-associated proteins seen on two-dimensional gels and the guar gum-associated alpha-galactosidase were induced in cells grown on guar gum but not in cells grown on glucose. Two transposon-generated mutants (M-5 and M-7) that could not grow on guar gum were isolated. Both mutants still expressed the galactomannanases and the alpha-galactosidase. They also still expressed all of the guar gum-associated proteins that could be detected in two-dimensional gels of glucose-grown or galactose-grown cells. A second transposon insertion that suppressed the guar gum-negative phenotype of M-5 was isolated and characterized. The characteristics of this suppressor mutant indicated that the original transposon insertion was probably in a regulatory locus.     

Analysis of proteins associated with growth of Bacteroides ovatus on the branched galactomannan guar gum.

Bacteroides ovatus, a gram-negative obligate anaerobe from the human colon, can ferment the branched galactomannan guar gum. Previously, three enzymes involved in guar gum breakdown were characterized. The expression of these enzymes appeared to be regulated; i.e., specific activities were higher in extracts from bacteria grown on guar gum than in extracts from bacteria grown on the monosaccharide constituents of guar gum, mannose and galactose. In the present study, we used two-dimensional gel analysis to determine the total number of B. ovatus proteins enhanced during growth on guar gum. Twelve soluble proteins and 20 membrane proteins were expressed at higher levels in guar gum-grown cells than in galactose-grown cells. An unexpected finding was that the expression of the two galactomannanases was induced by glucose as well as guar gum. Three other proteins, one membrane protein and two soluble proteins, had this same expression pattern. The remainder of the guar gum-associated proteins seen on two-dimensional gels and the guar gum-associated alpha-galactosidase were induced in cells grown on guar gum but not in cells grown on glucose. Two transposon-generated mutants (M-5 and M-7) that could not grow on guar gum were isolated. Both mutants still expressed the galactomannanases and the alpha-galactosidase. They also still expressed all of the guar gum-associated proteins that could be detected in two-dimensional gels of glucose-grown or galactose-grown cells. A second transposon insertion that suppressed the guar gum-negative phenotype of M-5 was isolated and characterized. The characteristics of this suppressor mutant indicated that the original transposon insertion was probably in a regulatory locus.     

Guar gum: a cheap substitute for agar in microbial culture media

AIMS: To determine the possibility of using guar gum, a colloidal polysaccharide, as a cheap alternative to agar for gelling microbial culture media. METHODS AND RESULTS: As illustrative examples, 12 fungi and 11 bacteria were cultured on media solidified with either guar gum or agar. All fungi and bacteria exhibited normal growth and differentiation on the media gelled with guar gum. Microscopic examination of the fungi and bacteria grown on agar or guar gum gelled media did not reveal any structural differences. However, growth of most of the fungi was better on guar gum media than agar, and correspondingly, sporulation was also more advanced on the former. Bacterial enumeration studies carried out for Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. by serial dilution and pour-plate method yielded similar counts on both agar and guar gum. Likewise, a selective medium, succinate medium used for growth of Pseudomonas sp. did not support growth of Bacillus sp. when inoculated along with Pseudomonas on both agar or guar gum supplemented medium. CONCLUSIONS: Guar gum, a galactomannan, which is 50 times cheaper than Difco-bacto agar, can be used as a gelling agent in place of agar in microbial culture media. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: As the media gelled with guar gum do not melt at temperature as high as 70 degrees C, these can be used for isolation and maintenance of thermophiles.     

The Physico-Chemical Properties of Dietary Fibre Determine Metabolic Responses,Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profiles and Gut Microbiota Composition in Rats Fed Low- and High-Fat Diets

The aim of this study was to investigate how physico-chemical properties of two dietary fibres, guar gum and pectin, affected weight gain, adiposity, lipid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles and the gut microbiota in male Wistar rats fed either low- or high-fat diets for three weeks. Both pectin and guar gum reduced weight gain, adiposity, liver fat and blood glucose levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methoxylation degree of pectin (low, LM and high (HM)) and viscosity of guar gum (low, medium or high) resulted in different effects in the rats, where total blood and caecal amounts of SCFA were increased with guar gum (all viscosities) and with high methoxylated (HM) pectin. However, only guar gum with medium and high viscosity increased the levels of butyric acid in caecum and blood. Both pectin and guar gum reduced cholesterol, liver steatosis and blood glucose levels, but to varying extent depending on the degree of methoxylation and viscosity of the fibres. The medium viscosity guar gum was the most effective preparation for prevention of diet-induced hyperlipidaemia and liver steatosis. Caecal abundance of Akkermansia was increased with high-fat feeding and with HM pectin and guar gum of all viscosities tested. Moreover, guar gum had distinct bifidogenic effects independent of viscosity, increasing the caecal abundance of Bifidobacterium ten-fold. In conclusion, by tailoring the viscosity and possibly also the degree of methoxylation of dietary fibre, metabolic effects may be optimized, through a targeted modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites.     

Guar gum consumption in adolescent and adult rats: short- and long-term metabolic effects

Metabolic responses to short- and long-term guar gum consumption were studied in adolescent and adult rats. For the long-term study, male adolescent rats were divided into four groups (n = 60/group) and fed guar gum, cellulose, or bran diet for 67 weeks. Metabolic studies (food--water intake, feces--urine output, body weight, carbohydrate tolerance) were performed eight times during the 67 weeks. The guar gum group consumed less diet throughout the entire study and gained less weight over the first 20 weeks compared with the cellulose and bran groups. A second bran-fed group was food restricted over the first 20 weeks to match the reduced weight gain of the guar gum group and then fed ad libitum. Reduced plasma glucose excursions were measured for only the guar gum group after both fibre-free glucose and sucrose challenges at weeks 6, 12, and 18; from 24 to 64 weeks all four groups had similar glucose tolerance responses. Twenty-four hour urinary glucose excretion was similar during all eight metabolic studies up to 64 weeks for guar gum and cellulose groups. In the short-term study, male adolescent (200 g; n = 10/group) and adult (630 g; n = 15/group) rats were divided into five and four groups, respectively, and fed guar gum, guar by-product (GBP), cellulose, or bran diet for 6 weeks. A metabolic study was performed during the 6th week. Adolescent rats fed guar gum or GBP diets gained less weight than the cellulose group; only the guar gum group displayed improved carbohydrate tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evaluation of guar gum derivatives as gelling agents for microbial culture media

Guar gum, a galactomannan, has been reported to be an inexpensive substitute of agar for microbial culture media. However, its use is restricted probably because of (1) its highly viscous nature even at high temperatures, making dispensing of the media to Petri plates difficult and (2) lesser clarity of the guar gum gelled media than agar media due to impurities present in guar gum. To overcome these problems, three guar gum derivatives, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar and hydroxypropyl guar, were tested as gelling agents for microbial growth and differentiation. These were also evaluated for their suitability for other routine microbiological methods, such as, enumeration, use of selective and differential media, and antibiotic sensitivity test. For evaluation purpose, growth and differentiation of eight fungi and eight bacteria grown on the media gelled with agar (1.5%), guar gum (4%) or one of the guar gum derivatives (4%), were compared. All fungi and bacteria exhibited normal growth and differentiation on all these media. Generally, growth of most of the fungi was better on guar gum derivatives gelled medium than on agar medium. The enumeration carried out for Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by serial dilution and pour plate method yielded similar counts in all the treatments. Likewise, the selective succinate medium, specific for P. aeruginosa, did not allow growth of co-inoculated Bacillus sp. even if gelled with guar gum derivatives. The differential medium, Congo red mannitol agar could not differentiate between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti on color basis, if gelled with guar gum or any of its derivatives However, for antibiotic sensitivity tests for both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, guar gum and its derivatives were as effective as agar.     

Physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 isolated from Tibet kefir

An exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing strain, ZW3, was isolated from Tibet kefir grain and was identified as Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amide groups, which correspond to a typical heteropolymeric polysaccharide. The GC analysis of ZW3 EPS revealed that it was glucogalactan in nature. Exopolymer showed similar flocculation stability like xanthan gum but better than guar gum with a melting point of 93.38 degrees C which is lower than xanthan gum (153.4 degrees C) and guar gum (490.11 degrees C). Compared with other commercially available hydrocolloids like xanthan gum, guar gum and locust gum ZW3 EPS showed much better emulsifying capability.     

Carbamoylethylation of guar gum

Carbamoylethylation of guar gum was carried out with acrylamide in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. Variables studied were concentration of sodium hydroxide, acrylamide, guar gum as well as reaction temperature and time. The nitrogen content, carboxyl content and total ether content were determined. Rheological properties of carbamoylethyl guar gum solutions showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior regardless of the %N. At a constant rate of shear, the apparent viscosity of carbamoylethyl guar gum solutions decreases with the increase in %N of the product.     

Effect of dietary fiber on the lipid metabolism and immune function of aged Sprague-Dawley rats

Eight-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing dietary fiber at the 5% level for 3 weeks to examine the effect on the lipid metabolism and immune function. Among cellulose, guar gum, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), glucomannan and highly methoxylated pectin, guar gum induced a significant decrease in the food intake and weight gain, as well as a significant increase in the liver weight. In addition, the epidydimal adipose tissue weight of the rats fed on PHGG was significantly higher than that of the rats fed on cellulose. There was no significant effect on the serum lipid levels, but the serum IgG level of the rats fed on guar gum was significantly lower than that of the rats fed on cellulose. The IgA and IgG productivity in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes was significantly higher in the rats fed on guar gum, glucomannan and pectin than in those fed on cellulose, while the effect on Ig productivity in spleen lymphocytes was not as marked. In addition, only guar gum induced a significant increase of IgM productivity in MLN lymphocytes when compared to the cellulose group. These results suggest that enhancement of the immune function by dietary fiber is mainly expressed in the gut immune system.