一株高分子量多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用富集培养方法从多环芳烃污染土壤中筛选分离得到1株能以苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株.形态特征观察和16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株为副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.),编号为HPD-2.HPD-2在3.0 mg/L的B[a]P液体培养基中生长较慢,培养5 d后B[a]P的降解率为89.7%.同时,该菌株对四环的芘和荧蒽也具有较好的降解能力,培养7 d后芘和荧蒽的降解率分别达到47.2%和84.5%.可见,该菌株对高分子量PAHs具有很好的降解潜力.     

植物法生物修复PAHs和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究

选择苜蓿草为供试植物,以污染物含量水平、专性细菌和真菌及有机肥为调控因子,进行了植物法生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究。结果表明,PAHs和矿物油的降解率与有机肥含量呈正相关,增加有机肥5%,可提高矿物油降解率17.6%～25.6%,PAHs降解率9%.在植物存在条件下,土壤微生物降解功能增强。多环芳烃总量的平均降解率比无植物对照土壤提高2.0%～4.7%.投加特性降解真菌可不同程度地提高土壤PAHs总量和矿物油的降解率。真菌对萤蒽、芘和苯(a)蒽/(艹屈)的降解有明显促进作用。而细菌能明显提高苊稀/芴、蒽和苯(a)萤蒽/苯(k)萤蒽的降解率。     

长江口南支表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险

2008年5月和8月先后2次采集长江口南支表层沉积物样品,采用高效液相色谱进行多环芳烃测定,研究其分布、来源与生态风险。结果表明:长江口南支表层沉积物中PAHs总量在8.9~312.2ng.g-1;PAHs组成以芘、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘为主,各站芘的含量均最高,本研究PAHs总含量与长江口、黄河口和鸭绿江口近期的调查数据相近,但明显低于珠江口和闽江口数据,以及长江口潮滩沉积物中PAHs数据;PAHs环数组成以中、高环为主,表明长江口南支PAHs主要来源于相对高温条件下不完全燃烧过程。采用平均效应中值商法评价长江口南支PAHs生态风险结果表明,调查区域PAHs产生生态风险的概率较小(<10%)。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选与降解能力测定

从本溪多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中经富集培养筛选出8株PAHs降解菌,研究了8株菌及其等比例混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解能力。结果表明,在28℃,培养基中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为50、50和5mg·L-1的复合底物条件下,培养28d后,菌株B3的降解效果最好,对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为88.4%、54.0%和68.4%,8株菌的混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为87.7%、35.3%和42.0%;经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列比对,初步鉴定B3菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

西沙永兴岛土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

通过采集西沙永兴岛表层土壤和土柱样品, 研究了21种多环芳烃(PAHs)在永兴岛土壤中的浓度和组成特征, 对土壤中PAHs的来源进行解析,并对生态风险进行了评估。结果表明, 永兴岛表层土壤中PAHs的浓度范围为38.9—176.4 ng·g-1, 16种优控PAHs的浓度为36.7—155.6 ng·g-1, 跟其它类似环境相比, 永兴岛土壤中PAHs污染相对较轻。芘、荧蒽、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘和苯并[e]芘是永兴岛表层土壤中最主要的PAHs。永兴岛土柱中总PAHs与2—3环PAHs浓度分布特征相似, 表层和底层浓度较高, 2—3环PAHs在土柱中占比为74%—96%。来源解析表明永兴岛土壤中PAHs主要以石油、木材或煤等燃烧源为主。16种PAHs的等效致癌风险浓度显示永兴岛土壤中PAHs生态风险较低。     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌PX1的降解芘特性及定殖效能

为丰富多环芳烃降解菌菌种库、降低农作物的污染风险,本研究对一株可高效降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的植物内生菌进行筛选鉴定,并初步探究其降解途径以及定殖效能。结果表明: 菌株PX1为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌。该菌株对多环芳烃的降解具有广谱性,7 d几乎可彻底降解PAH无机盐培养基中的萘,在分别含有50.0 mg·L^-1菲、20.0 mg·L^-1芘、20.0 mg·L^-1荧蒽和10.0 mg·L^-1苯并[a]芘的培养体系中,对菲、芘、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为72.6%、50.7%、31.9%和12.9%。选取芘作为PAHs模型研究菌株PX1的降解特性。酶活性试验表明,芘可诱导菌株PX1体内邻苯二甲酸双加氧酶、邻苯二酚-1,2-双加氧酶和邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶的活性。在芘降解过程中检测到4,5-环氧化芘、4,5-二羟基芘、龙胆酸/原茶儿酸、水杨酸、顺-己二烯二酸/2-羟粘糠酸半醛、顺-2′-羧基苯丙酮酸、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、水杨醛等中间产物。浸种定殖试验表明,菌株PX1可高效定殖到空心菜和小麦体内,显著促进空心菜和小麦生长,并能够将空心菜、小麦体内及其生长基质中的芘浓度分别降低29.8%～50.7%、52.4%～67.1%和8.0%～15.3%。表明菌株PX1主要通过“水杨酸途径”和“邻苯二甲酸途径”降解芘,且可以定殖到植物体内,促进植物生长。     

乳白耙齿菌F17对单一和复合多环芳烃的降解差异解析

[目的] 针对菲、蒽、荧蒽多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物,利用乳白耙齿菌F17,研究单一和复合PAHs污染物的生物降解规律。[方法] 采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析降解过程中PAHs的浓度,并采用准一级反应动力学模型对降解结果进行拟合。[结果] 对于单一PAHs,第15天时菲、蒽、荧蒽的降解率由高到低依次为菲（97.8%） > 蒽（89.3%） > 荧蒽（81.5%）。菲、蒽和荧蒽的降解过程具有准一级反应动力学特征,菲的生物降解速率最快,其次是蒽,荧蒽的降解速率最慢。与单一PAHs的降解相比,在复合PAHs的降解过程中,乳白耙齿菌F17的生长和锰过氧化物酶的合成均表现出不同的特征。此外,水溶性极可能是复合污染物降解的重要控制因子,三者水溶性为：菲 > 荧蒽 > 蒽。因此,在菲或荧蒽加入条件下,微生物能优先降解这些污染物,抑制了污染物蒽的降解;同时,蒽或菲的存在对荧蒽的降解也有抑制作用;然而外源加入水溶性较差的蒽和荧蒽,则对菲的生物降解无显著影响。[结论] 复合PAHs的生物降解主要表现为相互竞争的特点,通过GC-MS分析了PAHs的生物降解途径。     

糙皮侧耳和鞘脂菌NS7对多环芳烃污染土壤的生物强化与协同作用

[背景] 真菌和细菌被认为在多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复过程中发挥协同作用,目前在真实土壤体系中开展真菌-细菌协同降解研究较少。[目的] 研究真菌和细菌对不同种类多环芳烃降解的差异及对蒽和苯并[a]蒽的生物强化与协同作用。[方法] 选用多环芳烃降解真菌和细菌各一株,在液体纯培养体系下分析它们对不同种类多环芳烃降解的差异,在土壤体系中采用放射性同位素示踪技术研究2种微生物对蒽和苯并[a]蒽的生物强化与协同作用。[结果] 供试细菌鞘脂菌NS7能够很好地降解低环种类多环芳烃,以蒽作为唯一碳源时可以将其完全降解,在复合污染条件下对菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘等降解效果突出（>90%）,对苯并[a]芘降解效果较差（9.76%）。相比而言,供试真菌糙皮侧耳菌对苯并[a]芘具有更好的降解效果（21.18%）,对低环多环芳烃降解效果明显不如降解菌NS7。在自然土壤中,蒽和苯并[a]蒽具有明显不同的矿化效率,分别为18.61%和4.28%,在蒽污染土壤中加入鞘脂菌NS7并未显著提高蒽的矿化率（P>0.05）,相比而言,苯并[a]蒽污染土壤中加入糙皮侧耳显著提高了污染物矿化效率（2.24倍）,表明真菌和细菌在土壤环境中的定殖存活能力可能影响了生物强化效果。采用灭菌土壤排除土著微生物的竞争排斥作用,研究了真菌菌丝对生物强化降解的影响,发现在蒽污染土壤中,真菌菌丝的迁移作用显著提高了细菌鞘脂菌NS7对污染物的矿化率,从1.75%提高到5.91%;而在苯并[a]蒽灭菌污染土壤中,接种糙皮侧耳却没有发现苯并[a]蒽矿化率提高的现象,表明自然土壤中真菌强化降解苯并[a]蒽的作用可能是源于真菌菌丝促进污染物和土著降解菌的接触,而非直接来自真菌本身。[结论] 细菌能够很好地降解低环种类多环芳烃,而真菌对高环种类多环芳烃降解效果较好。真菌可能通过菌丝促进土著微生物在土壤中的迁移,增大多环芳烃和土著降解菌的接触,从而促进了多环芳烃降解。研究加深了对多环芳烃污染土壤生物强化修复的认识,对发展基于真菌-细菌协同作用的生物强化与调控技术提供理论指导。     

高环多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

通过富集培养及平板升华法从本溪钢铁公司周边多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中分离出7株PAHs降解菌。以芘和苯并[a]芘为底物进行摇瓶降解实验,结果表明:G1、G2和G3菌株对高环PAHs芘和苯并[a]芘均具有较强的降解能力。进一步研究此3株菌及混合菌对原状污染土壤中PAHs的降解能力,发现80 d时对总PAHs的降解顺序依次为:混合菌G2G1G3,其中混合菌对PAHs降解率较单菌分别提高了9.17%、11.49%和16.11%;4个处理对4~6环PAHs的降解率较对照组相比提高的倍数随着环数增加而增大;总PAHs的降解率与脱氢酶的活性呈正相关。电场影响G1、G2和G3菌株对PAHs降解,在1.0 V·cm~(-1)电场条件下,4环、5环及6环PAHs降解率较单纯微生物修复提高12.13%、13.35%和14.52%,说明3株菌具有较强的电场适应能力,可在高环PAHs污染土壤的电动-微生物修复中应用。形态学观察及16S rRNA序列比对分析表明,G1、G2、G3菌株分别为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)。     

油田区多环芳烃污染盐碱土壤活性微生物群落结构解析

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是土壤中广泛存在的、美国环保总署(USEPA)优先控制的一类有毒(致癌、致突变)的持久性污染物,主要来源于人类活动。土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标之一。磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)分析方法是基于活性微生物细胞膜的PLFAs组分的生化检测技术,克服了传统培养方法只能分离出少量微生物(1%)的缺点。采用PLFAs方法,解析了土壤活性微生物对PAHs污染胁迫的反应。结果表明,土壤微生物分布情况可分为4种类型:Ⅰ型,微生物PLFAs种类最多,占该区土壤微生物PLFAs种类总数的57.7%,PAHs对变量的解释量最小;Ⅱ型,微生物PLFAs占PLFAs总数的30.8%,PAHs对变量的解释量较小;Ⅲ型,微生物PLFAs种类占总数的7.68%,PAHs对变量的解释量较大;Ⅳ型,微生物PLFAs的种类仅占总数的3.85%,PAHs对变量的解释量最大。相关性分析表明:土壤微生物PLFAs的种类、生物量和生态多样性指数与土壤中萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)、蒽(Ant)、苯并[K]荧蒽(Bkf)、苯并[a]芘(Bap)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(Ind)的相对含量呈负相关关系;与苊(Ace)、菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(Baa)的相对含量呈正相关关系;与PAHs的种类和浓度呈负相关关系。结果将为开展PAHs污染土壤的生态风险评价和微生物生物修复技术研究提供理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).