苯并噻唑对不同虫态韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物活性

【目的】明确室内条件下挥发性化合物苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang的生物活性。【方法】采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫、 卵、 幼虫和蛹的熏蒸活性; 利用Oxytherm氧电极研究了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫呼吸速率的影响; 利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫对苯并噻唑的行为反应。【结果】苯并噻唑对雌雄成虫处理0.5~2.0 h的LC50分别为0.186~0.052和0.163~0.039 μL/L; 在0.01~0.13 μL/L剂量下对卵熏蒸处理24 h, 第6 天卵孵化率为4.83%~82.39%, 而对照组孵化率为96.97%; 苯并噻唑熏蒸4龄幼虫6~72 h的LC50变化范围为1.247~0.248 μL/L; 0.01~0.09 μL/L剂量熏蒸蛹24 h, 第5天的羽化率为8.17%~69.63%, 对照组羽化率为96.23%。用0.052和0.039 μL/L浓度分别处理雌雄成虫测定2.5 h内呼吸速率的变化, 表现为处理组初始呼吸速率明显高于对照组, 然后逐渐降低至与对照组持平, 最后明显低于相同处理时间对照组呼吸速率。“Y”型嗅觉仪测定结果表明, 苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫有较强的引诱作用。在0.5 L/min空气流速条件下, 0.5 μL的苯并噻唑对雌雄成虫的引诱率分别为88.33%和78.33%。【结论】苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态有很好的毒杀效果, 并对成虫有强烈的引诱作用。     

高温胁迫对异迟眼蕈蚊与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的致死作用及后续发育繁殖的影响

异迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia difformis Frey与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang是食用菌的两种重要的害虫,对食用菌的质量及产量危害极大。高温处理是食用菌生产过程中常用的措施,但其对眼蕈蚊害虫的防治效果研究尚未有报道。【目的】为明确高温胁迫对两种眼蕈蚊存活及繁殖的影响,探究高温防治的可行性。【方法】本文探究了高温胁迫(30~40℃)对两种眼蕈蚊各虫态存活的影响,并进一步分析短时高温胁迫对存活幼虫和成虫后续发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】当温度超过36℃对各虫态产生明显的短时致死效应。4种虫态中,成虫耐热性最差,蛹的耐热性最强。38℃下,异迟眼蕈蚊与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫致死中时间LT50分别为0.493~0.553 h和1.335~1.431 h;蛹LT50分别为1.402 h和2.356 h。经短时间高温胁迫后,存活幼虫后续化蛹明显推迟,成虫产卵量下降,38℃处理2 h,存活异迟眼蕈蚊与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫化蛹时间分别推迟3.09 d和1.93 d,产卵量较对照分别下降了74%和60%。经高温胁迫后,存活成虫后续的寿命缩短,繁殖力下降。38℃处理1 h,存活异迟眼蕈蚊与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫寿命分别缩短了1.60 d和1.57 d,产卵量较对照分别下降了59%和40%。【结论】高温胁迫(≥36℃)会影响两种眼蕈蚊各虫态存活,并对存活个体后续发育繁殖有明显的抑制作用。因此,高温处理可作为食用菌生产过程中防治眼蕈蚊的物理措施。     

韭菜养根期干旱处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊种群动态的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确韭菜养根期干旱处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga种群动态的影响。【方法】通过控制浇水调控土壤含水量,调查15, 20, 25和30 d干旱胁迫下砂土和壤土栽培的韭菜中韭菜迟眼蕈蚊F1代成虫的发生量,并通过两性生命表方法分析干旱胁迫30 d对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊F₁代种群参数的影响。【结果】研究结果表明,不论砂土还是壤土,干旱胁迫均抑制了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊F1代成虫的发生: 随干旱胁迫时间的增加,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的数量显著下降;其中干旱胁迫30 d时,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的发生量最低,壤土或砂土中的F₁代成虫羽化量仅为1头,与其他干旱胁迫时间(15, 20和25 d)相比发生量差异显著。经历30 d干旱胁迫的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊F₁代1, 2, 3和4龄幼虫发育历期、未成熟期、雌成虫产卵前期和总产卵前期较对照组显著延长,分别延长0.82, 253, 2.82, 0.68, 6.32, 1.36和8.69 d,而净生殖率(R₀)、内禀增长率(r_m)以及周限增长率(λ)则显著低于对照组,分别较对照组下降32.38%, 37.50%和5.13%。【结论】在韭菜养根期进行干旱处理可有效抑制韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的发生。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫对其不同虫态气味的行为反应

【目的】明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga Yang et Zhang雌成虫对不同虫态的行为趋性及起作用的活性物质,为开发高效引诱剂诱杀成虫的绿色防控技术提供基础。【方法】采用Y型嗅觉仪测定未交配或已交配韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫对2龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、蛹和卵块挥发物的趋性,应用固相微萃取和气-质联用仪对有引诱活性虫态挥发物进行定性和定量分析,然后进一步采用Y型嗅觉仪测定不同化学成分及比例对雌虫的引诱活性。【结果】结果表明,未交配或者已交配韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫明显嗜好4龄幼虫,而对2龄幼虫、蛹和卵块无明显趋性。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊4龄幼虫体表挥发物主要成分是二丙基二硫醚和2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷等二硫化物,前者含量是后者的10倍。50 mg二丙基二硫醚单体对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有明显吸引作用,50 mg和5 mg 2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷单体对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有一定吸引作用;二丙基二硫醚与2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷以1︰1(50 mg︰50 mg)和10︰1(50 mg︰5 mg)混合物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有明显吸引作用;而将二丙基二硫醚和2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷以10︰1(50 mg︰5 mg)混合后与50 mg二丙基二硫醚单体比较,前者对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫的吸引作用更明显。【结论】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫明显嗜好4龄幼虫,其体表挥发物二丙基二硫醚等二硫化物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫具有吸引作用,2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷对二丙基二硫醚单体吸引韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有增效作用。     

龄期、饲养条件及生测方法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对药剂敏感性的影响

为建立针对韭蛆的简便、可靠的生测方法，采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法、人工饲料混药法和浸虫法分别测定毒死蜱、噻虫胺对韭蛆不同龄期幼虫的毒力，以明确龄期、温度和饲料等饲养条件及生测方法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对药剂敏感性测定结果的影响。三种方法测得2龄幼虫对毒死蜱的敏感性分别为4龄幼虫的11.9倍、7.4倍、3.3倍；4种饲料饲养的试虫，毒死蜱对取食韭菜、人工饲料、大葱的LC50分别为圆葱的1.84倍、1.47倍、2.31倍；在15~30℃范围内，随着试虫的饲养温度的升高，毒死蜱对韭蛆4龄幼虫的LC50不断增大；三种方法测得毒死蜱对4龄幼虫的LC50分别为67.199 mg/L、71.123 mg/L、88.120 mg/L，噻虫胺对4龄幼虫的LC50依次为3.584 mg/L、2.255 mg/L、4.329mg/L，并且胃毒触杀联合毒力法和人工饲料混药法的毒力曲线拟合度要好于浸虫法。试验表明：试虫龄期、饲养温度、饲养饲料等因素对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对药剂敏感性存在明显影响，采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法和人工饲料混药法测定的结果比浸虫法准确可靠。     

北京地区韭菜迟眼蕈蚊种群动态及越夏越冬场所调查研究

【目的】为明确北京地区不同栽培管理模式下韭菜田全年韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga种群动态的发生规律及其越夏越冬场所。【方法】分别在2014—2015年通过黄色板对露地和温室韭菜田块的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫进行了监测,并通过挖根和网捕的方式调查韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的越夏越冬场所及虫态。【结果】北京地区,露地韭菜田块韭菜迟眼蕈蚊每年发生3~4代,温室内可全年发生,主要为害高峰期在春秋两季;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫主要分布在0~5 cm的土壤深处;夏季韭菜迟眼蕈蚊虫口基数偏低,但主要在本地韭菜田块越夏;冬季韭菜迟眼蕈蚊主要以4龄老熟幼虫在鳞茎内或鳞茎附近的土壤中越冬。【结论】本研究阐明了北京地区不同栽培管理模式下,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊周年发生的种群动态规律及越夏越冬生物学特性,为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的预测测报和综合防治提供理论参考依据。     

异迟眼蕈蚊在不同植物上的生长发育及种群参数

【目的】异迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia difformis Frey的幼虫取食为害作物的地下部分,影响作物的品质,为了明确韭菜、蚕豆、生菜、白菜和甘蓝5种植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育以及繁殖的影响。【方法】本试验采用室内人工饲养测定的方法,研究了5种不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育,繁殖力和存活率的影响,并统计了其对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响。【结果】结果表明:卵到蛹的发育历期依次为甘蓝、白菜、韭菜、生菜、蚕豆;5种植物对雌雄虫寿命影响不显著,对雌虫产卵量以及蛹重均有影响,其中在韭菜上的产卵量最大,甘蓝最少,在韭菜上蛹最重,生菜上蛹最轻;异迟眼蕈蚊的存活率随着生长发育降低,总体在韭菜上的存活率高于其他寄主植物,在生菜上的存活率均最低。统计分析不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响,净增殖率和内禀增长率在韭菜上最大而在甘蓝上最小;平均世代周期在蚕豆上最短,甘蓝上最长;种群加倍时间在韭菜上最短,而在甘蓝上最长。【结论】由此可知,异迟眼蕈蚊均可以在韭菜,蚕豆,生菜,白菜和甘蓝上完成生长发育及繁殖,其对5种植物的适应性依次为:韭菜、蚕豆、白菜、甘蓝和生菜。     

对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫高毒力Bt资源筛选及效果评价

【目的】为开发防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga的生物杀虫剂,本研究评价了185株苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的杀虫活性。【方法】采用浸叶饲喂法对供试菌株进行室内生物学测定,用盆栽试验对筛选到的对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊高毒力的FPT3菌株进行防效验证,通过SDS-PAGE电泳技术对FPT3菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白进行分析,并采用Biolog微生物自动分析系统对FPT3菌株进行了生理生化测定。【结果】在1×10~8 cfu/m L浓度下,对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊2龄幼虫3 d的校正死亡率在80%以上的菌株有12株,其中FPT3菌株对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊2龄幼虫的杀虫活性最高;FPT3菌株表达70 ku左右蛋白,具有典型的苏云金芽胞杆菌的生理生化特征;FPT3菌株对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊1龄和2龄幼虫具有较高的杀虫活性,LC_(50)分别为1.206×10~6 cfu/m L和2.577×10~6 cfu/mL,室内盆栽试验明确了FPT3菌株对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果达77.76%。【结论】FPT3菌株能有效地控制韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的发生,具有良好的应用前景。     

溴氰虫酰胺亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及体内解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)的亚致死效应,为甜菜夜蛾的综合防治和溴氰虫酰胺的合理使用提供理论依据。【方法】采用饲料混毒法,测定溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,确定其亚致死剂量（LC₁₀和LC₂₅）,并分别用该亚致死剂量处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫,研究其对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和体内3种解毒酶活性的影响。【结果】以LC₁₀ 和LC₂₅剂量处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫后,幼虫生长受到显著抑制,虫重抑制率分别为11.55%和27.68%;LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理组3龄幼虫到化蛹天数分别比对照组延长0.07和0.20 d;化蛹率显著低于对照组（80.93%）,分别为63.89%和49.43%;成虫寿命显著缩短1.11 d和2.08 d;单雌产卵量和卵孵化率也低于对照组。亚致死剂量溴氰虫酰胺处理甜菜夜蛾幼虫后24-96 h,羧酸酯酶活性和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性表现出相似的变化趋势,呈先激活升高、后被抑制降低;而多功能氧化酶活性在药剂处理48 h和72 h均受到不同程度的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与浓度成正比。【结论】亚致死剂量的溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育有显著抑制作用,对其幼虫体内解毒酶活性也有不同程度的抑制作用。     

我国韭菜主产区韭菜迟眼蕈蚊田间种群的抗药性监测

【目的】建立韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang对10种常用药剂的敏感基线,并对4省7个主要韭菜产区的田间种群进行6种常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平监测。【方法】采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫进行室内生物测定。【结果】建立了敏感品系对新烟碱类、有机磷类、菊酯类、昆虫生长调节剂类、吡咯类药剂的敏感基线。对7个地区的田间韭菜迟眼蕈蚊种群监测结果表明:其对有机磷类药剂均产生了抗药性,其中河南郑州种群对毒死蜱和辛硫磷产生了极高水平抗性;河南郑州种群对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,其他各地区均处于敏感状态;大部分种群对新烟碱类药剂处于低等或中等水平抗性,但山东李坡种群对噻虫嗪产生了高水平抗性。【结论】本文建立的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对10种杀虫剂的敏感基线及抗药性监测数据为抗性治理提供一定参考。     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。     

山东省五个棉花产区绿盲蝽对药剂的敏感性检测（英文）

利用闪烁管药膜法测定了2009年山东省德州、滨州、梁山、曲阜和聊城5个棉花产区绿盲蝽Lygus lucorum Meyer-Dür对硫丹、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉、联苯菊酯和氟虫腈8种杀虫剂的敏感性,筛选出适合各地区的高效防治药剂。结果表明：5个地区绿盲蝽种群对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉处于敏感性阶段。不同种群之间对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的敏感性差异较大,其中聊城种群为最敏感种群,滨州种群对灭多威、 硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的5.12,6.04和39.80倍;曲阜种群对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的22.12,5.48和22.80倍。两种群对此3种药剂的敏感性下降,而其余种群仍处于较敏感阶段。8种药剂对绿盲蝽成虫的毒力按大小依次排序为：氟虫腈＞灭多威、联苯菊酯、硫丹＞马拉硫磷、毒死蜱＞丁硫克百威＞吡虫啉。2009年7-10月间德州夏津绿盲蝽种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性变化极微。     

Sublethal effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos or imidacloprid insecticides or their binary mixtures on Culex pipiens mosquitoes

Mosquitoes represent one of the most significant threats to human and veterinary health throughout the world. Consequently, improving strategies for the control of mosquitoes is essential. In the present study, juvenile Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), the common house mosquito, are chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (20% of LC₅₀) and imidacloprid (5% of LC₅₀), both separately and as a mixture. Developmental time, the emergence rate of adults and the expression of five selected genes involved in detoxification and resistance to pesticides are assessed. To assess the effects on oviposition choice, gravid females are forced to oviposit into cups containing water with added chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid or a mixture of both. The time required for the development of second‐ and third‐instar larvae is observed to differ significantly between treatments. Adults of C. pipiens fail to emerge from larvae hatched in both imidacloprid and the binary mixture. The expression of the four quantified detoxification genes differs significantly in third‐larval instars exposed to chlorpyrifos and/or imidacloprid compared with controls. Gravid females also fail to lay eggs on water to which either of the insecticides or the binary mixture is added, although they do lay eggs in cups containing water only. Chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos or imidacloprid has significant adverse effects on development and thus the reproductive fitness of C. pipiens and, accordingly, could be used in the population control of these mosquitoes.     

抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量对棉铃虫毒力的影响及对乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用

辛硫磷、马拉硫磷和灭多威3种抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量（LD10）预处理棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫24 h后,对辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯5种杀虫药剂的毒力影响有明显差异。酶动力学研究表明：在48 h内,辛硫磷亚致死剂量对棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力有一定的抑制作用,24 h仅为对照组的0.56倍;马拉硫磷、灭多威则可以诱导乙酰胆碱酯酶的比活力增加,诱导最大值时间分别为3 h和12 h。通过对米氏常数（K_m）值分析表明,辛硫磷诱导48 h内对乙酰胆碱酯酶与底物亲和力的影响不大,马拉硫磷、灭多威诱导48 h内乙酰胆碱酯酶对底物亲和力有所下降,其中灭多威诱导组最为明显。3种药剂亚致死剂量处理24 h后,通过蔗糖密度梯度离心表明5%蔗糖梯度层乙酰胆碱酯酶分布百分数明显高于对照组,而20%蔗糖梯度层却明显低于对照组,说明亚致死剂量处理可能引起乙酰胆碱酯酶分子型及不同分子型分布比例的变化。     

Toxicity assessment of insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields

Toxicity of four insecticides commonly used in rice pest management, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, carbaryl and carbosulfan, to the fry of common carp was assessed through median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) and in vivo inhibition of the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme at sublethal concentrations. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values for these four insecticides were determined to be 0.008, 26.11, 7.85 and 0.60 mg L^?1 respectively. Exposure of fish to a series of sublethal concentrations (0.5–5% LC₅₀) of each insecticide for 14 days resulted in concentration‐dependent inhibition in AChE activity in comparison with the controls. AChE activity was greatly inhibited in the fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Upon transfer to insecticide‐free water, AChE activities in fry exposed to 0.5 and 1% LC₅₀ concentrations of carbaryl and carbosulfan were restored to the control level within 7–21 days whereas the fish exposed to chlorpyrifos or dimethoate did not fully recover from the insecticide‐induced anticholinesterase action. Of the four insecticides tested, chlorpyrifos was the most toxic for the fry of common carp. Although dimethoate was least toxic for the fish under acute exposure, the restoration level of normal AChE activity was slower under chronic exposure in comparison with carbaryl and carbosulfan. Hence, the use of carbamates, especially carbaryl, to control insect pests of rice in rice‐cum‐carp culture systems is recommended when considering survival, restoration of the normal AChE activity and stamina of the cultured fish.     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒与化学杀虫剂和卵磷脂混用的增效作用

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒(HaNPV)分别与三氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭净菊酯、灭多威、辛硫磷、甲基对硫磷和乙酰甲胺磷等化学杀虫剂混合饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,统计致死中浓度LC₅₀,计算增效比,测定虫体内与抗性有关的三种重要酶：多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性。研究大豆卵磷脂对HaNPV致病性的影响。结果表明：HaNPV与化学杀虫剂混合饲喂抗性棉铃虫,生测统计增效比均大于1.0,特别是病毒与甲基对硫磷混用,增效比更是达到3.53,表现出良好的增效作用。混剂感染抗性棉铃虫,虫体内MFO的活性比化学杀虫剂单用时降低3～12倍,CarE和AChE的活性也比化学杀虫剂单用时低,HaNPV明显抑制了化学杀虫剂对MFO和CarE的诱导作用。HaNPV与大豆卵磷脂混用,提高了HaNPV对棉铃虫的感染致死率,缩短了致死中时间(LT₅₀)。     

复配杀虫剂BtA对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对天敌中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和成虫的触杀毒性(英文)

为了科学施药, 合理保护和利用天敌对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera进行综合防治, 本研究在室内测定和比较了复配杀虫剂BtA和7种常用杀虫剂（阿维菌素、 Bt、 β-氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、定虫隆、氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威）对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对其天敌中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性。采用浸叶法测定杀虫剂在室内72 h内对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的杀虫效果, 结果表明： 与其他杀虫剂相比, BtA对棉铃虫幼虫具有更高的毒性和致死效应 (LC₅₀=0.7364 mg/mL)。将棉铃虫3龄幼虫接到用浓度4 mg/mL上述杀虫剂分别处理过的大白菜上24, 48和72 h, 发现其死亡率之间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。但在72 h后, BtA和其他杀虫剂对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫效果之间并无显著差异(P>0.05)。BtA施药后, 随着时间的延长, 棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率也在增加。另外, 通过杀虫剂对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性的生物测定发现： 与β-氯氰菊酯、 氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威相比, BtA对中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的毒性较低, 对其蛹和雌成虫致死率分别仅为13.82%和7.33%。本研究证明BtA对鳞翅目害虫具有中等毒性, 而对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂则具有较低毒性。     

Toxicity of seventeen insecticides to Camponotus sericeus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The success of chemical control depends on toxicity of insecticides against insect pests. Camponotus sericeus is an important urban pest with the ability to cause substantial damage to wooden structures, but there is a lack of information on toxicity of insecticides against C. sericeus. To determine the insecticide toxicity, workers of C. sericeus were exposed to 17 insecticides from different classes: carbamate (methomyl, bendiocarb), organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, profenofos, temephos), pyrethroid (bifenthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin), neonicotinoid (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam), avermectin (abamectin, emamectin), pyrrole (chlorfenapyr), phenylpyrazole (fipronil), and spinosyn (spinosad and spinetoram), via residual bioassay method. The LC₅₀ ranged from: 0.15 to 0.20 µg/vial for carbamates, 0.09 to 0.27 µg/vial for organophosphates, 0.09 to 0.44 µg/vial for pyrethroids, 0.02 to 0.67 µg/vial for neonicotinoids, 0.54 to 0.82 µg/vial for avermectins, 0.78 µg/vial for pyrrole, 0.62 µg/vial for phenylpyrazole, and 1.96 to 2.05 µg/vial for spinosyns. Overall, acetamiprid was the most toxic one among the tested insecticides followed by permethrin, temephos, profenofos, bendiocarb and methomyl, while spinosad and spinetoram were the least toxic insecticides. Considering the potential toxicity of different insecticides against C. sericeus, future studies could investigate the practical application of these insecticides in order to design an effective management plan.     

Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on fecundity and wing dimorphism of green peach aphid (Hom., Aphididae)

Effects of sublethal concentrations (LC₂₅) of six insecticides (imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin) on fecundity and wing dimorphism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were studied both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, aphid reproduction reduced by 44.29% and 54.01% when rotenone and abamectin treatments were applied at sublethal dose, respectively, and sublethal fenvalerate application resulted in markedly lower average reproduction per female per day compared with control. Reproductive duration of aphid treated with abamectin significantly decreased by 44.19%. But in the greenhouse, there were no evident differences in the aphid fecundity and reproductive duration between treatments and control. Life‐table parameters also demonstrated that the six insecticides at sublethal doses did not stimulate the aphid reproductive potential. In the laboratory, after being exposed to sublethal doses of imidacloprid and fenvalerate, the proportions of alate progeny in aphid progeny were significantly higher than that of the control. In the greenhouse, percentages of alate offspring from the mother aphids treated with imidacloprid, fenvalerate and abamectin increased pronouncedly compared with control. Mortality rates of offspring in the nymphal stages from adults treated with insecticides revealed no significant changes between laboratory and greenhouse. The developmental time in days of the offspring varied in all treatments. Mechanisms of insecticide‐induced resurgence are discussed.