CXCL9对单个核细胞的趋化作用及其机制探讨

目的 观察趋化因子CXCL9对人外周血单个核细胞的趋化作用,并探讨其对CXCR3受体后信号通路的影响.方法 分离人外周血单个核细胞并进行培养,Transwell小室趋化实验检测不同浓度的趋化因子CXCL9对外周血单个核细胞的趋化作用;Western blot方法检测CXCL9刺激外周血单个核细胞时ERK1/2及PI3K/Akt信号通路的蛋白表达变化,并检测上述通路抑制剂PD98059和Wortmannin处理细胞后,CXCL9对ERK1/2、PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响有无变化.结果 与空白对照组相比,不同浓度的CXCL9刺激对人外周血单个核细胞均有明显的趋化作用,并且CXCL9刺激人外周血单个核细胞能激活ERK1/2及PI3K/Akt信号通路,其关键蛋白ERK1/2及Akt磷酸化水平显著增加;通路特异性抑制剂PD98059和Wortmannin的应用能明显抑制CXCL9对这两条信号通路的激活.结论 CXCL9能趋化人外周血单个核细胞发生迁移,ERK1/2及PI3K/Akt信号通路可能在此过程中发挥重要作用.     

Smad4分子在ERK/MAPK信号转导通路中的作用

为了探讨在人永生化支气管上皮细胞BEP2D细胞中,Smad4分子对 ERK/MAPK通路的作用,我们用RNA干扰的方法分别设计了两对Smad4 siRNA,并使BEP2D细胞中Smad4靶向沉默,用Western印迹分析了细胞内ERK激酶和MEK激酶磷酸化水平的变化.结果发现,当Smad4表达沉默后,ERK激酶磷酸化水平未变,MEK激酶磷酸化水平有所降低;再加TGF-β1诱导后ERK激酶和MEK激酶磷酸化水平均显著降低至基础水平以下.结果表明在BEP2D细胞中,Smad4的缺失抑制TGF-β1对ERK/MAPK通路的活化,故提出TGF β活化ERK/MAPK通路需要Smad4存在的假设.     

低浓度哇巴因对负鼠肾小管上皮细胞增殖的影响

目的:用低血清培养液来模拟肾脏供血不足的营养不良状态,研究低浓度哇巴因对低血清培养下OK细胞(负鼠肾小管上皮细胞)增殖的影响。方法:用低浓度哇巴因(1-30n M)处理0.2%血清培养下OK细胞,MTT实验和Brdu掺入法检测哇巴因对OK细胞增殖的影响;Western blot检测Akt和ERK1/2的磷酸化水平;用LY294002和PD98059分别抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2蛋白激酶活性,观察抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2对哇巴因促进OK细胞增殖的影响。结果:低浓度哇巴因(1-30n M)促进OK细胞的增值,上调OK细胞中Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化水平。用LY294002和PD98059特异抑制Akt和ERK1/2的活化能够抑制哇巴因的促增殖作用。结论:低浓度哇巴因(1-10n M)能够促进OK细胞的增值,PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2信号通路参与哇巴因对OK细胞促增殖作用的调节。     

前列腺癌雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路相互作用研究进展

前列腺癌的发生、进展依赖于雄激素,因此去势手术成为治疗晚期前列腺癌的标准疗法。但是去势后大多前列腺癌最终将转化为雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌,甚至进展为激素难治性前列腺癌,使得肿瘤的进展不受低水平雄激素的影响。即使如此,大多数激素非依赖性前列腺癌,依然阳性表达雄激素受体。因而雄激素受体在前列腺癌发生发展中起着重要作用。而PI3K/Akt信号通路能够通过维持细胞生存、抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞代谢及血管生成等促进前列腺癌进展。本综述旨在总结前人研究,阐述雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路之间相互作用关系。研究表明Akt信号通路能够正性或者负性调控AR蛋白表达、蛋白的稳定性及其转录活性,从而维持细胞的生存、代谢。而AR即可以通过基因转录途径抑制Akt活化又能通过非转录基因途径激活Akt及其下游蛋白。因此,AR和Akt信号通路相互协同促进前列腺癌的发生及其向雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌进展。     

褪黑素对小鼠MFC前胃癌细胞ERK、Akt及NF-κB表达的影响

目的探讨褪黑素对小鼠MFC前胃癌细胞ERK、Akt及NF-κB表达的影响。方法建立褪黑素在不同时间点干预胃癌细胞的体外模型,免疫印迹法观察褪黑素对小鼠MFC前胃癌细胞p-ERK/ERK、p-Akt/Akt,NF-κB表达的影响,CCK-8检测PI3K抑制剂Wortmannin对MFC细胞增殖的作用。结果①2mmol/L褪黑素作用24h、48h后明显下调MFC细胞ERK1/2、Akt的磷酸化,但对ERK1/2、Akt表达无影响;②Wortmannin明显抑制MFC细胞增殖活性,与MLT作用有明显协同效应;③褪黑素对NF-κB表达无影响。结论褪黑素可通过抑制ERK1/2、Akt的磷酸化从而抑制胃癌细胞增殖。     

前列腺癌雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt 信号通路相互作用研究进展

前列腺癌的发生、进展依赖于雄激素,因此去势手术成为治疗晚期前列腺癌的标准疗法。但是去势后大多前列腺癌最终将转化为雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌,甚至进展为激素难治性前列腺癌,使得肿瘤的进展不受低水平雄激素的影响。即使如此,大多数激素非依赖性前列腺癌,依然阳性表达雄激素受体。因而雄激素受体在前列腺癌发生发展中起着重要作用。而PI3K/Akt信号通路能够通过维持细胞生存、抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞代谢及血管生成等促进前列腺癌进展。本综述旨在总结前人研究,阐述雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路之间相互作用关系。研究表明Akt信号通路能够正性或者负性调控AR蛋白表达、蛋白的稳定性及其转录活性,从而维持细胞的生存、代谢。而AR即可以通过基因转录途径抑制Akt活化又能通过非转录基因途径激活Akt及其下游蛋白。因此,AR和Akt信号通路相互协同促进前列腺癌的发生及其向雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌进展。     

细胞MEK1/2蛋白及其相关通路在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（HSV-2）复制中的作用

基于细胞Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路与病毒复制的关系,应用Western印迹检测 p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达、用终点滴定法测定病毒增殖量（TCID_５０）,以及观察感染细胞的细胞病变效应（CPE）等,揭示单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)复制与 ERK通路的关系. 结果表明,HSV-2的复制可引起细胞ERK通路的活化;用U0126预先抑制ERK通路的活化,或用特异性siRNA敲减MEK1/2基因的表达可显著地抑制病毒复制.提示ERK信号通路以及MEK1/2蛋白对HSV-2的复制具有重要的作用.该研究对进一步阐明细胞ERK通路各激酶蛋白在病毒复制中的作用机制、寻找抗病毒作用靶标等奠定了良好的基础.     

雷公藤红素对过氧化氢诱导肌萎缩性侧索硬化症细胞模型氧化损伤的保护作用

本研究旨在探讨在H2O2诱导氧化应激损伤条件下,雷公藤红素对肌萎缩性侧索硬化症细胞模型SOD1G93ANSC34的保护作用及其相关分子机制。用不同剂量H2O2、雷公藤红素处理表达人突变SOD1G93A基因的NSC34细胞24h后,CCK-8试剂检测细胞存活率;丙二醛试剂盒检测细胞内丙二醛水平;real-time PCR检测细胞谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, GCLC)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferases, GST)的表达水平;Western blot检测药物处理后细胞内MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt细胞信号通路的激活。结果显示,50 nmol/L雷公藤红素预处理可提高H2O2 (10 μmol/L)损伤后SOD1G93ANSC34细胞的生存率,并使细胞内MDA生成减少,逆转H2O2诱导的SOD1G93ANSC34细胞内谷胱甘肽合成相关酶GCLC和GST mRNA表达下调。雷公藤红素处理0.5 h、1 h分别激活SOD1G93ANSC34细胞内MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路达峰值,且MEK抑制剂PD98059和Akt抑制剂MK2206可阻断雷公藤红素对相关信号通路的激活效应。PD98059、MK2206预处理30 min均抑制雷公藤红素引起的SOD1G93ANSC34细胞内GCLC和GST上调。以上研究结果提示,雷公藤红素对肌萎缩性侧索硬化症细胞模型SOD1G93ANSC34细胞有抗氧化应激的保护作用,该神经保护作用与雷公藤红素调节SOD1G93ANSC34细胞内谷胱甘肽合成相关酶类生成有关,细胞内MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路参与此调节过程。     

Caveolin-1基因沉默促进乳腺上皮细胞ERα36 介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路的激活

Caveolin-1(窖蛋白-1)单倍不足可以促进正常乳腺细胞的早期转化, 与新型雌激素受体亚型ERα36介导的膜始动雌激素信号通路的激活有关, 但是关于其机制并未被研究清楚. 本文利用siRNA技术建立了Caveolin-1低表达而ERα36高表达的稳定传代细胞模型MCF10ACE, 采用基因芯片技术检测了ERα36高表达时雌激素信号通路基因表达谱, 研究了ERα36在雌激素激活的PI3K/AKT信号通路中的作用及其与乳腺细胞转化的关系. 结果表明: (1) Caveolin-1表达降低时可以以雌激素依赖性方式促进ERα36表达增加; (2) ERα36高表达可介导MCF10ACE细胞雌激素抗凋亡信号通路(PI3K/AKT)的激活, 促进其与增殖信号通路MEK/ERK之间的交叉对话, 从而使人乳腺细胞增殖加快, 逐渐转化. 结果提示, Caveolin-1与ERα36相互作用调节膜起始的雌激素信号通路是控制乳腺细胞转化的重要机制.     

谷氨酰胺激活PI3K/Akt信号通路促进痘苗病毒复制

谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)在细胞生长和代谢过程中起重要作用,能够激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,m TOR)信号通路。多种病毒能通过PI3K/Akt信号通路维持细胞生存和抑制细胞凋亡,维持病毒的感染。为了探讨Gln在痘苗病毒(vaccinia virus strain western reserve,WR)感染人肺癌细胞A549过程中的调控作用及其潜在机制,该文通过蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)检测PI3K/Akt信号通路蛋白质磷酸化水平,流式细胞术检测细胞阳性率,结晶紫染色检测WR滴度,实时定量PCR(quantitative Real-time PCR,q PCR)检测WR基因E3L和A46R m RNA水平。结果显示,Gln处理后PI3K/Akt信号通路蛋白质磷酸化水平显著升高。抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路后,细胞阳性率显著降低(P0.05),WR滴度显著降低(P0.05),WR基因E3L和A46R m RNA水平显著降低(P0.05)。该研究结果表明,Gln通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路从而促进A549细胞中WR的复制。     

PI3K/Akt-sensitive MEK-independent compensatory circuit of ERK activation in ER-positive PI3K-mutant T47D breast cancer cells

We explored the crosstalk between cell survival (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt) and mitogenic (Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) signaling pathways activated by an epidermal growth factor (EGF) and analyzed their sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors in the PI3K-mutant estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells. In contrast to MCF7 cells, ERK phosphorylation in T47D cells displayed resistance to MEK inhibition by several structurally different compounds, such as U0126, PD 098059 and PD 198306, MEK suppression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and was also less sensitive to PI3K inhibition by wortmannin. Similar effect was observed in PI3K-wild type ER-positive BT-474 cells, albeit to a much lesser extent.MEK-independent ERK activation was induced only by ErbB receptor ligands and was resistant to inhibition of several kinases and phosphatases that are known to participate in the regulation of Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Although single agents against PDK1 or Akt did not affect EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation, a combination of PI3K/Akt and MEK inhibitors synergistically suppressed ERK activation and cellular growth. siRNA-mediated silencing of class I PI3K or Akt1/2 genes also significantly decreased U0126-resistant ERK phosphorylation.Our data suggest that in T47D cells ErbB family ligands induce a dynamic, PI3K/Akt-sensitive and MEK-independent compensatory ERK activation circuit that is absent in MCF7 cells. We discuss candidate proteins that can be involved in this activation circuitry and suggest that PDZ-Binding Kinase/T-LAK Cell-Originated Protein Kinase (PBK/TOPK) may play a role in mediating MEK-independent ERK activation.     

Carbachol induces p70S6K1 activation through an ERK-dependent but Akt-independent pathway in human colonic epithelial cells

Stimulation of human colonic epithelial T84 cells with the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol, a stable analog of acetylcholine, induced Akt, p70S6K1 and ERK activation. Treatment of T84 cells with the selective inhibitor of EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase AG1478 abrogated Akt phosphorylation on Ser⁴⁷³ induced by either carbachol or EGF, indicating that carbachol-induced Akt activation is mediated through EGFR transactivation. Surprisingly, AG1478 did not suppress p70S6K1 phosphorylation on Thr³⁸⁹ in response to carbachol, indicating the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation induces p70S6K1 activation, at least in part, via an Akt-independent pathway. In contrast, treatment with the selective MEK inhibitor U0126 (but not with the inactive analog U0124) inhibited carbachol-induced p70S6K1 activation, indicating that the MEK/ERK/RSK pathway plays a critical role in p70S6K1 activation in GPCR-stimulated T84 cells. These findings imply that GPCR activation induces p70S6K1 via ERK rather than through the canonical PI 3-kinase/Akt/TSC/mTORC1 pathway in T84 colon carcinoma cells.     

Involvement of STIM1 and Orai1 in EGF-mediated cell growth in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Background

In non-excitable cells, one major route for calcium entry is through store-operated calcium (SOC) channels in the plasma membrane. These channels are activated by the emptying of intracellular Ca²⁺ store. STIM1 and Orai1 are major regulators of SOC channels. In this study, we explored the functions of STIM1 and Orai1 in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell proliferation and migration in retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cell line).

Results

EGF triggers cell proliferation and migration in ARPE-19 cells. Cell proliferation and migration involve STIM1 and Orai1, as well as phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, and Akt. Pharmacological inhibitors of SOC channels and siRNA of Orai1 and STIM1 suppress cell proliferation and migration. Pre-treatment of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors and a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K) inhibitor attenuated cell proliferation and migration. However, inhibition of the SOC channels failed to prevent EGF-mediated ERK 1/2 and Akt phosphorylation.

Conclusions

Our results showed that STIM1, Orai1, ERK 1/2, and Akt are key determinants of EGF-mediated cell growth in ARPE-19 cells. EGF is a potent growth molecule that has been linked to the development of PVR, and therefore, STIM1, Orai1, as well as the MEK/ERK 1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways, might be potential therapeutic targets for drugs aimed at treating such disorders.     

Intracellular signaling of angiotensin II-induced p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation at Ser(411) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Possible requirement of epidermal growth factor receptor, Ras, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and Akt

Activation of p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) by growth factors requires multiple signal inputs involving phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), its effector Akt, and an unidentified kinase that phosphorylates Ser/Thr residues (Ser(411), Ser(418), Ser(424), and Thr(421)) clustered at its autoinhibitory domain. However, the mechanism by which G protein-coupled receptors activate p70(S6K) remains largely uncertain. By using vascular smooth muscle cells in which we have demonstrated Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation through Ca(2+)-dependent, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation by G(q)-coupled angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor, we present a unique cross-talk required for Ser(411) phosphorylation of p70(S6K) by Ang II. Both p70(S6K) Ser(411) and Akt Ser(473) phosphorylation by Ang II appear to involve EGF receptor transactivation and were inhibited by dominant-negative Ras, whereas the phosphorylation of p70(S6K) and ERK but not Akt was sensitive to the MEK inhibitor. By contrast, the phosphorylation of p70(S6K) and Akt but not ERK was sensitive to PI3K inhibitors. Similar inhibitory pattern on these phosphorylation sites by EGF but not insulin was observed. Taken together with the inhibition of Ang II-induced p70(S6K) activation by dominant-negative Ras and the MEK inhibitor, we conclude that Ang II-initiated activation of p70(S6K) requires both ERK cascade and PI3K/Akt cascade that bifurcate at the point of EGF receptor-dependent Ras activation.     

Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase enhances insulin stimulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases in mouse R- fibroblasts

Insulin stimulates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in various mammalian cells. To study the role of PI3K in insulin stimulation of ERK, we employed PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and mouse embryonic R- fibroblasts lacking IGF-1 receptors. In these R- cells, PI3K inhibition by LY294002 enhanced insulin stimulation of ERK phosphorylation whereas LY294002 inhibited insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation. The enhanced insulin stimulation of ERK phosphorylation was accompanied by increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Insulin stimulation of insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation was not altered. PI3K inhibition increased IRS-1-Grb2 complex formation and ras activity following insulin treatment of cells. Increased insulin stimulation of ERK by PI3K inhibition was mediated by the MEK/ERK pathway, but did not involve inhibitory Ser259 phosphorylation of raf that was reported to be mediated by Akt. In summary, PI3K inhibition in R- cells enhanced insulin stimulation of ERK phosphorylation by mechanisms involving enhancement of IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, IRS-1-Grb2 complex formation and the ras/MEK/ERK pathway.     

M-Ras induces Ral and JNK activation to regulate MEK/ERK-independent gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Constitutive activation of M-Ras has previously been reported to cause morphologic and growth transformation of murine cells, suggesting that M-Ras plays a role in tumorigenesis. Cell transformation by M-Ras correlated with weak activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, although contributions from other downstream effectors were suggested. Recent studies indicate that signaling events distinct from the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade are critical for human tumorigenesis. However, it is unknown what signaling events M-Ras triggers in human cells. Using constitutively active M-Ras (Q71L) containing additional mutations within its effector-binding loop, we found that M-Ras induces MEK/ERK-dependent and -independent Elk1 activation as well as phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and JNK/cJun activation in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Among several human cell lines examined, M-Ras-induced MEK/ERK-independent Elk1 activation was only detected in MCF-7 cells, and correlated with Rlf/M-Ras interaction and Ral/JNK activation. Supporting a role for M-Ras signaling in breast cancer, EGF activated M-Ras and promoted its interaction with endogenous Rlf. In addition, constitutive activation of M-Ras induced estrogen-independent growth of MCF-7 cells that was dependent on PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and JNK activation. Thus, our studies demonstrate that M-Ras signaling activity differs between human cells, highlighting the importance of defining Ras protein signaling within each cell type, especially when designing treatments for Ras-induced cancer. These findings also demonstrate that M-Ras activity may be important for progression of EGFR-dependent tumors.     

The cell survival signal Akt is differentially activated by PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 in osteoblastic cells

Stimulation of osteoblast survival signals may be an important mechanism of regulating bone anabolism. Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a serine-threonine protein kinase, is a critical regulator of normal cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cell survival. In this study we have investigated the signaling pathways activated by growth factors PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 and determined whether PDGF-BB, EGF, and FGF-2 activated Akt in human or mouse osteoblastic cells. The results demonstrated that both ERK1 and ERK2 were activated by FGF-2 and PDGF-BB. Activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by PDGF-BB and FGF-2 was inhibited by PD 098059 (100 microM), a specific inhibitor of MEK. Wortmannin (500 nM), a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI 3-K), inhibited the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2 suggesting that PI 3-K mediated the activation of ERK MAPK pathway by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6 protein kinase and a downstream target of ERK1/2 and PI 3-K, did not affect the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by the growth factors. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Akt, a downstream target of PI 3-K, was activated by PDGF-BB but not by FGF-2. Akt activation by PDGF-BB was inhibited by PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Rapamycin had no effect on Akt activation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) also activated Akt in osteoblastic cells which was inhibited by LY294002 but not by rapamycin. Taken together, our data for the first time revealed that the activation of ERK1/2 by PDGF-BB is mediated by PI 3-K, and secondly, Akt is activated by PDGF-BB and EGF but not by FGF-2 in human and mouse osteoblastic cells. These results are of critical importance in understanding the role of these growth factors in apoptosis and cell survival. PDGF-BB and EGF but not FGF-2 may stimulate osteoblast cell survival.