菊科植物化感作用研究进展

对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 ,特别是作为天然除草剂及杀虫剂     

植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响

所有的化感物质都对一些植物的种子萌发产生影响.本文介绍了植物化感作用和化感物质的定义,化感物质的释放方式和种类,然后重点综述了化感物质影响种子萌发的作用机理、内外因素和生态学意义.化感物质通过影响细胞膜透性、细胞分裂生长和分化、呼吸作用、蛋白质合成、基因表达、激素合成和平衡,最终影响种子萌发.化感物质对种子萌发的影响与化感物质的种类、浓度、受体植物种类和环境条件等有关.     

渗透胁迫对化感作用生物测定的影响

以加拿大蓬水提液为供体,白菜种子为受体,设计了梯度渗透、等渗溶液以及高渗透压、低化感物质浓度3组实验;通过梯度渗透试验确定受体植物可耐受的渗透势阈值,用等渗溶液排除渗透势的干扰确定植物浸提液的化感作用及其作用强度,以高渗透压、低化感物质浓度试验初步模拟自然条件下渗透势与化感物质之间的主次关系,探讨化感作用研究中培养液渗透势对试验结果的影响。结果显示,处理液渗透势在≥-0.25 MPa范围内对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长没有显著影响;加拿大蓬水溶性物质具有化感作用,且其化感作用主要影响小白菜幼苗的生长,而对其种子萌发影响相对较小;在渗透势相同的溶液中,只要溶质中含有部分加拿大蓬水溶性物质即可对受体植物产生化感作用。研究发现,与渗透胁迫相比,化感物质是加拿大蓬水提液中影响受体植物生长发育的主要因素。     

黄花蒿对4种受体植物的化感作用研究

采用室内生物测定法,以小麦、燕麦、黄瓜和萝卜为受体,研究了黄花蒿对受体植物的化感作用,结果显示:黄花蒿水浸提液对小麦、燕麦的化感综合效应(SE)为56.29、57.17;其地上部淋溶物对小麦和黄瓜表现为抑制作用,对燕麦和萝卜表现为促进作用;其茎叶挥发物对4种受体植物根长生长有较强的抑制作用;其残体分解物前10d对受体有很强的抑制作用,根系分泌物对小麦和燕麦抑制作用较强,对萝卜和黄瓜表现为促进作用。结果表明,黄花蒿5种不同途径来源的化感物质对4种受体植物都有不同程度的化感作用,且黄花蒿主要是通过地上部淋溶、挥发向环境中释放化感物质,其次是通过根系分泌物对授体植物产生化感作用。     

泊洛沙姆（Poloxamer）在脂溶性化感物质生物检测中的应用

在脂溶性化感物质的生物检测中,常规方法是使用有机溶剂对化感物质进行助溶,此法本身会对受体植物产生为害,并且不能准确定量.本研究结合药剂学理论,将动物和细胞实验中常用的增溶剂泊洛沙姆(F-68)应用于脂溶性化感物质的生物检测,用泊洛沙姆对香草醛和阿魏酸两种化感物质进行增溶,以乙醇助溶为对照,比较两种方法的化感物质活性.结果表明,化感物质用泊洛沙姆增溶后,形成的溶液是一个稳定的体系,试验过程中浓度不会发生变化,可准确定量考察化感物质的活性,同时泊洛沙姆对受体植物不产生影响.乙醇助溶处理中,或由于乙醇不易完全挥发,因乙醇的存在而对受体植物产生影响,表现为化感物质活性的加强;或随乙醇的挥发,化感物质以晶体析出,表现为化感物质活性的减弱,不能准确定量考察化感物质的活性.     

环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制

植物化感作用是生态学研究中一个十分活跃的领域,对植物为什么和在什么条件下释放化感物质这一重要问题有不同的认识。在对环境胁迫下植物化感作用的变化及环境胁迫因子对化感物质听诱导机制等方面进行了评述后,指出植物化感化质的产生和释放是植物在环境胁迫的选择压力下形成的,植物化感作用是植物在进化过程中产生的一种对环境的适应性机制。     

基于化感物质释放特性的沉水植物抑藻作用模式研究进展

沉水植物对藻类的化感抑制作用,是沉水植物获取竞争优势和维持清水稳态的重要机制之一。化感物质是由植物产生并释放到水环境中的次生代谢产物,化感物质的有效释放和作用是实现沉水植物化感抑藻作用的关键环节。因此,在化感物质释放水平阐明沉水植物化感抑藻的作用模式、过程和机制具有重要意义。通过比较沉水植物化感物质释放到水环境中的种类、含量和常规急性毒性测试中化感物质的抑藻效果,发现沉水植物化感物质在释放水平上的作用模式不同于常规急性毒性试验中的单次作用。为了回答沉水植物化感物质在释放水平如何高效抑藻的问题,结合化感物质的释放特性,重点从化感物质的联合作用和持续作用等角度探讨沉水植物化感抑藻的作用模式,提出沉水植物可能通过多种化感物质低剂量持续释放的方式,实现对目标藻类的持续协同控制。今后有必要进一步结合沉水植物与目标藻类的共存系统与原位实验,借助分析化学、植物化学、细胞和分子生物学的技术手段,从生态学水平加强沉水植物化感抑藻作用机制研究。     

浸提条件对小麦秸秆中化感物质检测结果的影响

通过对比不同浸提条件下小麦秸秆中化感物质的检测结果, 发现浸提温度和时间对化感物质的最终鉴定结果有很大的影响：在室温条件下,化感物质的量随着浸提时间的延长而增加,但在50 ℃时,随着浸提时间的延长,化感物质的量反而降低。化感物质最大量在50 ℃,24 h浸提条件下得到。在高温高压条件下提取到的化感物质的量多于多数条件下得到的量（除少于50 ℃,24 h浸提条件下得到的量）。试验结果表明随着浸提温度升高,植物材料中的化感物质在水中的溶解速度加快,但是性质不稳定,容易分解变性。     

浸提条件对小麦秸秆中化感物质检测结果的影响

通过对比不同浸提条件下小麦秸秆中化感物质的检测结果,发现浸提温度和时间对化感物质的最终结果有很大的影响,在室温条件下,化感物质的量随着浸提时间的延长而增长,但在50℃时,随着浸提时间的延长,化感物质的量反而降低。化感物质最大量在50℃,24h浸提条件下得到。在高温高压条件下提取到的化感物质的量多于多数条件下得到的量（除少于50℃,24h浸提条件下得到的量）。试验结果表明随着漫提温度升高,植物材料中的化感物质在水中的溶解速度加快,但是性质不稳定,容易分解变性。     

化感作用及其在农业生产中的应用

简述了化感作用的概念、特点、作用机理和化感物质及释放途径。讨论了植物与植物之间,植物与微生物之间,植物与昆虫等食草动物之间的化感作用及化感理论在生产实践中的应用。应用化感理论指导建立合理的栽培、耕作制度;进行田间杂草生物控制和防治;开发新一代无公害农药;指导森林更新和建植;培育抗化感品种等。     

模型分析在动物进化生物学研究中的应用

早期的生态学研究往往局限于对野外观察现象的基本描述。随着模型分析方法的引入,可以通过建立数学模型寻找描述性材料中蕴藏的一般性规律,探讨某一现象产生的原因及其制约因素。近年,随着计算机技术的飞速发展和普及,模型分析方法应用越来越广泛。动物行为的进化及其对环境的适应性一直以来都是生态学研究的热点,根据应用不同的理论基础,人们发展了许多不同的建模方法,主要包括种群遗传学模型、最优化模型、博弈模型、基于个体的模拟模型和系统发育对比分析模型等。本文主要介绍了以上5种模型方法,及其在动物进化生物学研究中的应用现状。     

A model describing chemical interference caused by decomposing residues at different densities of growing plants

In literature, the biological response of plants to phytochemicals has been modelled and then used to simulate phytotoxicity caused by plant residues during decomposition. According to the resulting residue allelopathy model, stimulation dominates in the beginning of the residue decomposition process for a short while. Thereafter, severe inhibition is predicted to occur rapidly, until stimulation gradually re-emerges at the later stages of residue decomposition. Also in literature, direct chemical interference has been shown to be density-dependent; with increasing target plant density, the effects of phytochemicals are diluted. As a result, inhibition is the most probable outcome in density-dependent phytochemical interactions at low target plant densities, but phytotoxic effects often become stimulatory as target plant density increases. In this paper, these models that have been reported in literature are combined. While the original residue allelopathy model predicts inhibitory effects in most cases, the new density-dependent extension of the residue allelopathy model predicts that the density of target plants determines whether or not inhibition occurs. According to the new model, the intensity of inhibition decreases and the final stimulatory period begins earlier if target plant density increases. Therefore, combining the effects of density-dependency to the residue allelopathy model enhances our understanding of chemical interference. In addition, the new model may partially explain why several field studies have not observed chemically driven inhibitory effects similar to those observed in laboratory experiments.     

脉冲浮游生物植化相克模型解的渐近行为

讨论了一类在周期变化环境中的浮游生物植化相克的竞争模型．模型由一个修正的周期系数Lotka-Volterra竞争模型及一些周期脉冲作用条件描述．利用脉冲微分方程的比较原理研究了系统的全局渐近性质,获得了系统持续生存的一组充分条件．     

氧限制下粗糙脉孢菌乙醇发酵的数学模型及过程模拟

粗糙脉孢菌(Mzcrospora crassan)具有直接转化植物纤维性物质生产乙醇的能力。研究了不同氧限制条件对粗糙脉孢菌发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇的影响,构建了该过程的数学模型,并利用数学模型进行了模拟和预测研究。结果表明,数学模型能够很好地预测氧限制条件下乙醇的发酵过程,即使微量氧对乙醇发酵也有较大的负面影响。     

Ten steps to investigate a cellular system with mathematical modeling

Cellular and intracellular processes are inherently complex due to the large number of components and interactions, which are often nonlinear and occur at different spatiotemporal scales. Because of this complexity, mathematical modeling is increasingly used to simulate such systems and perform experiments in silico, many orders of magnitude faster than real experiments and often at a higher spatiotemporal resolution. In this article, we will focus on the generic modeling process and illustrate it with an example model of membrane lipid turnover.     

On mathematical modeling of circadian rhythms, performance, and alertness

Mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance and alertness have both basic science and practical applications. These models can be especially useful in predicting the effect of different sleep-wake schedules on human neurobehavioral objective performance and subjective alertness under many conditions. Several relevant models currently exist in the literature. In principle, the development and refinement of any mathematical model should be based on an explicit modeling methodology, such as the Box modeling paradigm, that formally defines the model structure and calculates the set of parameters. While most mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance and alertness include homeostatic, circadian, and sleep inertia components and their interactions, there may be fundamental differences in the equations included in these models. In part, these may be due to differences in the assumptions of the underlying physiology. Because the choice of model equations can have a dramatic influence on the results, it is necessary to consider these differences in assumptions when examining the results from a model and when comparing results across models. This article presents principles of mathematical modeling and examples of how such procedures can be applied to the development and refinement of mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance and alertness. This article also presents several methods of testing and comparing these models, suggests different uses of the models, and discusses problems with current models.     

Perspectives on Mathematical Modeling for Receptor-Mediated Processes

Mathematical modeling is a potent in silico tool that can help investigate, interpret, and predict the behavior of biological systems. The first step is to develop a working hypothesis of the biology. Then by “translating” the biological phenomena into equations, models can harness the power of mathematical analysis techniques to explore the dynamics and interactions of the biological components. Models can be used together with traditional experimental models to help design new experiments, test hypotheses, identify mechanisms, and predict outcomes. This article reviews the process of building, calibrating, and using mathematical models in the context of the kinetics of receptor and signal transduction biology. An example model related to the androgen receptor-mediated regulation of the prostate is presented to illustrate the steps in the modeling process and to highlight the potential for mathematical modeling in this area.     

Mathematical modeling in metal metabolism: Overview and perspectives

A review of mathematical modeling in metal metabolism is presented. Both endogenous and exogenous metals are considered. Four classes of methods are considered: Petri nets, multi-agent systems, determinist models based on differential equations and stochastic models. For each, a basic theoretical background is given, then examples of applications are given, detailed and commented. Advantages and disadvantages of each class of model are presented. A special attention is given to determinist differential equation models, since almost all models belong to this class.     

Perspectives on mathematical modeling for receptor-mediated processes

Mathematical modeling is a potent in silico tool that can help investigate, interpret, and predict the behavior of biological systems. The first step is to develop a working hypothesis of the biology. Then by "translating" the biological phenomena into equations, models can harness the power of mathematical analysis techniques to explore the dynamics and interactions of the biological components. Models can be used together with traditional experimental models to help design new experiments, test hypotheses, identify mechanisms, and predict outcomes. This article reviews the process of building, calibrating, and using mathematical models in the context of the kinetics of receptor and signal transduction biology. An example model related to the androgen receptor-mediated regulation of the prostate is presented to illustrate the steps in the modeling process and to highlight the potential for mathematical modeling in this area.     

水稻化感作用的机制与应用的研究进展

水稻是我国的主要粮食作物,其与周围植物的相生相克作用（化感作用）得到越来越多的重视.简要介绍了近来国内外对水稻对高等植物的化感作用的研究成果,介绍其化感作用途径、化感物质的分离、鉴定、可能的作用原理及在生产实践中的应用.