珙桐—灯台树枝和叶的水提物对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

为了证实珙桐（Davidia involucrata）及其伴生树种灯台树（Bothrocaryum controversum）是否会通过化感作用影响其他植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长,以维持二者长期稳定的伴生关系,本研究以平武县野生珙桐及灯台树的枝、叶水提液为材料来源,以白菜（Brassica pekinensi）的种子为受体,探究2种植物的枝、叶及其混合后的5种质量浓度（0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100 g·mL^-1）水提液对白菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：①珙桐和灯台树的枝水提液对白菜种子萌发影响较小,对幼苗生长有显著促进作用且随质量浓度增加而增大（P＜0.05）。②珙桐和灯台树的叶水提液对白菜种子萌发均具有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长的影响各不相同。前者呈现随质量浓度增加的“低促高抑”现象,而后者呈现随质量浓度增加“抑制增加”的特点。③不同来源的枝—叶混合的水提液对白菜种子萌发均表现出显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长均随质量浓度增加表现出“低促高抑”特点。上述结果证实了珙桐和灯台树枝、叶水提液对同一受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用确实存在差异,树种、部位和质量浓度不同均会导致化感作用的强度和方向不同。这种现象可能是植物在群落中为了维持稳定的种间关系而长期进化的结果。     

岩生植物金发草对作物的化感效应

采用生物测定法研究金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对水稻、小麦、油菜和莴苣等4种受体植物的化感作用。结果表明,金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对4种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具化感作用,且随着水浸提液浓度的增高而增强。除水稻外,小麦、油菜、莴苣的发芽速率均受金发草水浸提液的显著抑制,但对最终发芽率影响不显著,说明金发草对植物种子萌发的化感作用主要是延迟种子发芽时间;金发草对作物幼苗生长的化感作用总体上表现为促进地上部分生长而抑制地下部分的生长。受体植物不同发育期对金发草化感作用的敏感程度不同,幼苗期高于萌发期;金发草叶的化感作用最强,其综合效应分别为根与茎的2.14倍和2.56倍。     

加拿大蓬挥发油化感作用及其释放途径的研究

采用半密闭容器法对加拿大蓬挥发油的化感作用进行了生物测定,并对采用挥发、淋溶2种不同途径释放加拿大蓬挥发油中次生代谢产物对受体植物--大白菜、小白菜、苦苣造成的影响进行了比较分析.结果发现:(1)加拿大蓬挥发油对3种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用,GC-MS分析显示其挥发油中具有化感潜力的单萜类物质含量超过60%.(2)加拿大蓬挥发油以挥发的方式作用于受体植物时,植物苗长的生长存在"低促高抑"现象,其对根长的抑制作用明显强于苗长;而挥发油淋溶物则同时抑制幼根、幼茎的发育.(3)3种受体植物中小白菜对加拿大蓬挥发油的化感作用最敏感,而苦苣则受挥发油淋溶物的影响最大.说明除挥发外,加拿大蓬挥发油的淋溶物也可对受体植物产生化感作用,并且以不同途径释放加拿大蓬挥发油时,其化感作用存在差异.     

外来植物白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用研究

为了探究外来植物白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用, 选择邻近生长的本地植物榕树为对照, 以白菜和萝卜为受体植物, 通过对比研究白千层(Melaleuca leucadendra Linn)生长区域与邻近榕树生长区域的土壤水浸液对白菜和萝卜的种子萌发与幼苗生长的抑制作用, 同时设置不添加活性碳与添加活性碳处理, 探究白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用。结果表明, 白千层生长区土壤对白菜和萝卜的幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用, 且不同浓度水提液对不同受体植物的影响不同。相较于对照植物榕树, 白千层生长区的土壤水浸液在低浓度不添加活性碳条件下对白菜与萝卜苗高具有明显的抑制作用。与未添加活性碳处理相比, 经过活性碳处理的土壤浸提液对萝卜苗高与根长有一定的促进作用, 证明白千层生长区土壤水浸液对萝卜幼苗生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

巴茅草水浸提液对3种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

本文以发芽率、发芽速度指数、发芽指数、根长、茎长和生物量为种子萌发和幼苗生长参数,研究不同生长时期巴茅草叶片和茎秆水浸提液对白菜、生菜、水稻的化感作用。结果表明: 巴茅草叶水浸提液化感作用强于茎秆水浸提液,叶水浸提液处理后受体植物的发芽指数和生物量均显著低于茎水浸提液。枯萎期巴茅草的化感作用强于生长旺盛期。不同浓度巴茅草叶水浸提液对3种作物的化感作用存在明显的量效关系,浸提液浓度越高,巴茅草的化感抑制作用越强。巴茅草叶水浸提液对白菜和生菜各萌发指标100%抑制的浓度分别为0.075和0.10 g·mL^-1;而0.10 g·mL^-1巴茅草叶水浸提液对水稻发芽率、发芽速度指数、发芽指数的抑制率分别为13.8%、27.2%、19.3%。巴茅草叶水浸提液对白菜和生菜各生长指标100%抑制的浓度分别为0.05和0.10 g·mL^-1;而0.10 g·mL^-1巴茅草叶水浸提液对水稻根长、茎长、生物量的抑制率分别为64.6%、92.9%、21.8%。结合种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感指数,3种供试作物对巴茅草化感作用的敏感程度为白菜>生菜>水稻。     

小蓬草精油的化感效应

小蓬草精油化感作用研究结果表明不同浓度小蓬草精油对青菜、白菜、小麦、稗草和鹅观草的种子最终发芽率、种子发芽指数、幼苗根长、幼苗根系活力、幼苗叶绿素含量、幼苗叶绿素a含量和幼苗叶绿素b含量的化感效应敏感指数均为负值,小蓬草精油对五种植物具有抑制作用,且精油浓度越高抑制作用越强.小蓬草精油主要通过抑制青菜、白菜、小麦、稗草和鹅观草的种子发芽速率、幼苗根系活力和叶绿素含量来抑制受体植物生长.不同浓度小蓬草精油对五种植物种子最终发芽率、种子发芽指数和幼苗根长的影响中,鹅观草对小蓬草精油最为敏感,小蓬草精油对鹅观草种子萌发的半抑制浓度(IC50)为0.42 g L-1.     

入侵杂草一年蓬的化感作用研究

用入侵杂草一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)地上部分的水浸提液对几种经济作物种子进行萌发培养实验,分别测定种子的最终萌发率、根长以及苗高来研究一年蓬是否存在他感作用。结果表明:(1)一年蓬的化感作用是存在的;(2)一年蓬水浸提液在高浓度下对作物种子萌发、根长和苗高均有明显的抑制作用,而在低浓度下则对长梗白菜、番茄的苗高具有促进生长的作用。     

铁核桃根与叶水浸提液对果园间作绿肥植物的化感作用及其生理机制

以西南地区具有代表性的16种绿肥植物为受体材料,采用培养皿药膜法研究了铁核桃(Juglans sigillata)根水浸提液对受体种子发芽率及幼苗鲜重、干重的化感效应;并进一步研究了铁核桃根、叶水浸提液和胡桃醌对化感效应存在明显差异的4种绿肥植物(绿豆、红三叶、白三叶、花生)种子萌发与幼苗生长以及抗氧化酶特性的影响,以筛选适宜中国西南地区核桃园种植的绿肥植物,探讨核桃根和凋落物对绿肥作物的化感作用机制。结果表明:(1)铁核桃根水浸提液对绿豆的发芽率没有影响,但对绿豆幼苗鲜重和干重有显著抑制作用,而对其他15种绿肥的发芽率和鲜重、干重均有抑制作用。(2)胡桃醌显著抑制绿豆种子萌发,而铁核桃根或叶水浸提液对绿豆种子萌发没有影响。(3)铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌对绿肥植物幼苗生长的化感效应趋势一致,但核桃根或叶水浸提液的化感效应强于胡桃醌。(4)绿豆幼苗在铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌处理下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于其他3种(红三叶、白三叶、花生)受体幼苗,表明绿豆清除活性氧能力高,细胞受损害程度较低,受化感作用影响最弱。研究认为,绿豆为适宜中国西南地区幼龄核桃园种植的间作绿肥植物。     

黄花棘豆水提液对燕麦的化感作用及其机理研究

以燕麦种子和幼苗为受体,采用室内培养皿法、室内盆栽法和生化分析法,研究了甘肃天祝草地有毒植物黄花棘豆水浸提液对燕麦种子、幼苗的化感作用及其作用机理.结果表明:(1)黄花棘豆水提液均可抑制燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且化感抑制作用随着水提液浓度的增大显著增强;燕麦幼苗根在高浓度的黄花棘豆水提液作用下表现出畸形.(2)随着水提液浓度的增大,根尖有丝分裂逐渐减弱及分裂高峰时间逐渐推迟,种子淀粉酶活性也逐渐下降.(3)燕麦幼苗茎叶部和根部的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素的含量随着水提液浓度的增大以及作用时间的延长逐渐降低,丙二醛含量则逐渐升高.(4)随着黄花棘豆水提液浓度的增大,其对燕麦幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的抑制作用逐渐增强,随着作用时间的延长抑制作用逐渐减弱.研究发现,黄花棘豆水提液通过降低燕麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量,抑制保护性酶活性,增加膜脂过氧化伤害,导致根尖细胞分裂缓慢,抑制燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,从而表现出化感作用,且化感作用随着浓度的增加而增强.     

加拿大一枝黄花和一枝黄花化感作用比较研究

比较研究了入侵物种加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensisL.）与本地物种一枝黄花（S.decurrens Lour.）开花期水浸提溶液对6种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：两种一枝黄花的水浸提溶液对受试植物均有化感作用,但是加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比其地上部分强,而本地一枝黄花则相反。两种植物相比较,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比一枝黄花强,而地上部分则相反。本研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分具有较强的化感作用,通过化感作用对本地植物产生较强的抑制作用,从而形成单一优势群落。化感作用是其成功入侵的重要机制之一。豆科植物对加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用不敏感,因此它们可以作为生物替代控制中优先选择的物种。     

低渗膨胀对菠菜完整叶绿体光合作用的影响

菠菜离体完整叶绿体需要合适的介质渗透压（约０．９ＭＰａ）以保持其较高的光合作用速率。当渗透压因降低介质中山梨醇浓度（从０．３３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ至０．１７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）而降低时,叶绿体的完整率保持不变。低于临界渗透压（约０．５ＭＰａ）,叶绿体被膜就发生破裂．并丧失ＣＯ２同化能力。在轻度低渗条件下,虽然叶绿体被膜未破,但依赖ＣＯ２的放氧速率已受抑制。渗透压在０．９ＭＰａ与０．５ＭＰａ之间,叶绿体依赖ＰＧＡ的放氧抑制,可由加入山梨醇至正常浓度（０．３３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）而解除。膨涨叶绿体的ＡＴＰ合成水平与正常叶绿体相同,而ＮＡＤＰＨ形成速率则明显降低。利用能透过被膜的不同电子受体ＮＣ２、ＰＧＡ和ＯＡＡ发现,在膨胀叶绿体中,ＮＯ２的还原不受形响,而ＰＧＡ及ＯＡＡ的还原明显被抑制。我们推测,低渗膨胀叶绿体中光合作用的抑制,至少有一个原因是Ｆｄ－ＮＡＤＰ氧化还原酶作用的受阻。     

Phytotoxicity induced by Phragmites australis: an assessment of phenotypic and physiological parameters involved in germination process and growth of receptor plant

This study investigated the possible phytotoxicity induced by Phargmites australis on phenotypic and physiological parameters of recipient plants with identification of major inhibitors in the donor plant. This was achieved using aqueous extracts of different organs and root exudates of P. australis in laboratory and greenhouse experiments with Lactuca sativa as the model test plant. The observed reduced liquid imbibition and altered resource mobilization in seeds of L. sativa, in particular an insufficient carbohydrate supply, demonstrated that the onset of germination might be negatively affected by phytotoxicity. Dose-response studies pointed out that oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species production could potentially cause the observed germination and seedling growth reductions. The osmotic effects by mannitol solution on germination as well as growth and physiology at a level of ?0.57 and ?0.45 bar, respectively, demonstrated that the results from aqueous plant extracts were partially induced by the osmotic potential on and above those levels. Overall, the relative strength of inhibition on measured parameters was the highest in leaf extract, followed by rhizome, root, stem, and inflorescence. Root exudates of P. australis also had negative impacts by reducing germination and growth of plant. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed gallic acid, a potent phytotoxin, as a major compound with an order of leaf >inflorescence>rhizome>root>stem.     

Changes in Internal Water Relations and Osmotic Properties of Leaves in Maturing Soybean Plants

The changes in the internal water relations of soybean (Glycinemax L. Merr.) leaves during vegetative and reproductive growthwere studied by following the changes in the pressure-volumecurves of soybean leaves. The results demonstrate that soybeanleaves undergo a change in their osmotic properties which coincideswith the onset of active reproductive growth and is not inducedby water stress. The observed osmotic changes resulted in anincrease in the leaf relative water content at any given bulkleaf water potential. The volume of leaf water loss needed toreduce turgor potential to zero did not change following thischange in osmotic properties. The degree of turgor maintenanceafter the change in osmotic properties depended on the abilityto maintain adequate leaf relative water content. The observedchanges in bulk osmotic potential of the soybean leaves wouldcontribute to increased leaf-soil water potential gradientsand therefore to improved ability to extract the remaining soilwater as the season progressed.     

De Novo Purine Synthesis in Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) and Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

Partially purified, cell-free extracts from nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. cv. Caloona) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Bragg) showed high rates of de novo purine nucleotide and purine base synthesis. Activity increased with rates of nitrogen fixation and ureide export during development of cowpea plants; maximum rates (equivalent to 1.2 micromoles N₂ per hour per gram fresh nodule) being similar to those of maximum nitrogen fixation (1-2 micromoles N₂ per hour per gram fresh nodule). Extracts from actively fixing nodules of a symbiosis not producing ureides, Lupinus albus L. cv. Ultra, showed rates of de novo purine synthesis 0.1% to 0.5% those of cowpea and soybean. Most (70-90%) of the activity was associated with the particulate components of the nodule, but up to 50% was released from this fraction by osmotic shock. The accumulated end products with particulate fractions were inosine monophosphate and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide. Further metabolism to purine bases and ureides was restricted to the soluble fraction of the nodule extract. High rates of inosine monophosphate synthesis were supported by glutamine as amide donor, lower rates (10-20%) by ammonia, and negligible rates with asparagine as substrate.     

Studies on water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface: IX. Comparing permeability in water uptake and transpiration

Water uptake and transpiration were studied through the surface of intact sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit, exocarp segments (ES) and cuticular membranes (CM) excised from the cheek of sweet cherry fruit and astomatous CM isolated from Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Hayata, Citrus aurantium L., and Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. leaves or from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Fasciculatum Group fruit. ES and CM were mounted in diffusion cells. Water (deionized) uptake into intact sweet cherry fruit, through ES or CM interfacing water as a donor and a polyethyleneglycol (PEG 6000, osmotic pressure 2.83 MPa)-containing receiver was determined gravimetrically. Transpiration was quantified by monitoring weight loss of a PEG 6000-containing donor (2.83 MPa) against dry silica as a receiver. The permeability coefficients for osmotic water uptake and transpiration were calculated from the amount of water taken up or transpired per unit surface area and time, and the driving force for transport. Permeability during osmotic water uptake was markedly higher than during transpiration in intact sweet cherry fruit (40.2-fold), excised ES of sweet cherry fruit (12.5- to 53.7-fold) and isolated astomatous fruit and leaf CM of a range of species (on average 23.0-fold). Partitioning water transport into stomatal and cuticular components revealed that permeability of the sweet cherry fruit cuticle for water uptake was 11.9-fold higher and that of stomata 56.8-fold higher than the respective permeability during transpiration. Increasing water vapor activity in the receiver from 0 to 1 increased permeability during transpiration across isolated sweet cherry fruit CM about 2.1-fold. Permeability for vapor uptake from saturated water vapor into a PEG 6000 receiver solution was markedly lower than from liquid water, but of similar magnitude to the permeability during self-diffusion of ³H₂O in the absence of osmotica. The energy of activation for self-diffusion of water across ES or CM was higher than for osmotic water uptake and decreased with increasing stomatal density. The data indicate that viscous flow along an aqueous continuum across the sweet cherry fruit exocarp and across the astomatous CM of selected species accounted for the higher permeability during water uptake as compared to self-diffusion or transpiration.     

大肠杆菌EP8—10转化苯丙酮酸生成L—苯丙氨酸的研究

E. coli EP8-10 was selected from the soil. It was able to produce the transaminase with high activity when it was cultivated on the medium containing peptone and beef extract. Optimum conditions of enzyme reaction was: phenylpyruvic acid's concentration of 0.3-0.5 mol/L, L-Asptaric acid used as amino donor, pH 8.5 37 degrees C. When phenylpyruvic acid was 0.3 mol/L, 48 g/L L-phenylalanine was produced after 6 h with 97% conversion rate.     

一氧化氮对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其活性氧代谢的影响

一氧化氮供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能明显地促进渗透胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长,提高萌发过程中淀粉酶和内肽酶的活力,加速贮藏物质的降解：胁迫解除后,仍能使种子维持较高的活力。此外,SNP还能显著诱导渗透胁迫下CAT、APX活力的上升和脯氨酸含量积累,抑制LOX活力,从而提高渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中抗氧化能力。进一步研究还发现,SNP诱导切胚半粒小麦种子萌发早期(6h)的淀粉酶活力上升可能与GA3无直接关系。     

一氧化氮对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其活性氧代谢的影响

一氧化氮供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能明显地促进渗透胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长,提高萌发过程中淀粉酶和内肽酶的活力,加速贮藏物质的降解;胁迫解除后,仍能使种子维持较高的活力.此外,SNP还能显著诱导渗透胁迫下CAT、APX活力的上升和脯氨酸含量积累,抑制LOX活力,从而提高渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中抗氧化能力.进一步研究还发现,SNP诱导切胚半粒小麦种子萌发早期(6h)的淀粉酶活力上升可能与GA3无直接关系.     

Comparison of osmotic and allelopathic effects of grass leaf extracts on grass seed germination and radicle elongation

The influence of osmotic effects of aqueous plant extracts on the results of allelopathy bioassays was investigated for four pasture grass species. It was found that allelopathic effects were substantially overestimated when osmotic effects were not taken into account. It is concluded that bioassays using aqueous plant extracts are more realistic when osmotically adjusted control values (with the same osmotic potential as the plant extract being tested) are used.     

Reduction of oxidized inorganic nitrogen compounds by a new strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans

Denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans "RT" strain was investigated using manometry and gas chromatography. 1. From nitrate, resting cells produced only nitrogen anaerobically with thiosulfate as the electron donor. The data suggest that nitrate was assimilated and dissimilated by the same nitrate reductase, assayed with benzyl-viologen as the electron donor. 2. From nitrite, whole cells produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen, using thiosulfate as the electron donor; nitrogen was the final product of the reduction. Crude extract reduced nitrite to nitrogen with p-phenylene-diamine and dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine as the electron donors, and produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen with tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine as the electron donor. Nitrite was reduced to nitric oxide and nitrous oxide by crude extract using ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate as the electron donor. 3. From nitric oxide, whole cells produced nitrous oxide and nitrogen using thiosulfate as the electron donor, nitrogen was the final reduction product. Nitric oxide was reduced to nitrous oxide by crude extract with the ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate system. 4. Whole cells reduced nitrous oxide to nitrogen with thiosulfate as the electron donor. It was not possible to detect any nitrous oxide reductase activity in crude extract. 5. A scheme was of denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans "RT" strain.